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The Classical Period

Franz Joseph Haydn

(1732-1809)

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Key Terms & Concepts

BarytonPrince Esterhzy of AustriaMonothematic sonata form

ScherzoString quartetRondo

RefrainEpisode

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Classicism Reached its peak towards

the end of the eighteenthcentury

Liberal ideas ofenlightened rulers suchas Joseph II of Vienna(right) attracted

composers from all overEurope

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Haydn and Mozart

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Haydn and Mozart The 2 most remarkable composers of the 18 th century They were friends, and admired each others work and

influenced each other Both experienced the political changes in Europe

which led to the French Revolution Both were performing musicians:

Haydn: excellent violinist, conducted from harpsichord

Mozart: virtuoso pianist, able string player Both composed prolifically

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Haydn vs. Mozart Haydn lived to 77, Mozart died at 36

Haydn grew into his abilities, Mozart was a child star

Haydn served one patron for most of his career;Mozart never had one principal patron

Haydn found musical roots in styles around Vienna;Mozart traveled widely & took on international styles

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Franz Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)

From 1761- 1790s, heserved Prince Esterhazyof Austria and his court

1790-95: Haydn wasallowed to make severaltrips to London as amusical entrepreneur and

celebrity He was one of thecomposers whopioneered genre of the

the string quartet

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Franz Joseph Haydn(1732-1809)

He often used humor inhis music

He wrote in all genres: 104 symphonies, 20

concertos, 68 stringquartets, 29 keyboard trios,47 keyboard sonatas,ensemble works, 15

operas, 12 Masses, 2oratorios, other vocalworks

And 126 baryton trios!

(see pic of baryton at right)

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Esterhza Summer country

palace of theEsterhzy family,rivalling Versailles in

splendor Haydn composed,

conducted,trained musicians,and keptinstruments in

repair

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Esterhza Nicolaus (successor to

the first prince Haydnserved) played thebaryton (an instrument offading importance) andhad Haydn write much forhim

Haydn kept up on trends

when in the Viennapalace (right), but relativeisolation at Esterhzahelped him become moreoriginal

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Haydns Symphonies He composed more than 104 symphonies, at least 92

of which before 1789 (mostly for the Esterhzaorchestra)

Many have nicknames which Haydn didnt give them

The Paris symphonies (Nos. 82-87) & Londonsymphonies (Nos. 92-104) written for commission Early symphonies: usually 3 movements (fast-slow-

fast); some have 4 movements in one key, like theBaroque sonata della chiesa

By the late 1760s, he worked in the 4 -movement form Allegro, andante moderato, minuet & trio, allegro

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ymp ony o. n a or(Oxford , 1789)

(Anthology, p. 111-44 & 173-75; CD 7:52 & 7:62)

Performed at Oxford, England when Haydn receivedan honorary doctorate in 1791

An excellent example of symphonic structure

A Typical Movement I: Opposition of stable and unstable sections: P, S & Cl as

stable; Tr, Development as unstable (also slow introductionwhen present)

Stable sections: balanced, 4-bar phrases with cadences Unstable sections: full orchestra, sequences, modulations,

overlapping phrases, few cadences Some of Haydns Secondary themes use the same melody as

the Primary themes (monothematic sonata form)

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Symphony No. 92 in G Major(Oxford , 1789)

Usually the Development ends with a significantdominant pedal Sometimes Haydn blurs the start of the Recapitulation

and fakes a modulation partway through, to maintaindrama

Typical other movements: II: slow movement; ABA, theme & variations, or sonata form

without repeats III: Minuet & Trio (ABA overall, each part is a small binary

form; trio is scored lighter) IV: Finale is usually faster & shorter than mvt. I; sonata form

or rondo form (ex/ ABACABA)

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Haydns String Quartets

Many intended for verygood amateurs Like a conversation

between 4 instruments He wrote 68 of them,

which grow in length andexpressiveness

Later minuets are calledscherzo (joke) and aremore playful

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String Quartet in E-Flat Major, Op.33 No. 2 (The Joke), Mvt. IV

(Anthology, p. 103-110; CD 7:47)

Finale in rondo form: A B A C A Coda, where A = Refrain (initially in

rounded binary form; later refrains are increasinglyabbreviated)

B and C represent Episodes (usually freelycomposed; here, they are based on motives from

the Refrain) The movement refuses to end = humor