zZn pp bCg pzh+ ].By: David. W Tschanz (Pioneer Physicians)

F,:**DZvDg{Z]

~Zq-yZL%!aYg;X%! 1120ZxZyXvu)g}Zq-zuZ%!7,ZTd$0*Zq-{ZZkYZZzgJ1~X

Zk7YZzgFgWZZg~uhc*X " H?Fg? "" ?Hq3? "

" sgzKP}ZzgZk{}0* ";V0*eXV0*Z " X " gzK"Fg7$ "

" ?" ., "

.ZVsp{}~h+Z " k,eX" hzZzgdZk~H?

" 7}0*ksZq-{Z " W`XZ[c*ZzgW " Z[Zk{}H',W@*? "

" *y%h+****eZzg{Zy%h+**Wy " sZg{HZzgWQ\`**zqHpzV~Zq-ZVc*Zzg{}6,}gZZq-%{u$+1Zg0*_Z{Zk~',WZX

}z&!d?HWg?tuZLBN%zZXtZ "!" ZzgY*{Zy%h+

54 v DZ~5102

yZ#ZkgZ5/gg;Zk%!z;VXZk9ziy(,|HZzgg8-zgz\Wc*XZkNNbzqX

~.:),~{~gZd$ZzggcZ0Z!Zu43 GE(Z+wtg{!*~)T~}wa

ZwzKYD(TzZ~ZK(g;|-g\~`Zk~6Z6ZZk`_.^g;%!`}.Z%g@*X%!`ZzgZzc*]OhY7-ZYYCX

t~ZsxZ),~{~Zzw~zqXExZ+C EEEZ[ZzgZy~F,Zq-;!%ZgZXX~DZztX[6gc*tExZLZ0+g_.[aX!i!*yt~zgqHf[~-**ZzgHqX!i!*yDzZzgZ[i!*y0

XBi@*gu`!ZgzVi!*y0Xl$O)~e]CwViZ],+Zq-(CZzgZq-zu}B1Vc*]Zzg]nZCX

;gzyZZzgZkdWyZ!i!*y~-**Exz.yF,ZtDZzgZZB{waZ~Zq-

MZ)**xHXMZ) (Translation Bureau) ZgZnXZkZZg} XW^,~{~Wy%~ZkZZ " Z**y "

V=Zzg!*CV~ZL}@*Ci!*yDzZ"]l,X!~F,{Zy1VTkzg~boCsDZY`6,FF7X

-**yb*~DCegzZb)ZZg(6,Z#$+y~egzV &zu~~{~-**Ylk7HX

64 v DZ~5102

Zo&BVWHg&ZzgZ#8&!*CVz{FgXYlkqf)Zg~ZyZoZiyZzgilZzgu/Vc*vZZ]fg)bw**XVwg6,ggpy]:Lh@*XZkaz{_?m,@*@*pyic*CguYX

[ Ylk @*t~g6,ZzgZ%Zn!*g}~X )1( " CFg~a` " ZK(Wy*~t;

ynZLW\`zZZzgB:Z%ZntZ[]Z[X

ZkzMZ)~JgynBc*Y " g*y " F,~ZiZVs " Fg*y " ].h+hVZZ^

XTgzZi}&a&AgTT~FgzV`aplWh+Y@*ZzggKK;iVZzgf6Z%Zn]YCX

?VZzg{VDV**gn " g*y " (,}(,}7,JDDZzgW`b6,?ZYi]X

hVbDZztg&gszZ**ZsZXXg*y~F,Mc*CC+Zzc*]g~Zzg?m,4Z0+Zi~DZyg\)Z!*+(~Cq'Z58pZmZzgXZ%ZnZEw~z{',DYD-g6,XyJ-ZSbZztizV

ZJyzZi~ZYi]~YZzgZxtZzgvyXaug~Z5zZizV%VCVGV%1VzVVZzg

ZDXg*y~zZi~u',Z{` inhalants',Z',}q@*X

#YMZ)ZzgZZFg*V)Z7V(BBZsT`}zgZZ`XD%/ZzgF,W^^,~{~~f[Y+$&W`!ZZzgZkzZ0+B@*v**zq

74 v DZ~5102

HX~758 VZMZgwxZy{0+ZyZHX

T,7@*ZZLgZgzVOxzZg~x[ZZzg~C{qXPV~t&+gxZyZLZgZ|#\~k~Zq-Zi~~x[ZZzg,~{,Wy%J-\dZzgu/V~ZghHX

\,$k,c*VZx&)].ZzgkZ7wZkV!*yaCzAgTXZzAd%/\-Eg;CW^,~

{,~gZzgZk$k,~~ZizDZg1V,)c*gZkz-Eg;Wsck$k,~~1Veg,(XZk

df}7g}-g\Dz{ZzVZKszHX~Z(~GZ^GLZWZg0*Zzg|7zx Ge r b e r t /',^)

(**x]0*XZ|7zx{gzZZ Sylves ter ii)O!ZZgzZ`c*XZ0+!Zzg{q\V'ZBZVZbzVC#GELyZ]ZzgeZzV%/0HX

f!~nZLZy)V~Zqi~wgnpXZ/p\ZzgZ~Zq-zu}d$p

f!n-**ynic*{VYlkZ0+SZzg:Z0#XZ/pZ0 , ~WiZ~bC{HXZ

#g[*~ZgTZzgC**gez',Z',XZkOZrVZ#qZL!*]~g&0*c*ZyzV)YlkZzgZ0#(c*]gZc*c*XZyk,zVZzg]Z0+Zi{@*z{Zzg[Zi:zZZd~!*w3wZ@*gzZZzg!*gq-X

q ~{~gxyGGL , f!Zs*,ZzgGg%zV?C+aZKXZy~0*?C+ZLzgDfg

84 v DZ~5102

ZzgZq-DZgwic*{(/gYZy?ZW,Z]W`CkKYDX

uuuu````%%%%~~~~))))````%%%%ZZZZssss####((((!!!!****zzzzZZZZWWWWxxxx ))))1111((((**xczs " ZCZz~ " Z1ZZ0ZmkZL)zV~

~aZZXH 938 ZxZgZ|#\w~ZCZ~**xgZY@*XZkfZCi0+!*g}~ Albucas is ~Z

]pZk%`Z)u('g]"VwX" Zp["Zm; " ZCZz~sZq-[gh~T**x

ZkaLizVF,KM " XZk[**xF,-VHYY:XZkZLk!&zZgZ:~M " ZLa[@*;:Y

zV6,Z(Y(gHT~%`Zs#DZztZzg0zu}]XZk[Wy%~&,]6,su`%~0Zzgt[D%`Zs#!*k,Zzge{*yg6,7CX

(L obstetr ics (^) ophthalmology Zk~LZ%Z0)mil it ary (yZkB~xWzZZzc*]) gyneco logy Z%ZZV)

(z){Xt[ orthopedics (L*ZIY) urology (DZbw) medicine,~{~J--g\~L%`Zs#q6,jZ[)ge,-(

YCgXZCZz~"g`%ZhVZq-z&~T~uZXZ]

){gu`%~(W6,cfg)W thyroidectomy &454GEGGT~ZzgZq-].h+j/zV-VgcsD%Ylk?m,{iW6,czgZybZZ]~egZCX

z{[T~ZV%`Zs#0-cXZk " Zp "

94 v DZ~5102

~Z-$z!*g{ZzgZk~ZA-VZVF,ZlE+{Zzgtb$+zZVpzg]c*Y@*?W`

C+0+ZyZ-$R6,WzZzgaigZ(gDz{&ZCZz~yHX

W`@g6,tig~Y**Y@*W6,cI%!6,seZ%a(ZEwYCZki].ZCZz~XZk&

)inJgZq-&B{ MEQmJ( catgut Z0+gziVJgau%`~~

ZEwHXZZZZ ))))2222((((Zk*yZZ~TE+{HHZkvu)g}Zq-d$%!Zk`Hz{ZZ1%zZyZzZ5G;]6,Zq-g!T**xF,ZIZzgZgzZbZ&b0Zq-5wgZ3?m,@*Zzg[Zt**Zq-[6,6,~ZVz!*]Zzg)VZW,Z]yCX

Zkgc*:V~Zq-gN*pW,g**)ZkZ%o]**{gl:LgLQ}%!$+y%[c*_KYMhZbZyQzVzu}Z,)Zfe$**u(T`%HYY

05 v DZ~5102

TmZoZgtXTzpbYlkZzgZ0#6,Z0+JZOHZ0iCg{

gc*Zk7g~zpb6,i{g~HZzgtZo6,)w]X

Z0iCtbZZzg]/}~WgzYYXZk&Z!Z%Zng&g6,yHux

7,~Z0+g**zgxTBpygz^s!g1VXZbZkm ].h+gc*:V].h+DZztZ,CeZZ[

(6,XZk&(,~ neuropharmacology Z%ZnZzgZzc*])W-$uy,ByHXZ0iCz{T3,y%}c*

Afg)pgZuZbzs#Z#%!**gjpgZu**xczsX Parental Feeding Zbe:Xt2W`

Z0iCu`%~~!*CigsZc*Xz{YgzV%{Zx!*]a',zg@*~%{z{ZkTgaZEwDZkZ**u`%~agc*HXZK?zgZyZk6,7&gGZxc*@*txninpg{zVFg-V`bHYXZ0iCx@*TZKl:Zi%vaZkoMh@*ZK%`ZhV1~ZnX

Z0iCu`%~!*Zq-e{%c*ZzgZkaZq-[HgH!*

.z!*]tZkeZzgZzV?ExqKXZkZ%TgV?!*Zgc*YYXZ/pZygV?

sZt~J-zpZygVZq-Z+gzZe$Cg].h+f[~yg'*~]wqCgZk~Z%O{yJyJ&. FEE-Eg;ZkzZ

]wzpXZZZZzzzzgggg ))))3333((((

\~aZZXZ0gf! 1126 Z1Z6Z0Z0Z0gaZ0#)adiY@*(ic*{&ELZZxX

**xczsZzgic*{F,,6,jZT** Averros -g\~[Z] " Y@*XZ0g6,ZxZq-gK~T**x

ZwXt[Zq-Z?3U*"$XZk[ " ZZZ~ZkpYg6,ZK=Y,^{1Q$+yZ

VZzgZIZdwZKZVFg-VZVZzc*]iCzV?

bZzg,~pCXyZgzVdx_BBZk-**#ax_H!F,ZWfg)Zki~&ELg

X~y6,ZkZdx!i!*y~TaZkZgZZEwHZzgZq-IZgwZk

ZZ}XZkzYz6,4ZzgLxq,~zgzgJ-gzZ`0*_Zkk,zV~ZyqzVc*@*>~qg`Zzc*]f7MZ%qg&ZzgZ+{q.Z0yZ+wB7HX

.Z0y@Ze$@*z{ZKwZkj6,g',~VZA[}ZzgZ#Fg+`l~z}Xz{

zZk$+y8wZg]6,CqecXZkA " q~&4)gjZ(5wKzgilZzggzbzV

Xz{Zki~%VazgilZq-gziZ:`y@* " a].h+T`ic*{d$XZk)`)(ZZ+yKt$+ygCwZg]q-VJ-$+ygCZ0+Ziz!*g{

wXZk&a?ZZ+YyaT~r$45 GH)V_.!*CZ%naZD(Zzc*]ZZ^Z(gXj+c*YzI**Z/pZk[*~.]Wc*%!?zgVwgnp)ZqYD?z{qZ/tq,%!q(4CZ7',Zggec@*%!fZzgic*{Dg:YX

uuuuhhhhggggZZZZiiii ))))5555((((Z+Z1ZdZZ0x%xZZbTg6,Z0Z34

EEG**xw~aZZXZ-!zg~Zs*DzZ 1213 d*~Y**Y@*

%/C{Zg0*c*XZK/ZZV~z{C{vZZzg!*sy%WJs6,Z.3{ Eg~;]45 FHu',Z{HgZXZw/~Zkb=ZyZ0#ZyZ**I

(0Z]Zq- Anotomy zZ{=XZk[~D=)(,~ZwzVzgZpy0ZZ=yX

Z0Z34EEGVJ-zs#wzVy){V(gxy

45 v DZ~5102

o-ZgZzg%gZcZbZkYlkZk*bZgc*pywZN{!*N{zZ/gY@*XZ0Z34

EEG

g&g6,yDHpyZN,/gzV~Z4**ecVZkZb%ZzVzgh+~uZe$YD@*ZkBZ)Wx(YQ!*Ns~Z4Y@*ZzgWy%g7g~~`Y@*XtZ#Zk.Zz{tCbZ)Wx(pyB5\@*X

Z0Z34EEG~zgZpysZg{HtU*"$D

Z/p " zVc*yZzgzgh+gLgZcc*gZ5)o( " (Marcello zV0zgZypytzpegwg|45 FG

Y

7g}$+y~~zgZpyyU*"$HXa, Malpighi) J-Zk7p 1924 ~J-Z0Z34

EEGtZs[ZzgZ#^~[Z+Z3 Gz~',6,z$k,~~b=ZyZq-xHTZ0Z34

EEGgc*9Z0+Zi{c*HTegw7Z0Z34

EEGT (William Harvey) tzZZtz@;gz}zgZpyxgc*HX

$+Z0Z34EEGg6,,~gxZc*)!*]7Xz

z-V~DZgzV7Vez{Vc*)/qic*{F,zpb%Z/!*CxHZzgg;Z(gXZy7VYyV~eZwdZzgxHX|Zzg~ZgzV6,gK)oVf6@*WzZzg27g}XZzgd

Zyy7gzVZ~Zy g; ;zZVtZgYV Zzg R7gZHX)xg6,(gc*qp:V

kDgTZy Segov ia 6,o6V!*g|**ZzgXzu}ZZOZzgZzV~Zs*d$

55 v DZ~5102

XtpDzZU*"$f[Zq-DZg!*DzZZ$c*c*ZzgdzgXHTW`f!)].h+zpb(CgX

t&z{MV*~dzgXZzgD+Zgc*HZzg'h+tZKZzgriKXZrVhwu%`~ZzgDZzt

VCgXuW]ZXKZzgZ,ijZEw~TCfZC"6,@*Gz]Zzgc*]Y6,XZrV