0866MC103

ABSTRACT

Checkmating unemployment among Nigeria youth: fish farming

option is a project met to look into the unemployment situation in the

country, identify the course and effect and possible effort being made by

the government to remedy the situation. The fish farming option can be

seen as an option to checkmate unemployment. So, this project focuses

on exploring the fish farming business as the way youth can be self

employed.

This project is divided into five chapters with chapter one starting

with the background of the study, objective of the study limitation of the

study statement of research problem, scope of the study and justification

of the study.

Several literature are review to see what other authority says about

the topic. So, several books, journals and other sources of information

were use to assess the level and nature of unemployment situation

globally and also in Nigeria. The option fish farming was expressively

discussed for easy understanding of those who intend to go for the

business.

The research methodology aspect is the focuses of chapter three

while the four deals with data analysis and interpretation. The

questionnaires were design and distributed to the respondent, personal

interview and observation were also used to get the information. The data

Checkmating youth unemployment in Nigeria: fish farming option

was interpreted using simple percentage, regression analysis and

spearman rank order correlation method were use to test the two

hypothesis of the fish farming reduce youth unemployment and fish

farming is a lucrative business.

Finally, the whole finding were summarize, recommendations were

made and the chapter was concluded on the note that fish farming could

be a better option to checkmate youth unemployment in Nigeria and also

lucrative.

ii


TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE I

CERTIFICATION II

DEDICATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV

ABSTRACT VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of Research Problem 8

1.3 Research Question 9

1.4 Objective of the Study 10

1.5 Justification of the Study 11

1.6 Scope of the Study 12

1.7 Limitation of the Study 12

CHAPTER TWO

2.1.1 Introduction 13

2.1.2 Definition of unemployment 15

2.1.3 Taxonomy of unemployment 15

2.1.4 Structure of unemployment in Nigeria 21

2.1.5 Remedies of unemployment situation in Nigeria 23

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2.2 Fish farming, an option to checkmate Unemployment 28

2.2.1 Introduction 28

2.2.2 History of fish farming 29

2.2.3 Construction of fish pond 30

2.2.4 Method of fish farming 31

2.2.5 Species of fish that can be farm in Nigeria 33

2.2.6 Care and feeding of fish 34

2.2.7 How to start fish farming business 35

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research Methodology 38

3.2 Method of data collection 38

3.3 Sample design 39

3.4 Justification of sample size 39

3.5 Method of data analysis 40

3.6 Research Hypotheses 41

3.7. Organization Structure of

Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture 41

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data presentation and analysis 42

4.1 Data presentation 42

4.2 Data analysis 42

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4.3 Testing of research hypotheses 55

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendations 60

5.1 Summary of findings 60

5.2 Conclusion 61

5.3 Recommendation 62

References 63

Appendix 65

v


CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Unemployment is defined according to Oxford Advance Dictionary

as the fact of number of people without a job.

Harold Goldstein (2008) defined unemployment as enforced idleness of

wage earners who are able and willing to work but cannot find jobs. In

societies in which most people can earn a living only by working for others,

being unable to find a job is a serious problem. Because of its human

costs in deprivation and a feeling of rejection and personal failure, the

extent of unemployment is widely used as a measure of workers' welfare.

The proportion of workers unemployed also shows how well a nation's

human resources are used and serves as an index of economic activity.

Unemployment is a global phenomenon in this 21st century. For

example the rate of unemployment in Belgium stood at 8.7% (statistics

institute of Belgium, 2010).United Arab Emirate rise to 12.7% (Emirate

business April, 2008). United State of America is 9.8% (office of national

statistic US November, 2010).

The rates of unemployment in Africa are listed below: -

South Africa 25.3% (statistic South Africa, 2010)

Nigeria 19.7% (National Bureau for statistic federal Republic of

Nigeria 2009, September)

vi


Year National %Urban

%Rural

%1985 6.1 9.8 5.21986 5.3 9.1 4.61987 7 9.8 6.11988 5.3 7.8 4.81989 4.5 8.1 3.71990 3.5 5.9 31991 3.1 4.9 2.71992 3.4 4.6 3.21993 2.7 3.8 2.51994 2 2.3 1.91995 1.8 3.9 1.61996 3.4 3.9 2.81997 4.5 8.5 3.9

Source: CBN (1998) Nigeria Major economic and financial report.

Economists have described the causes of unemployment as frictional,

seasonal, structural, and cyclical.

Frictional unemployment arises because workers seeking jobs do

not find them immediately; while looking for work they are counted as

unemployed. Friction in this case refers to the incongruity between the

demand for and supply of labor.

Seasonal unemployment occurs when industries have a slow

season, such as construction and other outdoor work in winter. It also

occurs at the end of the school year in June, when large numbers of

students and graduates look for work. At its seasonal high point (January

and February), Structural unemployment arises from an imbalance

between the kinds of workers wanted by employers and the kinds of

vii


workers looking for jobs. The imbalances may be caused by inadequacy in

skills, location, or personal characteristics. Technological developments,

for example, necessitate new skills in many industries, leaving those

workers who have outdated skills without a job.

Cyclical unemployment results from a general lack of demand for

labor. When the business cycle turns downward, demand for goods and

services drops; consequently, workers are laid off. In the 19th century, the

U.S. experienced depressions roughly every 20 years.

However, several effort have been made to tackle unemployment

globally through fund from international economic organization (like World

Bank, International monetary fund, European Economic Community),

Government, corporate organization, non Governmental parastatal and

individual. Attentions are driven toward creating job rather than seeking for

job.

Ogunleye G.A. (2004) says in the face of severe unemployment

experienced by a country as Nigeria, small and medium scale is usually

the way out. The experience of some developed countries like United

States of America and China that SME has contributed to the growth and

development of these economies, especially in terms of employment,

contribution to GDP, export, etc. it is as a result of these that U.S.A

viii


currently has a small business sector that has about 22 million small

sector generating more than a half of the country’s GDP, employing about

53% of the total private workforce, and is responsible for creation of all

new jobs. Also in china, the number of township enterprises (as SME are

called ) increase from 1.52 million in 1978 to 19 million in 1991.During this

period, their employees increased from 28 million to 96 million. The same

is true of rural Middle East and Asian.

In a developing country like Nigeria, SMEs have been recognized

as the foundation for achieving rapid economic growth and development

by way of their output as well as employment potentials. However, despite

the numerous advantages of SMEs, the contribution of this sector to the

overall economic development of the nation has over the years remained

low. Because of this problems and in recognition of SMEs advantage

federal government of Nigeria has over the years continued to play

pioneering and active roles since the 1970s in stimulating SMEs. Notable

among the past present and measures for combating unemployment

include:

1. provision of strong institutional support which can be seen in the

following:

ix


The establishment of the small scale industries credit schemes

(SSIC) in 1971.the scheme was operated as a matching grant

between state and federal government to make credit available

for small and medium enterprise.

The establishment of industrial development centers (IDC)

1970-1975.under the plan, #800,000 was allocated for setting up

IDCs in various parts of the country. The aim of government was

to provide extension services to the SME as they relate to

product development, entrepreneurial training, and technical

appraisal of loan application as well as managerial assistance.

Establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

1986 .Through the Directorate, a number of programmes such

as small scale industries, youth Employment and vocational

skills Development, etc, were embarked upon to boost

employment.

Working for Yourself Programme (WFYP) with the assistance of

British council and the international labour organization (ILO),

the federal ministry of industries established this programme to

provide technical skills to business entrepreneurs.

x


2. Establishment of industrial banks and ensuring easy access to

credit facilities at reasonable rates. Government realize fund to the

established bank through central bank of Nigeria. The established

banks are:

o The Nigerian industrial development bank (1964).the bank

can grant loan from # 50000- #15 million but not more than

the 75% of the fixed asset of the business being finance.

o The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (1973) to

furtherance of its objective to ensure availability of finance to

indigenous entrepreneurs.

o National economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) Set up in

1989 to provide medium to long term loan for SME.

The government, Non Governmental organization and individual

citizen of Nigeria effort have gone a long way in generating employment

across the sectors of the economy.

Despite the effort made so far to combat unemployment, 29,550,000 youth

are still unemployment (national bureau for statistics federal republic of

Nigeria 2009) which means by implication the number will increase by

some Nigeria Youth Corp who will step into the labour market this year.

xi


To remedy this government can work on the sector that has the potential

of generating employment i.e. agricultural sector particularly fish farming.

In 2004 the total world production of fish farming was

140,500,000 tones and the growth rate has been sustained and rapid, in

2007, its market reached $ 86 billion (Source: World Fisheries and

Aquaculture), which tells us that fish farming has the potentiality of

creating employment globally.

Fish farming is an important economic activity in China. Between

1980 and 1997, the Chinese harvests grew at annual rate of 16.7 percent,

jumping from 1,900,000 tones to 23,000,000 tones (Source: Chinese

Bureau of fisheries report, 2005) which account for 70% of world

production of fish.

Nigeria as a nation has a population of 150 million people (Source:

population Census 2006) with the unending demand for fish by her

populate can adopt the measure that China used in combating

unemployment. Therefore, fish farming is one of lucrative business one

can learn and earn a very good profit.

WHAT THEN IS FISH FARMING

According to Grace .O. Evbuomwan (2004) defined fish farming as the art

of growing and breeding fish in enclosures such as ponds, multipurpose

water reservoirs, irrigation and drainage channels, fish pens constructed at

xii

http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en

http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en


the edges of rivers or lakes, water filled burrow pits as well as fish cages

floated on rivers or lakes.

Fish farming has the following braches which one can specialize

and expand as time goes by: -

1. Construction of fish ponds

2. Production and selling of fingerlings

3. Buying and Nurturing of fingerlings to juveniles and post juveniles

stage then crop.

4. Buying and selling of feeds

5. Fish farming consultant.

Fish farming Nigeria contribute to the Nigeria GDP of #216.417

billion (source Chairman Fishery society of Nigeria) and small and medium

scale fish farming contribute #14 billion to the economy. This is indeed an

eye opener to a lucrative business one can start and make cool money.

1.2. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Unemployment is a social evil that must be kept at an acceptable level

because it bring about increase in crime rate and other social vices among

the youth, ranging from prostitution , political violent, internet scam,

kidnapping, militancy in Niger delta, drug trafficking armed robbery and

girl trafficking to Italy. It also brings about loss of dignity, human suffering,

poverty, family disintegration etc.

xiii


The need to create employment has made government to be taking

several measures to tackle the problem through conversing for

entrepreneurial behaviour among the youth accompany with initiating of

several developmental and empowerment programs through national

directorate for employment, releasing of fund from centre bank of Nigeria

through bank of industry to micro finance bank.

The fish farming can be considered as an option in the face of

unemployment as Nigeria is yet to meet the increase in demand for fish as

an alternative source of protein that is not carcinogenic. Fish farming is an

economic activity that could lead to improved income and quality of life

and it have a high rating because the net return on investment is relatively

higher than that of other animal species and its contributory role to national

economy cannot be over emphasized.

1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION

For the effective research study, researcher shall find answer to the

following question:

1. How lucrative is fish farming?

2. What is the minimum capital requirement to set up the business?

3. What are the danger and risk to watch out for?

4. What is the technical knowledge one must possess before venture

into the business.

5. What is the anticipated pay back period of investment?

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6. How can one source for fund to finance the business?

7. What are the branches and method of fish farming?

8. What is the marketing potential of fish farming business?

The study will help to critically appraise fish farming as an option to

reduce unemployment among Nigeria youth.

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The search light of this research is primarily focus on fish farming

as a tool to combat unemployment. This study will be an eye opener for

youth to look inward and see many lucrative business opportunity he/she

can embark upon. In the light of this, the following objectives world be

addressed and these include: -

a. Revealing ways of gaining financial support for business.

b. Offer possible solution to the danger and risk involve in fish

farming.

c. Comparing other businesses with fish farming business so as to

ascertain the better option of your choice.

d. Exploring marketing potential of fish farming.

e. Awareness of Ethics, Government rule and Regulation girding the

business.

f. Extensive study on, “how can I get the business started”.

g. Step by step’s approach of becoming a large scale fish farmer and

earn maximum profit.

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1.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The study will be of great importance to: -

i. Individual who is at the valley of decision concerning what kind of

business to start and how lucrative can it’s be.

ii. The corporate organization seeking to diversity its business can as

well discover through this research the potentiality of fish farming

business in the market and its profit maximization.

iii. The Government, after been aware of the research by the World

Bank that majority of Nigerians falls below the poverty line of $1 per

day (World Bank 2002). In looking for how to create employment,

fish farming should be consider with the potentiality of creating

23,000 jobs (source chairman fishery society of Nigeria i.e. FISON).

iv. The insecurity in the country which is militant in Niger delta,

kidnapping, robbery and prostitution is as a result of poverty and

unemployment so this study will go a long way to appeal to the

hungry man who is angry and at the same time bring morality to the

country.

v. Several undergraduates are yet to know that labour market is

oversaturated and seeking white collar job can be a mirage.

Therefore, the study is just establishing to undergraduate to look

beyond getting certificate.

xvi


vi. One of the richest man in the whole world (Bill Gate) is not a civil

servant but an entrepreneur therefore the topic is justify the fact that

one can only serve purpose of God and of man having a personal

businesses.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is wide. This is because unemployment is a

global issue and there are May businesses that are option to checkmate

unemployment among youth. However this study will be confine to fish

farming as an option to checkmate unemployment.

Objectively, accessing this study properly will make the researcher

to narrow the research to Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Fish

Farming business in Ilorin Metropolis, but will generalize the result with

what can be obtainable to Nigeria as a whole.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The time and financial constrain are the major limiting factor of this

study. Also, on the part of the respondent some information was

considered confidential. Some of the fish farmer don’t keep record of their

produce in a year because of there educational level.

Lastly at the ministry, the statistical data of the fish farmer in kwara

state was not accessible at the time of this study because it was lent out to

other student of another institution and they could not return it.

xvii


As a result of this, proper management of time and money will be

made so as to make an effective research

xviii


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Emmanuel u. ukuje (2003) Work is an important part of every person’s life;

it defines who we are and without work we often feel socially excluded. For

young people, finding a stable job position is also a symbol that marks the

transition from childhood to adulthood. In finding employment, young

people find independence and a freedom of choice about their lives. It

gives them a certain degree of economic security that is often a

prerequisite for partnership formation and parenthood.

According to Harold Goldstein (2007), the creation of sustainable

livelihoods has become an important factor in this era of globalization to

understand the progress of a nation, especially in developing countries

and among disadvantaged populations. Sustaining the progress calls for

an explicit consideration of future generations. Youth will inherit many of

the environmental, economic and social problems created over the past

decades and incorporating their opinions and concerns into policies at all

levels is critical for a country’s progress. Youth unemployment is an acute

problem in many nations. This is primarily owing to the unequal economic

growth and formal job growth and secondly, the mismatch in skills

xix


between those demanded by employers and those acquired in school.

More "enlightened" societies in developing countries are aware of the

problems but become frustrated in their individual attempts to solve these

problems.

Rifkin Jeremy (2000) writes that the capacity of leaders to address

the issue of Sustainable Livelihood Generation is of great importance. It is

essential to weave the process of judgment, career focus, tolerance and

being receptive to ideas into the fabric of learning. These qualities are

essential for the holistic development of an individual and also for churning

out visionary leaders who are the need of the hour for sustaining the

developmental process. G.A Ogunleye (2004), says the essentials for

generating sustainable livelihoods are ‘adaptability’ and ‘dynamic

livelihood capability’. It is thus desired to improve the effectiveness of the

non-formal training system in order to mediate the lateral potential of

young people into productive social and economic activity, while

sensitizing itself to their current livelihood conditions and capabilities.

Self-employment, entrepreneurship, school to work programs and work-

based training should be promoted. Partnerships with the private sector

need to be strengthened and the use of new ICTs to support youth

employment and training must be encouraged. The youth themselves

must be empowered to generate the solutions to youth employment and

xx


the same should be aimed at all levels to support further replication of

such initiatives from the grassroots to the global level.

This chapter describes the structure of unemployment in Nigeria,

appraises the duration, cause and remedies and presents a preliminary

assessment of currently attempted solutions to the problem of

unemployment and fish farming option.

2.1.2 DEFINATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT

According to Rifkin Jeremy (2000), Unemployment is a state of

worklessness experienced by persons who as member of the labour force

perceive themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work.

They are actively looking for paid employment without success under the

prevailing economic circumstances. Harold Goldstein (2008) defined

unemployment as enforced idleness of wage earners who are able and

willing to work but cannot find job.

2.1.3 TAXONOMY OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA

Akin Adewale (2010) Categorized Unemployment under four criteria which

are:

Classification By Degree

Classification By Volition

Classification By Duration

Classification By Cause

xxi


2.1.3.1 CLASSIFICATION BY DEGREE:

Classification by degree is classified: -

a. Partial unemployment

b. Total unemployment

Partial unemployment: This is the situation in which worker are able to find

part time work to do even though they are seeking full time jobs.

Total unemployment; this refers to those who can not even find any paid

job to do they are 24 hour a day 7days a week unemployment.

2.1.3.2 CLASSIFICATION BY VOLITION

Classification by volition is group as voluntary and involuntary

unemployment.

a. Voluntary unemployment: people who chose not to work are said to

be voluntary unemployed. Discourage workers who have lost hope

of securing a paid job and stop looking for jobs are included in the

list of voluntarily unemployed.

b. Involuntary unemployment: these occur when those who are

actively seeking first job cannot get a job. Those who are

discharged from the job they hold are involuntary unemployed.

2.1.3.3 CLASSIFICATION BY DURATION

This is a subjective label since what constitutes short or long term

depends on the personality, psychological make up and the socio

economic background of whoever is measuring it .but it could be said that

xxii


unemployment is long term whereas duration shorter than a year is short

term.

2.1.3.4. CLASSIFICATION BY CAUSE

Economists have described the causes of unemployment as frictional,

seasonal, structural, and cyclical.

Frictional unemployment arises because workers seeking jobs do

not find them immediately; while looking for work they are counted as

unemployed. Friction in this case refers to the incongruity between the

demand for and supply of labour. The amount of frictional unemployment

depends on the frequency with which workers change jobs and the time it

takes to find new ones. Job changes occur often in the U.S.: A. a survey

showed that more than 25 percent of all workers had been with their

current employers one year or less. About a quarter of those unemployed

at any particular time are employed one month later. This means that a

considerable degree of unemployment in the U.S. is frictional and lasts

only a short time. This type of unemployment could be reduced somewhat

by more efficient placement services. When workers are free to quit their

jobs, however, some frictional unemployment will always be present.

Seasonal unemployment occurs when industries have a slow

season, such as construction and other outdoor work in winter. It

also occurs at the end of the school year in June, when large

xxiii


numbers of students and graduates look for work. At its seasonal

high point (January and February). Structural unemployment arises

from an imbalance between the kinds of workers wanted by

employers and the kinds of workers looking for jobs. The

imbalances may be caused by inadequacy in skills, location, or

personal characteristics. Technological developments, for example,

necessitate new skills in many industries, leaving those workers

who have outdated skills without a job. A plant in a declining

industry may close down or move to another area, throwing out of

work those employees who are unable or unwilling to move.

Workers with inadequate education or training and young workers

with little or no experience may be unable to get jobs because

employers believe that these employees would not produce enough

to be worth paying the legal minimum wage or the rate agreed on

with the union. On the other hand, even highly trained workers can

be unemployed; this happened in the U.S. in the early 1970s, for

example, when the large numbers of new graduates with doctorate

degrees in physics and mathematics exceeded the number of jobs

available in those fields. If employers practice illegal job

discrimination against any group because of sex, race, religion,

age, or national origin, a high unemployment rate for these workers

could result even when jobs are plentiful. Structural unemployment

xxiv


shows up most prominently in some cities, in some occupations or

industries, for those with below-average educational attainments,

and for some other groups in the labor force. In June 1992, for

example, when the U.S. civilian unemployment rate was 7.8

percent, the rate in the state of New York was 9.2 percent; for

teenagers 16 to 19, 23.6 percent; for black workers, 14.9 percent;

and for retail workers, 9.2 percent.

o Cyclical unemployment results from a general lack of demand for

labor. When the business cycle turns downward, demand for goods

and services drops; consequently, workers are laid off. In the 19th

century, the U.S. experienced depressions roughly every 20 years.

The reasons for unemployment as mention above are peculiar to

Nigeria and its manifest itself in the following ways;

Structural employment: the effect of structural unemployment in Nigeria

can be seen in seven ways as highlighted by:

Changes in industrial structure:-the claim here is that changes in

the composition of demand are the cause of this type of

unemployment.

Mismatch of skills

xxv


Geographical mismatch: the existence of cultural barriers to

geographical mobility of labour , cultural employment practices,

localization and truncating of potentials along tribal lines,

marginalization of the poor who are excluded from investment

opportunities, pressure on population, and the poor state of social

infrastructure (Ukpong, 1994).

Demographical shifts:

Institutional rigidities:

Automation, system of manufacture designed to extend the

capacity of machines to perform certain tasks formerly done by

humans, and to control sequences of operations without human

intervention. The term automation has also been used to describe

non-manufacturing systems in which programmed or automatic

devices can operate independently or nearly independently of

human control. Automated guidance and control systems are used

to perform various operations much faster or better than could be

accomplished by humans.

Capital restructuring unemployment: this are those that become

unemployed as a result of banking sector’s reform of

xxvi


recapitalization as found in Nigeria banking sectors and insurance

company.

Cyclical unemployment occur in Nigeria in the face of economic

recession that send many stock brokers out of job and some

organization only cope with the situation by refusing to recruit job

seeker. Many private and public institutions however tend to see

the NYSC as a means of securing cheap labour .they utilize the

services of corp. members each year but tend not to absolve any

substantial number at the end of the service year.

2.1.4 STRUCTURE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA

The level of unemployment of an economy can be measured in

terms of percentages; this is known as the national unemployment rate.

Unemployment started to pose serious problems in the

1980s.With the recession of this period, aggregate effective demand was

weak, yet effective demand is required in order to spur on the creation of

the jobs as was the case before the1980. The problem was compounded

by the continuous production of school leavers at all levels into the job

market which could not absorb all of them. The unemployment rate which

fall 5.3 to 4.3 percent between September 1987and match 1987 rose to

7.4 percent by september1987 .the over all unemployment rate fell from

5.3in December 1988 to 4.1 percent by June 1989 (NMB, Labour force

xxvii


survey, 1989). A downward trend is maintain and all time low of 2.9% was

recorded in September 1992-1997.

Year

National

%

Urban

%

Rural

%

1985 6.1 9.8 5.2

1986 5.3 9.1 4.6

1987 7 9.8 6.1

1988 5.3 7.8 4.8

1989 4.5 8.1 3.7

1990 3.5 5.9 3

1991 3.1 4.9 2.7

1992 3.4 4.6 3.2

1993 2.7 3.8 2.5

1994 2 2.3 1.9

1995 1.8 3.9 1.6

1996 3.4 3.9 2.8

1997 4.5 8.5 3.9

Source: CBN (1998) Nigeria; Major economic and financial indicator.

The downward trend is attributable to the continued

strengthening of activities of the National Directorate of Employment

xxviii


(NDE) National Directorate for Food and Rural Infrastructure (DFFR)

As well as the government.

xxix


2.1.5. THE REMEDIES FOR UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION

Attempts at solving these problems have seen the development of

direct and indirect initiatives of the state. The new educational policy is

to indirectly change the orientation to work, curriculum is meant to

emphasis skill acquisition rather than intellectual skill that have

contributed to graduate and young school leavers’ unemployment.

Attempts have been made to revamp the economy by directly

controlling foreign exchange and disciplining the Nation’s domestic

consumption patterns. Efforts at development of local technology have

been heightened to enhance development of small scale enterprises.

Agriculture has become a favour sector of the economy. Efforts are being

made to develop the rural areas to make them attractive to the urban

unemployed through the activities of the National Directorate for Food,

Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DERRI) and the National Directorate for

Employment (NDE) (Anyanwu .C. M.2000).

2.1.5.1. SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES

Small and medium scale industries are defined as those enterprises

with total investment of between #100,000 and #2million excluding the

cost of capital (Guidelines for the small scale industries Equity investment

scheme, 2001).

Ogunleye G.A. (2004) says in the face of severe unemployment

experienced by a country as Nigeria, small and medium scale is usually

xxx


the way out. The experience of some developed countries like United

States of America and China that SME has contributed to the growth and

development of these economies, especially in terms of employment,

contribution to GDP, export, etc. it is as a result of these that U.S.A

currently has a small business sector that has about 22 million small

sector generating more than a half of the country’s GDP, employing about

53% of the total private workforce, and is responsible for creation of all

new jobs.

Also in china, the number of township enterprises (as SME

are called ) increase from 1.52 million in 1978 to 19 million in 1991.During

this period, their employees increased from 28 million to 96 million. The

same is true of rural Middle East and Asian.

S.F Mohammed (2007), in a developing country like Nigeria, SMEs

have been recognized as the foundation for achieving rapid economic

growth and development by way of their output as well as employment

potentials. However, despite the numerous advantages of SMEs, the

contribution of this sector to the overall economic development of the

nation has over the years remained low. Because of this problem and in

recognition of SMEs advantage, federal government of Nigeria has over

the years continued to play pioneering and active roles since the 1970s in

xxxi


stimulating SMEs. Notable among the past- present measures for

combating unemployment as discuss by O.J Nnanna (2004) include:

2.1.5.2 Provision of Strong Institutional Support Which Can Be Seen

in the Following:

The establishment of the small scale industries credit schemes

(SSIC) in 1971.the scheme was operated as a matching grant

between state and federal government to make credit available for

small and medium enterprise.

The establishment of industrial development centers (IDC) 1970-

1975.under the plan, #800,000 was allocated for setting up IDCs in

various parts of the country. The aim of government was to provide

extension services to the SME as they relate to product

development, entrepreneurial training, and technical appraisal of

loan application as well as managerial assistance.

Establishment of National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

1986 .Through the Directorate, a number of programmes such

as small scale industries, youth Employment and vocational

skills Development, etc, were embarked upon to boost

employment.

xxxii


Working for Yourself Programme (WFYP) with the assistance of

British council and the international labour organization (ILO),

the federal ministry of industries established this programme to

provide technical skills to business entrepreneurs.

2.1.5.3. Establishment of industrial banks and ensuring easy access to

credit facilities at reasonable rates. Government realize fund to the

established bank through central bank of Nigeria. The established banks

are:

o The Nigerian industrial development bank (1964).the bank can

grant loan from # 50000- #15 million but not more than the 75% of

the fixed asset of the business being finance.

o The Nigeria bank for commerce and industry (1973) to furtherance

of its objective to ensure availability of finance to indigenous

entrepreneurs.

o National economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) Set up in 1989

to provide medium to long term loan for SME.

The government, Non Governmental organization and individual citizen of

Nigeria effort have gone a long way in generating employment across the sectors

of the economy. The table below shows the contribution of various sectors to

employment generation

xxxiii


Description 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total working population 100 100 100 100 100

Agric .hunting, forestry &fishing. 54.75 59.50 59.49 59..26 60.88

Mining & quarrying 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14

Manufacturing industries 1.78 1.52 1.75 1.74 1.9

Prod. And Dist. of electric, gas and

water.

0.82 0.72 0.88 0.88 0.90

Building &construction 0.66 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.57

Comm. repairs of Auto &Domestic

Art

0.28 0.20 0.2 0.20 0.22

Hotels & restaurants 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20

Transport, storage &

communication

0.89 0.87 0.85 0.86 0.87

Real estate, renting &Bus. Activities.

0.83 0.54 0.58 0.57 0.59

Public admin & defence, comp. 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13

xxxiv


soc. Sec.

Education 20.18 18.56 18.01 18.25 19.88

Health & social work 0.63 0.41 0.60 0.61 0.62

Others 6.21 5.52 6.17 6.13 6.2

Source: National Bureau of Statistics; The Nigerian statistical fact sheet on

Economic and Social Development, June, 2005.

Agricultural sector remain the largest sector that contribute to

employment generation of the country compare to the other sectors as

show in the table above. Despite the effort made so far to combat

unemployment, 29,550,000 youth are still unemployment (national bureau

for statistics federal republic of Nigeria 2009) which means by implication

the number will increase by some Nigeria Youth Corp who will step into

the labour market this year. To remedy this government can work on the

sector that has the potential of generating employment i.e. agricultural

sector particularly fish farming.

2.2 FISH FARMING AN OPTION TO CHECKMATE UNEMPLOYMENT

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

Fish farming is practiced all over the world. National Geographic reports

that about half of the fish we consume now comes from farms. According

xxxv


to S.S. Abiola (2003) large commercial fish farms raise a wide variety of

aquatic life, from catfish in ponds to large cages or nets in oceans and

seas. Specialty fish farms frequently use tanks to grow large numbers of

fish in a concentrated area.

Aquaculture, farming of aquatic organisms in fresh, a wide variety of

aquatic organisms is produced through aquaculture, including fishes,

unlike capture fisheries; aquaculture requires deliberate human

intervention in the organisms' productivity and results in yields that exceed

those from the natural environment alone. Stocking water with seed

(juvenile organisms), fertilizing the water, feeding the organisms, and

maintaining water quality are common examples of such intervention

(Bartholomew W. Green 2008).

Most aquacultural crops are destined for human consumption.

Aquaculture is considered an agricultural activity, despite the many

differences between aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture. Aquaculture

mainly produces protein crops, while starchy staple crops are the primary

products of terrestrial agriculture. In addition, terrestrial animal waste can

be disposed of off-site, whereas in aquaculture such waste accumulates in

the culture environment. Consequently, Aquaculturists must carefully

manage their production units to ensure that water quality does not

deteriorate and become stressful to the culture organisms (Parker Rick. O.

2000).

xxxvi


2.2.2 HISTORY OF FISH FARMING

Aquaculture was developed more than 2,000 years ago in countries such

as China, Rome, and Egypt. Not long after, aquacultural practices in

Europe, China, and Japan commonly involved stocking wild-caught seed

—for example, carp fingerlings (juvenile fish) captured from rivers—in

ponds or other bodies of water for further growth.

Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the discovery in France that

mussel spat (newly settled juveniles) would settle on upright posts in the

intertidal zone, and in the 1600s by the discovery in Japan that oyster spat

would settle on upright bamboo stakes driven into the sea floor. The

concept of pond fertilization was developed in Europe about 1500. In this

process, manure is added to the water to encourage the growth of small

organisms such as aquatic invertebrates and plankton, which in turn are

eaten by the fish.

The United States system of federal hatcheries for the propagation of

anadromous fishes (fishes that live and mature in salt water but reproduce

in fresh water) was established in the 1870s. Much of the current

technology used to reproduce fish in hatcheries has been developed by

these federal hatcheries. In 1959 the first marine shrimp hatchery and farm

was established in Japan, and it was the forerunner of the commercial

shrimp-culture industry. The salmon-culture industry in Europe and the

xxxvii


channel-catfish-culture industry in the United States both began in the

1960s (Bartholomew .w. Green 2008).

2.2.3 Construction of fish farming pond.

Agricultural fish farming ponds are constructed to facilitate the particular

species being raised. Some ponds have shallow areas for growing

vegetation, deeper areas where the fish can escape from the sun and

warmer surface water. Some ponds are like large bowls, so the fish may

be "herded" and netted by hand at the end of the growing season.

xxxviii


2.2.4 METHOD OF FISH FARMING

There are many methods that can be use in fish farming which range

from place to place and the varieties of fish to be store. The following are

the method that can be used (According to Grace Evbuomwan 2005).

a. Earthen ponds method of raising fish:

Most fish is undertaken in earthen ponds. These ponds are usually

equipped with water inlets and outlets that permit independent control of

water addition and discharge. Ponds are stocked with a specific quantity of

juvenile aquatic animals. Management practices range from pond

fertilization, which increases the number of natural food organisms, to

provision of a complete, formulated feed that supplies all nutrients

necessary for growth. Animals that have reached market size are

harvested from the ponds. In a complete harvest, the pond is drained and

all animals are removed from the pond for processing. In a partial harvest,

only a portion of the animals are removed from a full pond using a seine

net. Additional juveniles are often stocked into the pond after a partial

harvest, and the production cycle is continued. Channel catfish, tilapia and

carp family are often cultured in earthen ponds.

b. Cages and Raised Ways Method of Fish Farming:

Fish can also be raised in cages and raceways- long, narrow

earthen or concrete ponds that receive a continuous flow of water from a

nearby artesian well, spring, or stream. Often, several raceways are built

xxxix


in series down the slope of a hill. Cages are used to raise fish in lakes,

bays, or the open ocean and are constructed of flexible netting suspended

from a superstructure floating on the water's surface. Many more

fingerlings can be stocked into raceways and cages than into earthen

ponds, but nutritionally complete formulated feed must be provided to fish

grown in these systems. Rainbow trout are grown in raceways in many

places. The advantage of this method is that it does protect the stock

against predators.

c. Indoor fish farming:

An alternative to outdoor open ocean cage aquaculture, one in

which the risk of environmental damage is high, is through the use of a

recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). A RAS is a series of culture tanks

and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep

optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water

quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of

particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful

accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.

Other treatments such as UV sterilization, ozonation, and oxygen injection

are also used to maintain optimal water quality. Through this system,

many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized

including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants.

The practices also increased feed-use efficiency growth by providing

xl


optimum water quality. Because of its high capital and operating costs,

RAS has generally been restricted to practices such as bloodstock

maturation, larval rearing, fingerling production, research animal

production, SPF (specific pathogen free) animal production, and caviar

and ornamental fish production(Timmons et al., 2002; Piedrahita, 2003).

2.2.5 Species of Fish that can be Farm in Nigeria

a. Carp family: - Carp are prolific and breed rapidly, and they are bred

and fished commercially in Asia, Europe, southern Africa, and, on a

smaller scale, the United States. As bottom feeders they stir up mud and

uproot vegetation, often driving out other fish; on the other hand, they can

survive in stagnant or polluted waters that most other fish do not inhabit.

The types of carp we have are

Tench

School of Koi

Common carp fish

b. Cat fish: - Catfish are named for the feelers, or barbells, located around

the suggesting the whiskers of a cat. These feelers are used for finding

food. The body is scale less, either naked or with bony plates. The dorsal

and pectoral fins are often edged with sharp spines that are used for

defense. The kinds of cat fish are:

Brown Bull Head Cat fish

Channel Cat fish

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c. Tilapia: - Tilapias have laterally flattened bodies that range from about

10 to 30 cm (about 4 to 12 in) in length. They feed on a wide variety of

food, including insect larvae, crustaceans, juvenile fish, worms, various

plants, and detritus. Some species can survive in waters with oxygen

concentrations as low as 0.1 parts per million, and one species inhabits

hot springs with water temperatures as high as 40° C (104° F). However,

most species of tilapia are not so tolerant.

(Abigail Category 2010 and Grace O. Evbuomwan 2005).

2.2.6 Care and Feeding

Regardless of the type of fish farm, the enclosed animals are

dependent upon the fish farmer for most of their care. The farmer must

provide adequate nutrition, protect the fish from disease and predators,

and monitor water quality. Each species of fish has a different diet. Some

will require daily feeding of commercial fish feed, some require vegetation

to balance their diets, and some will survive on the waste products of other

aquatic life. The farmer must ensure feeding is regular at a particular time

usually twice every day and in sufficient quantity so as not to cause

cannibalistic (i.e. feeding on each other) among the fish. The two kind of

find available are; floating palette and sinking palette (Parker Rick

O.2000).

xlii


2.2.7 How to Start a Fish Farming Business

2.2.7.1 Starting Own Fish Farming Business

If one wants to start fish farming business then here is a guide to

help make one dreams come true (as discus by Ogundari Olawale 2007).

Starting a fish farming business requires a lot of knowledge, skill

and planning as the investor would have to look into a lot of variables to

make the business possible. Though starting a fish farming business

would require intensive study of both the actual technique in fish

production as well as the expenses one has to invest for equipment, the

fish farming business can prove to be a very profitable venture.

2.2.7.2 Studying to start a fish farming business

The very first thing that any prospective fish farming business

owner has to do is to soak up on as much knowledge in fish culture as

possible. It is highly advisable that he take some college courses or some

programs that are related to fish farming. If the fish farming business

owner has no experience it is good that he first try and work for an

established fish farming expert to know the ins and outs in fish farming. If

he has the knowledge he then has to conduct the research.

2.2.7.3 Do the research in the fish farming business

The would-be owner needs to study the conditions that surround his

proposed location of the fish farm. He must take into account the source of

water in the area and how much is flowing from it, what rate and the

xliii


temperature of the water. He should also look into other naturally available

resources around the area such as geothermal water from springs. Some

fishes breed faster better in warm water than others. Also look into the

conduciveness of the buildings and structures around the farm. After

looking into the conditions of the environment the entrepreneur also has to

look into the possible market of the fish. It is not profitable to harvest tons

of fishes with no buyer. Could there be a contractor for the fishes? How

about fast food chains? How far is the market for the fish and what vehicle

will be used to transport the fish? After finding out the possible market

conditions the owner must look into organizing the business. The owner

must register it as sole-proprietorship, partnership, corporation or PLC. He

must also attend to the commercial license, operating permit and other

requirements that may be required by the state.

If after this survey the fish farming business still seems possible then it is

time to chart the financial aspect by determining the expected and

unexpected expenses of the business. How much would everything cost

and what would be the sources of the funds. Through this financial

analysis the entrepreneur will know in the long run how much he needs to

profit for how long to pay back the overhead cost and if it is profitable to

start the fish farming business.

xliv


2.2.8 CONTRIBUTION OF FISH FARMING TO NIGERIA ECONOMICS

AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

Fish farming is one of lucrative businesses that the country can trust to

generate employment and contribute greatly to GDP. According to Olujimi

Faturiti (2010), fish farming contribute about $1billion us dollar to the

Nigeria gross domestic product. The small scale fish farming provide more

than 82% of domestic fish supply giving livelihood to one million fishermen.

Abigail category (2010), declare that 23000 jobs could be created in

this industry for fish handling and processing. The marketing potential of

fish farming stand as an opportunity for checkmating unemployment

among Nigeria youth with fish farming option. For example, It was

estimated for Nigeria to meet the demand of fingerling of over 4.3billion

while only 1.0 billion of fingerling has been produced and demand for table

fish is estimate at 1.2 million metric tons while only 0.5 million metric tons

are produced leaving a balance of over 0.7 million metric tons. (FISON,

Foluke Areola 2011).

xlv


CHAPTER THREE

3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology as related to business organization

according to Mustapha (2006) is the process of arriving at dependable

solution to problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis

and interpretation of data. Research methodology is the systematic

collection, analysis and interpretation of the data required for the research

work.

In an attempt to appraise the effectiveness of fish farming business

to checkmate unemployment, state ministry of Agriculture and fish farming

enterprises in Ilorin as a case study. The method use in collection of data

and presentation of data for analysis is presented in this chapter.

3.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The major instrument used for data collection in this research work

are; questionnaire, observant and personal interview.

The questions are both open ended and close ended. In the open

ended, respondents their own answers while the close ended the

respondents pick their own answers out of the given alternative. These will

enable researcher to gather relevant information about the study.

xlvi


The observation made by the researcher has enabled him gather

relevant information about the background of the study and other

information that are relevant.

The secondary data sought from text textbooks, business

magazine, interview, the personal interview will be conducted by the

researcher for the success of this study.

3.3. SAMPLE DESIGN

Due to relatively large and very expensive cost of using aggregated

information of entire population, a sample is necessary in order to give fair

representation of the entire population to study.

In determining the sample size a special consideration is made as

to how the whole population can be fairly represented the result.

Since it is not visible to consider the whole population, sample size

drawn on basis of random at ministry of Agriculture and among fish

farming enterprise as a whole will be 80.

3.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE

The twenty consumers that were interviewed vary demographically.

The characteristic views of each of these consumers will serve to indicate

the sales potentiality of fish farming business.

The thirty given to fish farming business men helps to determine the

ability of fish farming in generating employment and poverty reduction.

xlvii


The twenty were distributed at the Kwara State ministry for

agriculture which helps to determine the government program in relation to

fish farming and incentive available.

3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The statistical methods will be used to analyze, interpret

and test data related to this study; which are: -

Simple percentage: - Which will be used to analyze

respondent bio data.

Regression analysis: which shall be use for the testing of

hypothesis.

Y= a+bX

_ _a = Y-bX

b = n∑xy -∑x∑y _____________ n∑x^2 – (∑X)^2

Spearman rank order correlation (RHO) will be equally

used for the testing the hypothesis.

R= 6∑d^2 ________ n (n^2-1)

xlviii


3.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The research hypothesis for this study include: -

a. H0: Fish farming does not reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria

H1: Fish farming reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria.

b. H0: Fish farming is not a lucrative business

H1: Fish farming is a lucrative business

3.7 KWARA STATE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

(DEPARTMENT OF FISHERY) ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

SECRETARY

xlix

Honorable commissioner

Permanent secretary

Director of fishery

Fishery extension services

Aquaculture division

Fishery area office

Fingerling production

Fishery law enforcement unit Training

growth unit

Secretary


CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

This chapter is however focuses on the presentation and analysis of

the data or information acquired in respect of this project work. The

analysis of data in respect of particular results will involve presentation of

results through the use of percentage analysis. More so, descriptive tables

with appropriate headings are used. The descriptive method of data

analysis attempts to relate information being disseminated using simple

percentage.

In analyzing the data seventy copies of the questionnaire printed

out were administered (fifty were distributed to fish farmer at the ministry of

agriculture and fish farmer in Ilorin metropolis., and twenty to the

consumer / buyer of fish) of which sixty-three were responded to, while

the remaining seven were not responded to. Therefore, the analysis will

be based on the response to the questionnaire.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

To aid the discussion and interpretation of the research findings,

there is need to examine the feature of each item of the questionnaire

administered by Fish farmer and ministry of agriculture department of

fishery.

l


TABLE 4.1.1

PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES AND NON RESPONSES TO

QUESTIONNAIRE OF FISH FARMERS

RESPONSES OF RESPONDENTS

NO. OF QUESTIONNAIRE

PERCENTAGE

Responses 45 90%Non responses. 5 10%TOTAL 50 100%

Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011)

As shown in Table 4.1.1 above fifty copies questionnaires were

printed out and distributed and distributed to respondents of which forty-

five were responded to.

TABLE 4.1.2

THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT

AGE DISTRIBUTION NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE.Below 20 years 5 11%21-30 years 28 62%31-40 years 12 27%

41-50 - 0%

50 and above - 0%TOTAL 45 100

Source : Researcher’s survey findings (2011).

li


The table 4.1.2 above shows the age distribution of the respondent.

It was discovered that 11%, 62% and 27% of fish farmer are within the age

distribution of below 20 years, 21-30 years and 31-40 years respectively

while the age distribution 41-50 and above 50 shows nil respectively.

As indicated in Table 4.1.2 above, the age distribution 21-30 caries

the largest percentage. This reveals that the employment opportunity

created by fish farming business are enjoyed absolutely by youth between

the age of twenty to forty and mostly unemployed youth fall between those

age and majority of fish farmer are between 21-30 years.

TABLE 4.1.3

THE TABLE SHOWING THE EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF THE

RESPONDENTS

ALTERNATIVES NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Primary school 7 16%Secondary school /Grade two teacher

11 24%

NCE/ O.N.D 15 33%H.N.D/ Degree holder 10 22%Other (post graduate) 2 5%TOTAL 45 100%

Source: Researcher survey findings (2011)

As indicated in the above Table 4.1.3, 33 percent of the total

respondents are OND /NCE holder, while 24% are secondary school /

grade two teacher drops out, 22%,16% and 5% are HND /Degree holder,

lii


primary school drops out and post graduate holder respectively. because

OND /NCE Take the larger percentage follow by secondary school drop

out, we can then conclude that the graduate student are not much in the

business of fish farming.

TABLE 4.1.4

THE TABLE SHOWING THE PRIMARY OCCUPATION STRUCTURE OF

THE RESPONDENTS

ALTERNATIVES NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Fish farming 37 82%

Other farming

Public sector

Private sector 5 11%

Others (specify) 3 7%

TOTAL 45 100%

Source: researcher’s survey findings

It can be seen clearly that 82% of the fish farmers involve in fish

farming as primary occupation. While only 11% and 7% are primarily

employed by private enterprise and public enterprises respectively but

take fish farming as secondary occupation.

liii


It can be deduced also that youth who intend to go into the

business can make it the primary source of lively as majority of fish farmer

making it their main occupation.

TABLE 4.1.5

THE TABLE SHOWING THE TYPE OF FISH POND RESPONDENTS

OPERATE

ALTERNATIVES NO ,OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Earth pond 23 51%

Concrete pond 22 49%

TOTAL 45 100%

Source: researcher’s survey findings (2011)

The table 4.1.5 shows the fish kind of fish pond respondents

operate which is earth pond and concrete pond which are 51 and 49

percent respectively.

It is discover that earthen pond is the most cheapest and preferable

fish pond as it look like natural habitant of fish, fish can also feed on some

natural organism themselves in addition to artificial feed supply by farmer.

liv


TABLE 4.1.6

THE TABLE SHOWING THE COST OF FEEDING 1000 FINGERLINGS

TO MATURITY

COST OF FEEDING 1000

FINGERLINGS(#000)

NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

#50- #100 8 18%

#100- #200 24 53%

#200- #300 10 22%

#300- #400 3 7%

#400 and above _ _

TOTAL 45 100%

Source: Researcher‘s survey findings (2011).

Table 4.1.6 above shows the cost of feeding 1000 fingerlings to

maturity. The cost range of #100,000 to #200,000 takes the largest

percentage of 53%, follow by # 200,000- #300,000 of 22% , cost rage of

#50,000- #100,000 which covers 18% and the least is the cost range #

300,000- #400,000.

This information derives from the above data is that for any youth

intending to venture into the business must have capital of #100,000-

#200,000.

lv


TABLE 4.1.7

THE TABLE SHOWING HOW MANY TIMES RESPONDENT HARVEST

IN A YEAR

NUMBER TIMES RESPONDER

HARVEST IN AYEAR

NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Once _ _

Twice 24 53%

Trice 21 47%

TOTAL 45 100%


The table above shows that 53% percentage of respondent harvest

Trice in a year and 47% of respondent twice in a year when no one

harvest once in a year.

It can be deduce that one can nurture fingerling to maturity within

four month and at most six month, in as much the larger percentage of

respondent harvest trice in year. Also, the pay back period of the capital

invested in fish farming business in within a year.

lvi


TABLE 4.1.8

THE TABLE SHOWING IF THERE IS A MARKET FOR ALL THE

PRODUCE OF THE FISH FARMER

Is there market for your entire product?

ALTERNATIVES NO , OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 39 87.7%

No

Sometimes 6 13.3%

TOTAL 45 100%


Table 4.1.8 shows that 87.7% yes, there is market for all there

produce while 13.3% say sometimes there is market. But there wasn’t a

time when there will be total market failure because no one fill No.

Fish farming business can be said to be lucrative as there is always

a market for all the produce as said by majority 87.7% fish farmer. Also, it

can also be said that one can predict what is going to be the cash inflows.

lvii


TABLE 4.2 .1

PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES AND NON RESPONSES TO FISH

BUYER’S QUESTIONNAI RE

RESPONSES OF THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF QUESTIONNAIRE

PERCENTAGE

Responses 18 90%

Non- Responses 2 10%

TOTAL 20 100%


As shown in the Table 4.2.1 above twenty (20) copies of

questionnaire were printed and distributed to respondents of which

eighteen(18) were responded to while the remaining two (2) were not

responded to.

Table 4.2.2

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENT ACCORDING TO THEIR SEX

SEX DISTRIBUTION NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Male 14 77.8%

Female 4 22.2%

TOTAL 18 100%


lviii


Table 4.2.2 show the age distribution of respondent of which are

77.8% male and 22.2% are female. This can be interpreted that though

both male and female patronize fish farmer but the targeted customer are

male as the findings shows larger percentage of male patronizing them.

TABLE 4.2.3

THE TABLE THAT SHOWS THE MARITAL STATUS OF THE

RESPONDENTS

MARITAL STATUS NO. OF RESPONDENT

PERCENTAGE

Single 12 66.7%Married 6 33.3%Divorced - -TOTAL 18 100


The Table 4.2.3 above shows the larger percentage of 66.7% and

33.3% for single and married respectively. This implies, the majority of fish

farmer customers are bachelors or single.

lix


TABLE 4.2.4

Question: fishes (catfish, tilapia, carp fish etc) are richer in protein and

saver health wisely compare to egg and meat.

DEGREE OF RESPONDENT AGREEMENT

NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Agreed 9 50%

Strongly Agreed 6 33.3%

Disagreed 1 5.6%

Strongly disagreed - -

Undecided 2 11.1%

TOTAL 18 100%


The table above shows the degree of preference of fish to meat and

egg. The table 4.2.4 shows that majority of the fish farmer buyer consume

the produce because they agree that it’s richer in protein compare to egg

and meat. This is justify as 50% of respondents agreed, 33.3% strongly

agreed while only 5.6% disagree and 11.1% are undecided.

lx


TABLE 4.2.5

Question: how often do you patronize fish farmer?

RESPONSE NO OF RESPONSE PERCENTAGE

None 1 5.6%

Every day 12 66.6%

Every weekend 3 16.7%

Sometimes 2 11.1%

TOTAL 18 100%

Source: Researcher survey findings (2011).

The table 4.2.5 above shows how frequent each customer

patronizes the fish farmer. It was discovered that 66.6% patronize fish

farmer every day, 16.7% every weekend, 11.1% sometimes and only 5.6%

do not patronize them.

What can be deduce here is that majority of the fish farmer

costumers are restaurant, processor, fish seller, Hotel and distributor

which patronize them daily while majority of those buying sometimes and

weekend bases are final consumers.

lxi


TABLE 4.2.6

THE TABLE SHOWING THE FAVOURITE KIND OF FISH THAT

CONSUMERS LIKE TO BUY THE MOST

KIND OF FISH NO. OFRESPONSES PERCENTAGETilapia 3 16.7%Cat fish 14 77.7%Carp fish 1 5.6%Others (specify) - -TOTAL 18 100%

Source: Researcher’s survey findings (2011).

The Table 4.2.6 above show the kind of fish that consumer like the

most, the cat fish is rank the best fish the consumer love to buy as its

cover 77.7% of the respondents, then tilapia which is 16.7% and carp fish

5.6%.

It can be discover that the demand of cat fish is high compare to

other kind of fish produce by fish farmer, any body going into the business

kind think it worthwhile to produce cat fish.

4.3 TESING OF HYPOTHENSIS

The hypotheses that will be tested include:

1. To show that fish farming reduces youth unemployment

in Nigeria.

2. To show that fish farming is a lucrative business.

lxii


4.3.1 STEPS IN TESTING IN TESTING HYPOTHESIS

In using the regression analysis method of hypothesis the following steps:

STEP 1: formulate the null hypothesis (Ho and H1)

STEP 2: Specify the level of significance to be used (0.05 level of

significance)

STEP 3: Computation of test statistics. Here we determine whether the

null hypothesis should be rejected.

STEP 4: Establish the critical value of the test statistics.

STEP 5: Make the decision. The computed value of the statistics is

compared with the critical value.

If the computed test statistics is greater than the critical, the null

hypothesis is rejected. If otherwise the reverse is the case, the null

hypothesis is accepted.

4.3.2 TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1

To show that fish farming has provided employment opportunity to

many youth therefore reduces youth unemployment.

Ho: That fish farming does not reduce youth unemployment in Nigeria.

H1: That fish farming reduce youth unemployment in Nigeria.

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Model summary

Model R R-square Adjusted R-square Standard error of the estimate

1 0.519 0.269 0.243 0.98534

a. Predictor: (constant), youth unemployment.

The above table gives the model summary with R-square value of

0.269(26.9%). This implies that, 26.9% of the variability is the

unemployment rate is being explained by the fish farming.

ANOVA

Model Sum of

square

df Mean square F Significant

Regressio

n

10.015 1 10.015 10.315 0.003

Residual 27.185 28 0.971Total 37.200 29

a. Predictor: (constant), youth unemployment

b. Dependant variable: fish farming.

The above table shows the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table with

F- calculated value at 10.315 which the critical value obtained from

statistical table at 4.28 level of significant. The decision rule is that when F-

calculated is greater than the value of F- tabulated, reject null hypothesis

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(Ho) that says fish farming does not reduces youth unemployment in

Nigeria.

Coefficients

Unstandardized coefficient.

Standardized coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.Constant 5.259 1.153 4.560 0.000

unemployment -1.926 0.600 -0.519 -3.212 0.003

a. Dependent variable: fish farming

The above table gives the coefficient of the regression model. From the

table, the decision rule is reject Ho if P- value < α-value =0.05, do not

reject Ho Decision since P –value =0.003 is less than α –value of 0.05, we

therefore reject Ho in favour of Alternative hypothesis H1.

CONCLUSION: we conclude that fish farming reduce youth

unemployment rate in Nigeria.

4.3.3 TEST OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS TWO (2)

Null hypothesis (Ho): That fish farming is not a lucrative business

Alternative hypothesis (H1): That fish farming is a lucrative business.

Model summary Model R R square Adjusted R

squareStd. Error of the Estimate

1 0.411 0.169 0.139 1.05090

a. Predictors: (constant), lucrativeness.

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The above table shows the summary modes with R –square values

of 0.169 (16.9%). This implies that, 16.9% of the variability in the

lucrativeness i.e making large profit is being explained by fish farming.

ANOVA

Model Sum of

square

Df Mean

square

F Significant

Regressio

n

6.277 1 6.277 5.684 0.024

Residual 30.923 28 1.104

Total 37.200 29

a. Predictors: (constant), lucrative business.

b. Dependent variable: fish farming.

It gives the analysis of variable (ANOVA) table with F- calculated value at

5.684 which the critical value obtained from statistical table at 4.20 level of

significant. Therefore, reject null hypothesis.

Coefficients

Unstandardized coefficient.

Standardized coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta T Sig.(constant) 2.923 0.587 4.978 0.000

Lucrativeness -0.923 0.387 -0.411 -2.384 0.024

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a. Dependent variable: fish farming.

Decision Rule: reject Ho if P- Value is less than α –value of 0.05 accept

null hypothesis.

Decision: since P- value = 0.024 which is less than α- value of 0.05, we

reject null hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis (H1).

CONCLUSION: Hence, we conclude that fish farming is a lucrative

business. The coefficient of the regression model show the intercept and

slope are 2.923 – 0.923 x where “y” is the fish farming and “x” lucrative

business. The model shows that lucrative business has a negative impact

on fish farming.

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CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The research carried out through the use of questionnaire attempts

to identify extends at which fish farming option can checkmate youth

unemployment in Nigeria.

The research questionnaire was distributed at the kwara state

ministries of agriculture (department of fishery) and the fish farmer from

selected location in Ilorin metropolis. Also, questionnaire was design and

printed to seek consumer’s opinion.

From the research work it was discover that youth within the age

range of 20-40 years engage in the business of which 33%are OND/NCE

and 22% are HND/ Degree holder.

From the consumer side it was discover that there is higher demand

on catfish more than any other kind of fish as 77.7% of respondent who

are customer to fish farmer prefer cat fish more than any other kind of fish.

The minimum capital required to nurture 1000 fingerling to maturity

is one hundred to two hundred naira (#200,000-#300,000) according to

larger percentage of 53% respondents, the maturity period is four month

as respondents said one can harvest trice in a year. The average price of

selling one unit of fish is #450, bases on the research findings 87.7%

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agreed that there is market for all there produced. This means for every

two hundred thousand naira invested, after four month one will have a total

earning of four hundred and fifty thousand naira. Also, in a year the total

out flow of cash will be almost #750,000 when one is sure of gaining an

inflow of #1350, 000.

Finally, two hypotheses were tested. The two hypotheses that were

tested are;

To show that fish farming reduces youth unemployment in Nigeria

To show that fish farming is a lucrative business apart from

generating employment.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Youth unemployment in Nigeria is indeed a reality; the fish farming

business can be seen as a business that is not only a remedy for

unemployment situation but as well lucrative. Fish faming enterprises has

engage most of the OND /NCE and secondary schools drop out. In recent

years many HND/university graduate had got themselves engaged in the

venture.

However, the major problem facing fish farmer is high price of fish

feed and inadequate government support in term of loan and extension

officer’s services.

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5.3 RECOMMENDATION

In view of the findings above a few recommendations can be made

to government, business enterprises, and unemployed youth.

On the part of the government, government at all level should make

loan available and accessible for youth who want to go into or already in

the business of fish farming. Government should deem it fit to subsidize

the price of feed for fish farmer as other crop farmer enjoy subsidy on

fertilizer and encourage the local production of fish feed. The service of

government extension will make Nigeria fish farmer attain self sufficient in

fish production as Nigeria can only supply half of the demand for fish.

Fish farming business can be recommended to corporate

establishment who wishes to diversify it business for they have the

capacity to go on large scale and thereby employed more youth of this

nation. The majority of canning fish product we have is imported if

corporate company can invest in that it will be another means of enlarging

the fortune of this business. Preservation and package of fish can be

promoted by corporate establishment for export.

The youth can start the business with zero capital by using the step

by step approach of writing a good business proposal to somebody that

has a large produce of fish. To sell for the person, all that will be needed is

a guarantor. That can continue until one get at least sixty thousand naira

for a start and simultaneously combining management of pond with fish

selling business till one is able to stay alone.

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REFERENCES

Abigail Category (2010): Fish farming contribute more than $1 billion U. S.

Dollar. Publication of Fishery society of Nigeria (FISON).

Akin Adewakun, (2010): youth unemployment in Nigeria.

Anyanwu, C.M. (2000), 0.J Nnanna, (2004):``financing and development

of small scale industries on Nigeria. Paper presented to the

committee of bankers’ on financing small industries.

Emmanuel u. Ukeje (2003): employment creation through small and

medium scale enterprises: country experiences. CBN

Bullion Vol. 27.

Grace Evbuowan. (2004): Self sufficiency in the fishery sector:

Challenge and prospect in Lagos state, CBN research and statistic

department publication.

Harold Goldstein (2008): unemployment, Redmond, W.A , Microsoft

Corporation U.S.A.

Mustapha .A. (2006): Foundation In Business Research Methods .OLAD

publishers, Ilorin Nigeria.

Ogunleye . G. A. (2004): Small And Medium scale enterprises as

Foundation for rapid economic development in Nigeria.

Rifkin, Jeremy (2000). The End of Work: A cry of alarm about global

unemployment. Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A.

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S.F,Mohammed (2007). Establishing a credible small and medium

enterprises credit scheme in Nigeria. CBN Bullion. Volume

31

S.S. Abiola (2003): Employment creation / opportunities in the Agro- Allied

sub sector .CBN Bullion vol 27 no 4.

lxxii


APPENDIX

Department of Business Administration

University of Ilorin,

Ilorin, Kwara State.

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

I am an undergraduate student of the above name institution, I am

conducting a study on the topic “checkmating unemployment among

Nigeria youth: Fish farming option.”

The study requires asking you some questions, kindly help me by

completing the questionnaires. Any information provided will be treated as

confidential as possible and used mainly for the study.

Yours faithfully,

Researcher,

Odewoye Segun

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QUESTIONAIRE

Survey of fish farming business

A. Preliminary information

1. Age: A.Below 20 years ( )B. 21-30( ) C.31-40( ) D.41-50( ) E.

Above ( )

2. sex: A.Male ( ) B.Female ( )

3. Marital status: A.Singe ( )B. Married ( )

4. Educational Background: A.Primary school ( )B. Secondary

school level / Grade two Teacher( ) C. NCE / O.N.D ( ) D.

H.N.D/ Degree Holder ( ) E.Others [specify]

__________________

5. Primary Occupation: A.Fish farming ( )

B.Other farming (specify)___________ ___

C.Public sector (specify) _______________

D.Private sector (specify) _______________

E.Other (specify) ______________________

6. Secondary Occupation:A. Fish farming ( )

B.Other farming (specify) ______________

C.Public sector (specify) _______________

D.Private sector (specify) ______________

E,Other (specify) _____________________

7. How long have you been into Fish Farming?

A.Below 1 year ( )B. 1-2years ( ) C.3-4 years ( ) D.5-10years ( )

E.10 years and above ( )

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B.CORE SURVEY DATA

1. What type of pond do you operate?

A. Earth pond ( ) B. concrete ( )

2. Is it homestead or in a farm site?

A. Home stead ( ) B. farm site. ( )

3. Why are you into fish farming?

A. Recreation /pleasure ( ) B. Profit making ( ) C. subsistence ( )

4. How many fish ponds do you have?

A. 2-3( ) B. 4-5( ) C. 6-7( ) D.8-9( ) E.10 and above.

4b.what is the total size (square feet )?_____________

5.Are you planning to expand in the nearest future ?

A. yes ( ) B. No ( )

6.what type of fish do you stock ?

A.___________________________

B___________________________

7.what is the rough estimate of the stock?_____________

8.How many times do you feed your fish daily?

A. once B.Twince ( ) C. Thrice ( ) D. More than 3 times ( ) E. At

will ( )

9. What percentage of your running cost is on feeding?

A. below 40 %( ) B.41-50% ( ) C.51-60% ( ) D.61-70% E. Above

70%

10. How will you rate the cost of your input?

A. cheap ( ) B. Moderate ( ) C. Expensive D. Very expensive ( )

11. What is the total cost of feeding 1000 fingerling to maturity?

N________________

12. How often do you drain the water in your pond in a week?

A. none ( ) B. once C.2 times ( ) D.3 times ( ) E.4 times ( )

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13. How many farm attendants (including family members) do

you have?

14.How many time do you harvest in a year?

A. once ( ) B. Twice ( ) C. Thrice ( )

15. How many kilogram do you produce in a year?________

16. Do you target a particular period to harvest ? A. yes ( ) B. No

()

16b.If yes, what period?_________________

17. Who do you sell your product to ? A. final consumers (

) B. Retailers ( ) C. Distributors ( ) D. Restaurants ( ) E.

processors ( )

18. How do you sell your product and at what price per selling

unit? A. in sizes ( ) B. in kilograms ( ) C. in Basket weights ( ) D.

combination (Average selling price)__________________

19. Is there market for all you produce? A. yes ( ) B.NO ( ) C.

sometimes ( )

20. How did you finance your business?

A. Self ( ) B. Friends / Relations. ( ) C. Cooperative (Esusu) ( )

D.Banks. ( )

21. is the enterprises profitable?

A.very profitable ( ) B. fairly profitable ( ) C. Break even ( )

D. Not profitable ( )

22 Did you agree that fish farming will be a better option that

government should invest upon to checkmate youth unemployment.

A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( ) C. Disagreed( ) .D strongly

disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )

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QUESTIONNAIRE

FISH CONSUMER’S SURVEY

A. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION

1. Age : A. Below 20 years ( )B. 21-30( )C. 31-40( ) D.41-50( )

E. Above ( )

2. Sex: A. Male ( ) B. Female ( )

3. Marital status: Singe ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( )

4. Educational Background: Primary school ( ) Secondary school

level / Grade two Teacher ( ) NCE / O.N.D ( ) H.N.D/ Degree

Holder ( ) others [specify] __________________

5. Occupation:________________________

B. CORE SURVEY

6. Do you agree that high price of fish could be as a result of high

demand of populate. A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( ) C.

Disagreed ( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )

7. Consumption of fish is richer in protein and saves to health

compare to egg and meat. A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( )C.

Disagreed( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )

8. How often do you patronize fish farmer. A. None ( ) B. Every day ( )

C. every weekend ( ) D. Sometimes ( )

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9. What is your favourite kind of fish? A. Tilapia. B. Catfish. C. Carp fish

D. Others [specify]_________________

10. What period/season is fish price the cheapest? _____________

A. Rainy season ( ) B. Dry season period ( ) C. It varies ( )

11. Do you agree that more Nigeria youth should go into the business

because it is more lucrative? A. Agreed ( ) B. Strongly agreed ( )C.

Disagreed( ) .D strongly disagreed( ) .E. undecided( )

12.what do you think government can do to make the production of fish

sufficient. A. subsidize the price of feed ( ) B.import fish( ) C. produce

it localy ( ) D.others [specify]___________________

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