Participatory Irrigation Management Participatory Irrigation Management in Indonesiain Indonesia

Lessons Learned fromLessons Learned from

Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement ProjectDecentralized Irrigation System Improvement ProjectIn Eastern Region of IndonesiaIn Eastern Region of Indonesia (DISIMP) (DISIMP)

JBIC ODA LoanJBIC ODA Loan

Ir. Mohamad HasanIr. Mohamad HasanDirector of IrrigationDirector of Irrigation

Directorate General of Water Resources,Directorate General of Water Resources,Ministry of Public Works, INDONESIAMinistry of Public Works, INDONESIA

Irrigation in IndonesiaIrrigation in Indonesia

Eastern IndonesiaEastern Indonesia

Dry Zone in IndonesiaDry Zone in Indonesia

The Irrigated area was 6.7 million ha. In Java, the irrigation area is decreasing at a rate of 30,000 - 40,000 ha annually.

Irrigation development now focuses on upgrading/rehabilitating existing irrigation systems and improving irrigation O&M performance.

Total rice production in 2003 was 54 million tons. Of this, 85% was from irrigated paddy fields.

New Water Resources Law No.7 enacted in 2004 defined that Participatory IParticipatory Irrigation Managementrrigation Management with empowerment of WUAs and WUAFs is a key policy in irrigation sector.

Land Territory:Sea Territory:Population (2003):Ethnic Groups:

1.9 million km2

8 million km2

215 million250 nos.

Irrigation Development in Eastern IndonesiaIrrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia

Characteristics of Eastern Indonesia

Irrigation Development in Eastern Indonesia

Limited water resources Agriculture-based economy Remote location / poor transport infrastructure Less development / investment in the past

Government policies to develop eastern Indonesia started in the 1980s.

Since 1990, SSIMP-DISIMPSince 1990, SSIMP-DISIMP has continued to play a key role for water has continued to play a key role for water resources and irrigation development in eastern Indonesia.resources and irrigation development in eastern Indonesia.

SSIMP = Small Scale Irrigation Management Project

DISIMP = Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement

Project in Eastern Region of Indonesia (= SSIMP-IV)

Outline of the ProjectOutline of the Project

Project ObjectiveProject ObjectivePoverty alleviationPoverty alleviation by improving agricultural by improving agricultural productivity and farmers’ income through water productivity and farmers’ income through water resources and irrigation development / improvement resources and irrigation development / improvement and capacity building in Eastern Region of and capacity building in Eastern Region of IndonesiaIndonesia..

Performance of the Project Performance of the Project (JBIC Loan)(JBIC Loan)

Location of Sub-project of DISIMP

Item unit SSIMP-I SSIMP-II SSIMP-III DISIMP

JBIC Loan Yen mil. 1,896 8,135 16,701 27,035

Implementaion 1990 - 94 1995 - 98 1998 - 03 2003 - 08

Province nos 2 3 6 8

Sub-project nos 2 11 40 50

Development Type New New New + Imp Imp + New

Irrigation Area ha 3,100 15,600 60,432 140,000

Water Supply persons 0 10,000 240,000 50,000

Water Source Facility

Large Dam nos 1 3 3 1

Small Dam nos 1 0 0 8

Diversion Weir nos 0 6 12 15

Groundwater Well nos 248 192 310 250

Irrigation Improvement in South SulawesiIrrigation Improvement in South Sulawesi

In South Sulawesi, Kelara Karalloe Irrigation Scheme ( 7,004 ha ) was completed in 1974, and improved by 2003 under SSIMP-III.

Results of ImprovementResults of Improvement Irrigation Water (mIrrigation Water (m33/s): /s): 2.82.8 >>> 6 6 Irrigation Area in the dry season (ha): Irrigation Area in the dry season (ha): 800800 >>> 4,0004,000 Paddy Yield (t/ha): Paddy Yield (t/ha): 2.52.5 >>> 5.55.5 >>> 8.08.0 （（ SRI)SRI) Farmers’ Annual Income (Rp. mil./ha): Farmers’ Annual Income (Rp. mil./ha): 1.51.5 >>> 5.05.0 Water Management became Efficient and Equitable.Water Management became Efficient and Equitable. WUAs became Active and WUAFs Successfully Established.WUAs became Active and WUAFs Successfully Established.

As a result, farmers have changed to become happy, As a result, farmers have changed to become happy, positive and optimistic, ready to work with Government.positive and optimistic, ready to work with Government.

Irrigation Improvement in BaliIrrigation Improvement in Bali

Subak is a centuries old, self-managed, non-hierarchical and traditional irrigaSubak is a centuries old, self-managed, non-hierarchical and traditional irrigation institution, organized around hydraulic boundaries.tion institution, organized around hydraulic boundaries.

Subaks engage in multiple irrigation developmental and management tasks, iSubaks engage in multiple irrigation developmental and management tasks, including construction, O&M, water allocation and distribution, based on reguncluding construction, O&M, water allocation and distribution, based on regulations to define the rights and obligations of member farmers.lations to define the rights and obligations of member farmers.

There are 1,700 Subaks (covering whole irrigation area of 85,000 ha in Bali) raThere are 1,700 Subaks (covering whole irrigation area of 85,000 ha in Bali) ranging from 10 ha to 800 ha in size.nging from 10 ha to 800 ha in size.

In Bali, rehabilitation of main irrigation facilities is underway by DISIMP.Existing irrigation institutions in Bali “SubakSubak” are not changed at allbecause it has been well established achieving “participatory irrigation Management” ideally. The key issues on Subak are:

Subak Canal System with Dividing Wall Distributor Farmers are Responsible for O&M

SRI SRI (System of Rice Intensification)(System of Rice Intensification) SRI was developed in the 1980s in Madagaskar

but became widely known only after 1999.

SRI is an innovative method attaining higher paddy yields (7-9 t/ha) 　　 with lower resources utilization (>40% reduction for water; 　　 50% reduction for chemical fertilizer and insecticide).

SRI is a set of principles for rice cultivation: (1) Unique transplanting method

Single planting of younger seedling (7-14 days) at wider spacing (30 cm x 30 cm for DISIMP)

(2) Intermittent irrigation SRI will increase burdens of water management and weeding, 　　 but can accepted by farmers owing to a strong incentives from 　　 yield increases.

Note: Application of organic fertilizers is preferable, but is not the “Must”.

SRI => Water saving, cost saving, and profitable.SRI => Water saving, cost saving, and profitable.

Lessons Learned of SRI under DISIMPLessons Learned of SRI under DISIMP

1. SRI was introduced in 2002. SRI area will increase to >4,000 ha in 2006.

2. Yield of SRI paddy (2002-2005 average) was 7.23 t/ha, 84% higher84% higher than non-SRI of 3.92 t/ha.

3. Production cost for SRI is >25% less>25% less than non-SRI.

4. Irrigation water use for SRI is >40% less>40% less than non-SRI plots.

5. Water saving by SRIWater saving by SRI will contribute to: Equitable water distribution in weir irrigation scheme by

introducing SRI in the upstream areas. Efficient use of expensive water by dam and pond. Cost saving for groundwater scheme

SRI area in DISIMP

Year 2002: 2 ha

Year 2003: 15 ha

Year 2004: 365 ha

Year 2005: 982 ha

Year 2006: >4,000 ha

The SRI method offers a strong incentive to strengthen The SRI method offers a strong incentive to strengthen farmer groups through high level of participationfarmer groups through high level of participation..

Procedure to Promote Farmer ParticipationProcedure to Promote Farmer Participation

1. To distribute project information to improve understanding;

2. To offer integrated solutions to irrigation system problems

3. To implement PCMs, seminars, workshops and training courses;

4. To organize WUAs at tertiary, sub-scheme and scheme levels;

5. To train beneficiaries in the O&M of irrigation facilities;

6. To train farmers in modern agricultural practices and introduction　　 of SRI, to improve yields, diversify cropping and increase profit

s;“INCENTIVE for farmers” is a key to promote participation.

Unique Approach to Realize PIM in DISIMPUnique Approach to Realize PIM in DISIMP

Comprehensive Project Management to cover Comprehensive Project Management to cover the Whole Project the Whole Project CycleCycle (Bottom up Project Formulation – Implementation – Guidance – M&E) under One ManagementOne Management (DGWR + the Consultant)

Project ContinuityProject Continuity made possible by GOI and JBIC.

Hard – Soft Integrated ApproachHard – Soft Integrated Approach for project implementation.

Bottom Up Project FormulationBottom Up Project Formulation to meet local needs.

Farmer Agreement in WritingFarmer Agreement in Writing as obligation prior to implementation.

Intensive O&M and Farm GuidanceIntensive O&M and Farm Guidance with New Technology ( SRI )

Project Formulation

Project Justification

Detailed Design

WUA Formulation

Construction SV

Guidance (Farm, O&M) Survey / Plan / Study

Monitoring & Evaluation

Project Project CycleCycle

Farmer Agreement

One ManagementOne Management

Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) can be realized through:Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) can be realized through: