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T D V L M V I B E 7

Vernacular Achitecture and Identity Poltcs:

b dn i n Aoci Proor in

ior\ T nd Criicim Prom

Drmn ofArcic

M ni of cnoogy,

Cmbrid

The Case of the IITurkish House"

SIBEL BOZDOGAN

The traditonal "urkish House constitutes a recurrent theme in enteth-cenuy urksh

architecural culture This paper looks at the appreciation/appropriation of traditiona house

forms by Wese and/or Weserneducaed architects. focuses rst on the modernist/ratio

nalist readngs of the early Repubican period; and second on he more recen neotradiona

ist experiments wh vernacular forms more speccally on he hghy pubcized work of

Andres Duany and Eizabeth PlaterZyberk for a suburban development ouside Istanbul

Discussing these to episodes in he contet of the ferven naionasm of the 1930S and the

more liberal and posmodern cimae of the 980s, respecivey, he paper addresses how the

same architecura forms can be enframed within vey dierent culural and poiical agendas.

An attrative reent rohre o Kee Contry an expenve new otieItan avertie the eign o it thr phae of eienta eveopment ommioneto the lora ahitete an planning m of Ane Dany an Elizaeth PaterZyerkwith the foowing ntrotory wor

Keer ountry i eigne to revitalize an ol lle in which neighborhoomahalle wa the keywor an we a belonge to our neighborhoo. he greatet

problem of tanbul toay i not the noie or poution or ac nor i it congetionan high cot of living, with al of which we cope in one way or othe t i, howevethe lo of our ene of belonging without which we cannot urvive. . . . Anre Duanyan Elizabeth PlaterZyberk are not the pical architect who eign houe a weknow architect to o. Their job i to eign treet an town an to retore the lotene of neighborhoo

Te aompanying patel kethe n the rore how eatifl enerng of vlainpe y traitional Tkih reienta ahitetre tle roo molar row o wnow


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8 T S . 2

roecting aywnows on the uer oors (cumba) couryars(au narrow streets (okak) an small squares forwhich the historic Ottoman aqueuc o f Kemerurgaz constitues an aroriate ackro FIG) Lookng a these magesone cannot hel u recal the 19 sketches of he young Le

Corusier in hs ya int ecting wooen houseswthn seclue garens along the narrow strees of o Isanu hose archiectura masterieces" as he cale them (FIG2)Chrnologcally eteen the o esoes there intevene theassionatey nationalis conext of the eary eulcan erio inTurkey when rominent erman an Centra uroean architects an heir Turkish coleagues an stuens looke at he sameraiional houses hrough moernist secacles astracting fromhem the rational rinciles of utli honesy an simlcit

Even a cursory gance at the archecturl culture of moern Turkey reveals that the traitiona Turkish house" has constitute a consant source of fascinaion for Wesern anTurksh architecs. I is a recurrent heme to which architectshave erioicaly turne whenever he quesion of ienty has

Kr Cntr Itnbl Tw kt ft Dny

Pltr-Zybrk Sm (Sr: pblii brr fKr Cntrtin

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arsen In his aer I review the naure an crcumstances ofthe aroration of the Turksh house y Wesern an Weserneucate Turkish archiecs comaring the naionlistmoerns1930S to he lieraosmoern 19805 in orer o emonsrae

how the areciaion of the same archiecturl forms can eenframe wthin vey erent culurl an olticl agenas.Tking ssue wth essenlist reangs of he Turkish

House" which ten o os ient as somehing inherent inarticuar forms wh xe cultural meanngs I hoe o aresshow archtectural form acqures meanng in ierent culur anoical conexts an therefore show how ths meaning is wayshistorcally consiute amiguous an overetermine Ths snot o eny hat there are forma an sata concerns inern tothe sciline of archiecure which ranscen hstorical circumstances Bu i is to say that he roaer cuurl egitimacy ofsuch concerns is nextrcaly oun with hisory A anforAnerson has argue on many occasions the archecural oject

is nether a urey autonomous tex nor a cultural inex" ofthe mes its meaning s neher regiven an inheren in theoec nor is t excusvely eermne y an exern ii:

P R E A M B E : R E P R E S E N T AT O N A D O D I F AT I O N

O T H E T UR K I S H O US E

Historcay seakng the term Turksh house" esgnatesa secic house ye hat srea over the vas territories of theformer Otoman Emire from the Bakans to he Aaan


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SinC.Ma romP".E:ceh

cdy fpvt unS ,Kcnbu

,

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!. I

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penina. exience pan a imeframe of aou e hundred year ih he earie riing example dang from heeeneenh cenry (FG.) Ahogh uana ariaon nze congraon and regonal characeric hae occurredceran ac and conan feare ealih he Turkh houea a diinc ype xed y conenon and eed hrogh cenre One of hee i imer frame and inl conruconih he nll maera ranging from rck o ood (badadpaered oer n eer example and nhed n ood in he

more eaorae one. Aoher feare he oldiy of heground oor reeed for hay orage animal carrage anderice ec. aoe hich a much igher and projecing ing oor i raied on l (irekik Oher characerc feare nclude ro of modlar indo dered from he ogcof he mer frame and a piched roof coered h roundile FG.) uch a dellng coniue a highly deeopedand raonalzed ype occrring oer a large area characerizedy predominanly humd climae and fere and hence heimer conrucon and he pched roof. I and aparfrom he many oher loca ernacular and iding radiion

O Z O G A N T U R K S H O 9

for example in one and mud rck epecally fom ohern and eaern Trkey.

I a argely de o he paradgmac ork and career ofhe prominen Trkih archiec edad dem ha he TrkihHoe ecame codied ino a ypologcal and ylc canon in

heory edcaion and pracce n epuican Trkey demmonmenal ork urk Evi ( urkih Houe nialy conceiedin e olme only parially puihed afer 84 poihe ariclaon of he plan a he prmary generaor of heype and prode an eaorae ypoogical marx of hoeplan aed on he hape congraon and locaon of hehall or o a he key elemen The o i an npecialzedpace ging acce o oher room uch ha in an nereing anaogy eeen he houe and he cy Edem alized he room of he hoe a ndidual hoe n hemeeand he o a he ree or are allong acce o hem.

The hree generic pan ype idened y Edem ere houeh exerna o inernal o and cenra o In each

URE 3 L Amaad Huyin Pasa Yisi anbu, 69 On of

o uriing xam of Trki Ho Sor: P 7Dcmbr 9

UE 4 OP H adiiona i ouom Saanbo,rky. Poog by auo

E 5 BOOM H Kira Hou, anbu 966 by Sdaddm Sour: Bodogan a dd kki Edm cc nTky Singaor, Conc Mdia 987


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0 T D R 7 .

case a evaivecoecte type was also possile wh theepetito of the asic type aog a axis alowig moe elaoate coguatos Ivaialy the ooms a he o alsoecame eetae o he exteio y the size a shape ofwiows ao pojectiosecessios o the facae efe to

FG.4) These geeic pa types o oy pove the aalytica oos with which to suy a ocumet exstig exampes u they also povie uelyig pciples fo the mayoectype vas Eem esge thoughout his log caeeFG5)

Although is pciples wee most cleay eaoate y aTukish achiec i cultua a hstoical tems the Tukishhouse ca also e see as iially a Wese costuct Itsaue hs ega is somewhat smila to he tem Tukiself which Euopeas employe to esigate the ethicalycultualy a elgously heteogeeous popuaios of the fome Ooma Empie Thus he ealiest epeseatios of heTuksh house Euopea pulcatos coicie wh thespea of Exoicsm o he iscovey a epoucio of cutual otheess that was cetal to he sefeito ofEuope he age of Eligheme Eghteethcetuy epesetatios fom he Turquerie of Wiliam Chameso ea acques Lequeus haitao Tuc (FG6) weemosty imagiay costuctios exisg po to he esalshme of easie a moe sysemaic tavel to the East By coast eteethcetuy Oietaist epesetatios oftaioa Tukish houses wee moe accuate vsual escptos pushe as pat of highly popua usae avelaccouts I was the pulshe wok of tavelg topogaphcalatiss like Thomas Allom a Wam Batet o of achtects

like Igace Mellig which st gave Euopeas paoamic apictuesque views of Isauls wooe yal suae aog theege of the wae so the ete house was i view of oats passig y the Bosphoous FG7)'o Tha Eem kept a copy ofMeligs 819 Vyage Pittoreque de Contantinople et de Rivedu Bophore as a ispatioa souce fo his lfewok iicateshe sgcace of Weste epesetatios i the fomato ofhe oio of he Tukish house a the sigicace of tetextual efeeces o the cosuctio of achitectual kowege i geeal

Le Couses Vyage d'Orient cositutes a last lk ithis log legacy of Oietals epesetaios pouce o theeve of amatc tasfomatos Tukey Le Cousie was

patcualy fascate y the pesece of ees a the oveauaisc quaity of he esea faic i Tukey Heexpesse this oth i wos a though sketches of hewealhie konak o age houses sie gaes wh the poecig uppe oos estig upo soli was puctue oy aetaces ha eveae seclue coutyas (efe o FG.2)Details of coutyas ieios foutais a poches compemee these views FG8)

What makes Le Cousies impessos sigcat fo thisiscusso is he multiplicty of eaigs o which hey lethemselves Whle it s egimae a mpoat o cosie

FIU 6. OP Lquu ki u d/ ;"in

nu (Su Dub Lq cca ima CmbidMI P 987)

IE 7 MDE) 1ki u m Mllin, a Pttrsq Cnsanip s ivs d Bsp Pi 89

IE 8 . BOTOM) L Cbui 11 ktch fud wit mbl un in in Itnbul Su c jnnt Jr asCmbid, MI P, 987

hem the omatcizg iscouse of a Oetaist ueefom a posio of supeioiy is aso posse o ea hemas osevaios aticipatig Le Cousie's moest peoccupatos Thus oe ca see foeshaowe hs coce withgeeey suight a ai as affoe y ees a gaes ;ightess of sucue tme fame a ill a plots he


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pechng of the main lving pace on wal ando tiltNotwithtanding it ovet Orientalit potre theefore theapprecation of archtectre n the yage i till more expeen-ta than tyltic pata rathe than decoative and niveral-it rather than ctrally elativt A ch t provide apecror to the modernit eadng of the vernaclar Trkihhoe that were to e the centerpece of the nationalt architecta cltre of the ealy Tkih epc

M O R I S T R E A D I G S A

AI OAI ST CO X 1930S

The intittionalization of nteret in vernacar architectre a the pmary oce of modern nationa dentiy inTkey i integile only wthin htoca circmtanceDing the 9 Tkey nderwent a tranton from a dintegatng empie to a eclar natontate nde the leaderhip ofKemal Atatk the fonder of the eplic In achtectraterm the revoltion meant that refeence to the high cltreand tadition of the forme empire were no longe appoprateince the new modenizing eite oght to dociate the cltral politc of the eplic from the OttomanIlamic patWhen ch Ottoman motif a dome arche and tie decoation (applied prmarily to pc iding well into the early9 wee aandoned a marker of Trkh identity thetripped aethetc of German and Central ropean modernimtepped n ch achtectal angage ecame the ocial dicore of the Kemat epc epecally drng the contrc-tion of Ankara the modern captal In a 99 nterview Le

Corier made the folowng emark aot th latter perod in a way confeing to h ealier Orientalim:

The lat time aw the urkih wman he wa veiledand cvered in an riental myter .. Ihad ntcmmitted the biet trategic mitake f my l in myleter t Ataturk, tday wu be planning the beautiful ci f Itanbul intead f my cmpetitr Henrirt. In that ntriu lette I wa recmmending theleading revlutinary f a mdern natin, t leaveItanbul a it i in the dut and dirt f centurie realized my mitake aerwar 4

Gven the inheent contradiction of nationait thoghtotide the Wetern wold etween pogevit modern(identied a Wetern apiation and nationalt antWetern rhetorc the amigity of the Kemalit project ofmodeniy oon ecame ovo in Trkh achitecta dicore Th the form of the Modern Movement now -med nder the ric of cic archtectre" (kubik mimarwere reected with inceaed nationalit fervo in the late 9a repreentation of an alienated comopoitan ocety In thiclimate the Trkh redential vernaclar wa poited a themot appropiate alternatve orce of identy egtimzing the

B A T U R K H H O

imagined commnity of a nied nation It aocationwth the rral folk of Anatoa were comfortay ditanced fromOttoman palace ctre favoraly matching the omantic poplim and antran entiment of the epic It aloeected a new emphai on e of dwelng and hoingtraditionaly nderepreented in the French BeaxAt ytemof archtecta edcaton at the Academy of Fine Art nItanl which pivileged plic iding and monmentnt the onet of the adcal modent eform of 92

The w achitect rnet gl who wa entrted withthe tak of tanforming the edcational progam of theAcademy along modernit ine offeed the rt explicit modent dcore evaating the taditonal Trkih hoe a athoroghy ratonal repone to nate In hi eminal 9 8aticle Architectral Context" (Mimari Muhit) he denedcontext withot any refeence to cltre o htory a theovea character of ght ai n wnd topogaphy ter

ran wate vegetation the harhne o mildne of natre theditinct qality of the night and the myterio mic ofdk Calling for the crofertzation of the nternationaleed of modern archtectral proge with the pecic fomof archtectral context" gli paied the intoverted characterof the taditonal Anatolian hoe with it coo and hadycortyard open to tary kie aove and cloed to the dt ofthe teet He conclded that f deigned with modern meanfor modern ifetyle thi cold e a mode hoe forAnatolian town"

Neither g ketche iltrating the artice (epecially amall hoe for Ankara" wth it cc vome nor h ltwork in Tkey howeve dplay any conpco connection

to the traditiona form of the region wth the exceptionperhap of the tle e of cotyad in h degn for theMic chool in Ankara 9228 or atract nterpetaton oftraditona window proection in h degn fo the Cort ofFnancial Appea n Ankaa 9280 (FG9) In h 98 aticle athogh he admred the niy of loca context with archtectre and t inhaitant in rral etting he added (n arather immeian tone that cvilizaton i prodced y thentelligence of metropotan man releaed from ocal contexteven if thi i timatey elfdetrctve Thi wa a remakale inight not only into the paradoxca natre of modenty(eween it mltaneoy alienating and ierating apectt alo into modernity hitoica irreveity a fact that

often eem oveooked n more ltea foma and tyticappropation of the vernacar

g cceor a the Head of the Archtectal ection inthe Academy wa Brno Tat From 9 to hi death nDecemer 98 he foowed a pedagogica pogram of imilaramigiy Whe pang the eon of apanee and Trkihvenaclar archtectre at every occaon for ther impliciyathentcity tiiy and ationay of contrcton hi ownwok in majo ctie of Trkey a well a the iedlung poecthe aigned to hi tdent oe little formal reference to taditonal hoe fom wth the exception of the Hoe in


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Otkoy 193738) which seved s homge o hs expeiecesi p. hough i ticle eitled Tuish HouseSi i 9 38 he explictly stted th the ew Tukishhouse wil e o oy whe chiecs do he cuicsyle whch hs ued ito mistem sylistc fsho tis impot ot to e hs s uest o tol sl utthe s pofoudly anislisi comme expessive o hisustios wh moes ohodoxy e he dvet of theIteto Style I the sme ice deiig diiolTuish eemets th will lwys em moe hespecicy pise the wie eves d shg devices ovewows which he icopoe io his esigs fo schoos Tukey. He lso pised the diol composite wlig system o eig couses of stoe ic whch he optei hs esig o the cuy of guges d Hisoy i

A i 193 FIGIO Hs tsylistc d tichuvesicpostue ws most explicit he olowig steme:

I is imporan o avoid a supial imiaion [oradiion} Ohrwis his ndn an lad o a snimnal romaniism and a misundood naionalismrsuling in Kish Th mor rvor wih whih a mis-undrsood naionalism is pursud, h wors wil b hrsul . . . A naionalis arhiu is bad bu al

good arhiur is naiona

Sed em's ey eigs of he vecu lsoevee modeis ged ht ws ot ulike those of gi

Tut. I c he mte o hvg dscovee theTuish house uope i he te 19 hough LeCousie d though he Wsmuth ppes of Fk loyWgh. Hs euifuly eeed Atoli Houses" exhited i Pis i 198 duig study ou oowig hs guo fom the Acemy of e Arts i Istul eptomizedhis dscovey" i he om of omtic houses i idylc hypo-heticl coutysies FIGII His gumets o he essemodeity of he tditol Tush wohnkulur wee pigmtc hs espec FIG2 uig he use of uicosets ight uue with the mode uope iteos

IG 9 E

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gm) Sdd Edms cooy poposiio ws o gu foh ssl modiy" of h diol uish houshs poposio ws o oy mo ppg o hicsigy iois clm i uky i h 193 ui coud ud o ffcv usco fo sylsc

ppopiio of diol foms By 94 hfo isi h uksh hous hd cuid ovly iolisc ov-os spclly i Edms wigs i whch h dcd hqus fo Nio Syl chicu s m of soggm" d s sposoship. his iol Syl pomody Edm ws pomizd i his ow pdgmic sikCo Hous of 947 ow dmoshd) (FG3) his sucu ws i fc focdcoc plic of h svhcuy Aczd Husyi Ps Yls (f o FG3).

hf houghou h 194 s h sudy of h uishsdi vcu bcm h om i chicul duco pimy i h iol Achcu Smi slishd h Acdmy by Edm i 1934 u so h wIsu chc Uivsiy wh my gdu hsssudd diol houss of vious Aoli ows. Dughs pod fog d spcly Gm chics co iud o vsi h couy hy focusd o h sdil vcul wh vyg dgs of igm wih o dscfom h sg olis sms. Lk Egi Po AbGbl commdd h chicul suds sudy hpcds i vious gios of uky fo h lssos hyoffd owd mod ipio of diohouss. Ad Gusv Ols Jwsh fug pscud byh Nzi gm d pofsso of plig d usm h chic Uvsiy sudid h diol sid

fbic i uish ows commdg clm d cosviois modism" fo uh pomi Gm chc Pul Boz Edms

coss cogu duig hs piod d lso uilch Isbul chcl Uvsy so coibud sigicly o h icsg sfcoscousss d fomlsm ofh iois d. Hs Scoglu Housig fo s uucs Ak cosisd o f wo d hsoy pimock owhouss oud couyds d poducd my of hEdm eimo, spcy s us of wid vs fcd po-cos widow ps d wood lcs ov h w-dows (FG14) Edms ow Fcuy of Sccs d Ls Isbul 1944 colboio wih Emi O) o cs

of h iuc of Bozs wo Bu i comid hs wih mouml vso of h uksh Hous pdigm cudighs dsigo of h couyds bhd h mi s fcds "ai o highgh h logy o h hous (FG5)

By 195 howv s h ss ly Rpubic uksh polcs gv wy o h mo ll Dmoc Py piod h wig of h iois d chcu ws dyud Likwis h was dc is i suyigd documg h dol xmpls ily and mosgiclly mos of h dwigs compild by Edms Niochcu Smi pishd h Acdmy of 1945.

Z : R K S 3

FIGU 1 OP)lk Co o

tanb 947 by Sdad

Edm Snc dmol

d (So Bozdogan t al Sa

Hakki Ee Arhct

in ky, SngaporConcpt Mda 987.

FGU 1 MDDE)Saogl ong,

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alty ofScnc and

t tanbl, 94

dd by Sdad dm

and mn Onat

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N E O R A D I T O N A L I S T E XP R I M E N S I N A P O S T-

M O D E R N O NX E 980S

I h 9s f og piod of liv glc hhydy of hgh modism foml fcs o h dioluksh hous hv md combck his m dmi-clly diff culul d polic cox . h disic cul-u pom of posmod uky" c b summd up s gowg cio o h ofcil doogy d modzopogm of h od Rpuic li d dcl dpufom h uivssc cims of mody fvo of mphsis o cuu diy d dc. coomic dpoic ms his pom s h gcy of gus i

Rg hch d h l uksh psd Ozl d mks h hsoc iumph of siol mk focsov olis dvlopml ism Ioiclly d pcisly m wh h couy hs opd up o fuh ioid d golizd cpiism h chcu slshmhs s ou o codm Iiol Sy modism hcd bio" fom h s fcssss hs pomp-d vious w xpms wh vcul foms o o m-io icsg dmd fo Sdd dms coic ukshvills fo wlhy clis (FG6) Spd ov hs og cdms vls si o h mi poi of hs pp: h such


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4 S R . 2

achicu can b ad as in fac i has bn by boh Edmand his ciics) as modn and naionais" in h 1930gionais" in h 1960s, and osmodn" in h 1980s

h s oin ha immdiay dinias h cn

vival o sidnia vnacua fom h aly Rublicancdns is ha i no long sns a oalizing sach oukish" foms o illusa a unid naional idniy ah,i sns a fnc fo adiion oms mly as a localaccn in a laivisic wod Hnc, a luaism o adiionsis now ossibl his is no ony h cas in ms of gionaaoianss as in h cas of ominn ukish achicugu Cansvs adhnc o h son Mdianan vnacula vsus Edms iflong commimn o h imb adiion of h Boshoous bu aso in h fac haadiionconsciousnss can now comfoably is sid by sidwih and somims in conuncion wih) som of h as

nds in achicul cuu a lag om osmodnism ohighch ssionismScond, his cn vival o adiiona hous foms has

bn sonsod amos cusivy by iva cins and dvlos as oosd o h clusiv monooly of h sa ovh achicua discous of h aional Sy in h Rublican iod h adiion" ha insis achics and dvos oday is associad no so much wih an idlizd ualvnacua, cosonding o h omanic oulism o h alyRubic, bu o h mo laboa houss ali and konak oOoman owns I shoud b addd ha hisoica consciousnss has bcom an civ making ool fo a gowng nwok o aniu das, li asmks inio dsigns,

and novaion s as w as an ni indusy making adiiona" buiding maias, us and nishs

Phas mos insumna in h olifaion of vnacua foms vywh a h nw sidnia ans of hu classs and mging yuis" of h 19 80s hs akh om of viay dvlomns (FG17 o cusiv sububias ousid h ciy, coml wih hi o nau andhah swimming oos nnis cous hosback iding andgof couss As big ciis bcom sauad wih scuaivaamn buidings o h mos mdioc sandads ininocdconc slabblock consucion, h nw hos of a

GOZLERDEN U( iiNizE YAKIN .. .

A,I';:S14il brYuzmh3VlU, 1I5ova


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FGU 1 8 T Keme Cnty tide tanbl 14 Pta by

at)

FIGU 19 MIDL) ila nde cntctin in Keme Cn tide

tanb, 4 Pt by a

FGU 0 (TTM) Nail Cakian He, Mgla, e 80Reciient fte 83 Aga Kan Awa Sce: Acive, Geneva.

appopiaion o adiion n an adminsav pan ocods and gaions ing h cvic dniy" o h pac am h dvlops hav and om Ands Dany), h omal and sylisic as o h ksh sy villas" do pdomna h schm o FGsr2

In sak conas o h aoos sdis o h kishvnaca ha oign achics ndook in h 1930S, h

B G A T U R K S H S 5

pocss o dsign and dvopmn in K Cony lsas h phnomna spd wih which h appopaion ovnaca oms can accomplishd n h posmodnwold y an innaional am o dsigns conncd hoghlconic nwoks. hs h am o Ands Dany is said

o hav com o Isanl o an inial cha n which ohnoadionalis achics aso ook pa inclding hEgypian achc Adl Wahd Wakil, who dsgnd hcony cl o K Cony adjonng h picsq vi-lag sqa." h cha paicpans w givn a ngy h dsign coodinao in ky on h chaacsics oadional ksh hoss, wndows, oos and h hmanscals o nghohoods" his was complmnd y a sdyo o Saano, a own o pdagogical signicanc innohn ky, wh is comp sidna aic psvd.h ssqn dsgns o K Cony vilas a simo-ny o h possiiliy n h ag o comps o manipla ani nm o asic mns whn d s insanly opodc nmos din kish hoss

h individal hoss in h hid phas o K Conyvay among on yps om A o N), om 246 o 88 sq.ms. Eigh o hs a ad o DZ: o ina ypsyps C, H, M and N), wih ooms aangd sid y sid acnga gadn wih a coido conncng hm on h pp oo(FIGS2 B) ; and o yps D F, and ) pannd aond acnal hal whch givs accss o oh ooms FIGS.22B Inms o plan and pogam, h dsigns podc sanhoss o vaios sizs ha on can nd in h U.S., complwh a sdy/ay, spaa ahooms o ach doom wiha ag ah pls a wakn clos o h pans), a akas

oom n h lag yps a mlippos oom in h asmno kids? ), a gaag, and a las in on cas a pdimndny poch Al o hs has li o do wh h kish vnacla I is h ios and sylisc dails ha a mo conspc-osy inomd y adion wd oos wih ond ilsknown as Aakaksh" is) pojcng ays on ppoos (cumba) sppod y woodn acks (elibounde); hadonal acoa coo (iboy among ohs gadnwals and woodn gas casion doo knocks and an ovalamianc o naow ss, small sqas, and cda s Alh aov pompd on commnao o mak ha Wsnachcs s dvasad o ciis wh sla locks masplans zonng, conc and cas and now hy a asing hi

gi consciosnss."I s mpoan o no ha h dvlops o K

Cony plac a spcic mphasis on hi nnion o cano a Turkih hos o nghohood, a nighohood oky." h disincion s mo han a mino nanc. I isin ac only on pssion o h cn dsngaion onaionals aoos in ky in avo o acknowldging hpopaions hogniy n ms o hnciy, c andigios l i Wha mains o sn howv is whhh conscion o h physca ac o h adionalnghohood will indd povid a soaion o h laon


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1 6 S 7

I

-

C .

I

GU 21 A: Vil C b DanPer-berk in e ird pe developmen ofKeer Con oide Ianbl I993 B: Vil b Daerberk in e

ird pae developmen ofKeer Cont oide Ianbl 993 (Soce: pblici brocre ofKeer Conrcion and rim Co, I993

ship wn achc and dmocacy as caimd and whocan claim ha adional Ooman nghohoods w vdmocac? ). O whh i wl s in an nvialyacial plic alm which, in clamng o so a sns of

longing, si xclds many who do no long h. hac ha h pics o vias in K Cony ang fom$350,000 o $ million us no o mnion h pqis ofca ownship o liv h, sggss h a.

C O N C US O N : P O L C S O A R C H T E C T UR E

ih h 930 modnis mphasis on h aonaiyof dsgn i.., fom as a mos ogica spons o na, ain, pogam and conscon) no h 980s poccpaions

wih dmocac palism and pagmasm a ada asdmnans o impaivs ovnaca hos foms. noh piods h s a magn of indmnacy wn achica om and h xplanaions ha a clamd o nfom

i h s nohng ha aomaicaly links modnis pinci-pls wih h oms of h ish Hos, as clamd y SdadEdm. Simi laly, h is nohing ha aomaically lnksgood dsign wh h old, as clamd y h DP dicm ofgving pop pain old good dsign. n oh cass hmag and ida of h adiional ksh Hos is a aivlyaonomos poccpaion of h achics, as w as acn clal consc wihin h dscpin . has how-v, acqid hisoca sgnicanc and giimacy only n hspcc conxs of naionlsm and posmodniy, spcvy, as hav id o lsa


11/12

-

A.

K"lIGQS

, "-'-,.1'

Inmd by cn ciicl his bu h pics cuu pducn (n his cs, chcul pducin buildngs dwings nd xs, his vy schy vviw wsnndd s mind h hs pducs wn cmplxnd muyd dngs which in ccun bh hi

IiB.

B O Z O G A N T U S H H O U 1

FIGU 22_ A: by Dny Peryberk in e ird e dee

men fKeer Cun ide Inb I99 B: L by Dny Per

Zyberk in e ird e deemen fKeer Cn ide Inb 99

re: Pbii Brre fKeer Cnrin nd rim C 99

ml nd dscpny unmy a arhieure nd hwdinss, which cnncs hm h culu pducsnd vns picul m nd m hm ingbl n hisicl cnx On whu h h wuld b siusy wd ding chcu


12/12

1 S R 2

R E F R N C O T S

A arlir vrio of thi pap wa prt

th 83r ACA Aua Mtig Sattl

Marh 995 a publih i th proigof that ofr 17 -76.

l Publiity brohur of Kr Cotrutoa Tour Copay Itabul 1993

2. CE Jaart Jn t th East .

Zak N. Prtuit tra (Cabrg

Pr 1987).

3 For a mor tail iuio of th appro

priatio of vrauar hou for i th

Rpubla prio GB Nalbaogu

"Btw Civilzatio a Cultur

Appropriatio of raitioal Dwllg For i

Eary Rpublia Turky Jal f

Achitctal Edcatin (Novbr 993)

pp6674

4 S Aro upublh papr for th

Potori Cofr at 1985.

5 D Kuba ot th poit ogty i "at

i Natol Styl Cotmporay Cltur? i

Mimaid Tk Milli Uslb Smini kh

Nainal S in Achitct Smina] (Itanbul:

Mity of Cltur 984) p8

6 S S Bozoga t a Sdad akki Edm:

Achitct in Tky (Sigapor Copt Mia

1987).7. S. H Em Tk Evi (Itabu l: Ta Vak

1984).

8. Ibid p16

9 Thr a roughly hrooogal bai o

E laiato th xtr s typ

big th arlit for promiat th v

t th tury but a a a goig bak to

th ulta pavilio uh a th Ti Kiok i

opkapi Pala. With th aitio of roo

a th og off of th op xtral s i

th ghtth tuy th tral s typ

wa vop omt igat a th

kaaik (ially "plt bly) Fally thot laborat vro th tral s typ

prolifrat i th itth tury ilug

th fahioabl oval ofa typ tra to

Barou iu.

ro. O th rituaiti igia of th

Bophorou aalogou to th Gra Caal i

Vi T Arta "Arhittur a a Thatrof f: Prol of th Eightt h Ctury

Bophorou (PhD Di Maahutt

titut of Thoogy 1989 )

Fo r uh a rag of hi lgrin prot

Z Clik " Corbur OritiCololi Assmbg17 (Aprl 1992) 5977

12 S S Bozoga " oury to th Eat Way

of ookig at th Orit a th Qutio of

Rprtatio Jnal fAchitctal

Edcatin (Summr 1988) 3845

13. S S Booga "Mor Arhittur

a Cultura Polit of Natioim i Early

Rpubla Turky i W Ghtg .

Knsich AstachAtistic Echang (Brli

Akami Vrlag 993) pp437-2

14 . "tviw wt Corbur by SDr Akitkt 2 Th Jourl of th

Turkh Chabr of Arhtt ( 1949) pp230-3.

15 For a thortial xpoto of thi otra

ito P Chatr Natinalist Thghtand th Clnial ld (Loo: Z Book

1986)

16. For th rativ apt of imagiatio

th ottuto of or atio B.

Aro Imagind Cmmnitis (Loo a

Nw York Vro 1983).

17 E Egi "Mimar Muhit "Arhittur

Cotxt]' k d Vol424 N.30224

(u 1930) 3233

18. Ibid 36

19 Ibid 34

20 B Taut "Turk Ev Sia Akara

"Turkih ou Sia Akar ] Ay

tabul (b , 1938) 939821 Th ritial poitio i bt xpr hi

Mimai Biisi [Lcts n Achitct

(tabul Guzl Saaar Akai 1938)

whih wa tart i Japa a publh i

tabul i urkih a a txtbook for th arhi

ttura tut at th Aamy of Fi Art.

It i rpublih i Grma a Achitktlh

(Haburg: 977)

22 S I Alaoglu " Bruo Taut Wrk Al

Lhrr u Arhtkt r Turki i

hr 1936-38 i Bn t I88I98

(Brl: Aka r Kut 1980) 14350

23 aut "Turk Evi Sia kara .95 alot i Mimalik Bilgisi

24 S H Em "urk Evi ["urkih Hou 'i Sdad Edm Moograph pubih o th

oaio of hi ftith avray i th prof

io (Itabu: Aay of Art 1983) 19.

25 Epialy S. Em "Milli Miari

Mli ["Th Quto of Natioal

Arhittur] Akitkt (1939) pp22023 a

"Yrl Miariy Dogru ["owar A Natv

Arhittur] Akitkt (1940) pp.69-74.

26 A Gabri l "urk Evi ["urkh Hou ]

Akitkt (1938) pp.149-54

27 O Bartl "Gutav O r Turkiy 1939

49 ["Gutav Or i urky 1939-49

Ankaa I923 [ Th Making fa Capita Anka

I92] Prog of a Sympoum (Ankara

Chabr of rhitt 994) 9497.

28 Kr Coutry i vlop o 1200 ar

of la jut out mtropolita tabul ur

rou by a kmp fort t big

built thr pha th thir o of whih

bg vlop i th "traitoal Turkih

yl . h thir pha ilu th tral

porto of th hm urrouig th golf

our outry lub "vilag quar a othr

omual failiti

29 A Visin fEp Itratio Exhibtio

of Arhttur a Urbai (Bologa: Ctro

S Giorgio Poggial 1992).

30 E PlatrZybrk I2 (uly/Augut993) 30

31 it a gr of th thir pha ar

Duay/PatrZybrk hitt Miai

Murakami Riti Dig a

Cotruto Toroto; M&N Bur

Arhtt Itabul; a Alio J Haiy

Laap Ahitt oo

32. "Zaaotii Pi: Kr Coutry

" Puruit of th Timl: Kr Coutry]

(itrviw wth th vlopr Eat Ei a

g oorator Talha Gr) AdmntDkan ro (1993) 72

33. It i trtig to rmbr th rmark of

Ar Duay that DPZ " livr by o

putr all th o a a rguatig pa pr

i to th ih i a log a it tak [tr

Eima to rolv a orr oit AN

1993> 32)

34 H Karaby "Kr Coutry' Br Paar

Guu ["A Suay Kr Coutry]'Admnt Dkyn o (1993) p.123

35. "Zaaoti'i Pi: Kr Coutry

p2 hr i a opiuou orrlato

btw uh rmark an th rt arguti Turky for moratizatio multiutural

multithi ivil oity a a iih

oma for th tat whih hav b hapi

o by avoat of librali a privat

trpri.

36. E. Platr-Zybrk (1993) p.12 h

poit i tak up by Ptr Eima latr i th

bat

37 S E. Sai "Politi of Knowlg

Raitan (Sur 1991) 7-33

07.2b Spr96Bozdogan Sml

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