06 ABTOPE - narod.rugroup27.narod.ru/ucheba/files/filonovitch_plaus-5_2.pdf · 240 couhanbhail...
Transcript of 06 ABTOPE - narod.rugroup27.narod.ru/ucheba/files/filonovitch_plaus-5_2.pdf · 240 couhanbhail...
nnayc C ~ o n l l 3 7 Ilcuxonor~n o u e H K M M n p M H n T u g p e ~ u e ~ ~ f i / l l e p e ~ o n
C aHm. - M.: ~ ~ H @ O ~ M ~ U M O H H O - M ~ ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ C K M ~ ~ DOM *@wII.IH'~*, 1998. - 368 c. ISBN 5-89568-083-6 ISBN 0-07-050477-6 (anm.)
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EEK 88.4
Original edition copyright O 1993 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 H ~ ~ , 1998 @ Hepeson Ha pyccmti R ~ ~ I K HIIA *@mm'bu,
1998 O C o m e ~ u e , owprmeme A penpowupye-
ma o p m a n - ~ a x e r WI4.Q a 4 , m m w . 1998
06 ABTOPE
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Axef i~ca Aa663a (1975), ~ O B T O ~ ~ O C ~ B 1497 c n y l ~ m x , B KOTOP~IX
145 p a 3 n m H b t x nronefi p o m ~ O ~ S ~ K T ~ I n e p e A 4813 ~a6nma~eru r - MR. f l a ~ a ~ 3 H Aa663a HHTepeCOBaJI cnenymukifi BOlTpOC: ~ K T O no- M O X e T YeJIOBeKy ~ 0 6 p a ~ b PaCCbIIIaBLUHeCR l l p e ~ ~ e ~ b ~ ? ) > OAHHM H 3
CAeJIaHHbIX HMH TOrAa ~ a 6 J I w e ~ H f i 6 b m o C J I e A p W e e : J I W H np0- RBJLSIIOT ' E M M e H b U I e e CTpeuTIeHHe lTOMOYb, YeM 6onbrue H a p o n y B
nk l r@~e.
P a c n p o c ~ p a ~ e ~ ~ o f i ~ e w e ~ u k i e f i , ~ a 6 ~ 1 1 o ~ a ~ r u e f i c ~ BO B c e x Tpex cue- H m , RBJrrreTCX TO, YTO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a IIOMOWb pa3dene~a M e w
6onbruofi r~vnnofi nmefi. Korna Y e r r o s e K c r m K u R a e r c r r c R n r m o -
COM, BMeLUHBaTbCR JIH e M y , OH HaXOnHTCR IIOA CHJIbHbIM BJIUIIHHeM
npHCYTCTBkiR ApjTkFX J I l O ~ e f i . 3 T a B3aHMOCBII3b M e w B M e U a T e n b -
cTBOM H pa3AeJIeHHeM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 6bma BIIePBbIe ~ ~ @ H K C H P O -
~ a H a 5 ~ 6 6 0 ~ J a ~ a ~ 3 H AXOHOM A a p J I H (1969, 1970) B 6 n ~ c ~ a ~ e J I b -
~ 0 f i C e p H H 3KCIIePHMeHTOB IIO BMeLUaTeJIbCTBY C B W ~ T ~ J I ~ ~ ~ .
B OAHOM H 3 3THX 3KCIIePHMeHTOB n a ~ a ~ 3 H A a p n t r IIpHrJIaCHJIH
CTyAeHTOB H a HHTePBbIo IIO aHeKOTOPbIM BOnPOCaM, B03HMKaIOUHM
B m 3 H M COBpeMeHHOrO yHHBepCHTeTa,>. Korna C T m e H T b I IIPHXOAH-
n H , MX CaXZlJIH B KOMHaTy AnR O>IUlAaHHR B OAHHOgeCTBe HJIH C ABY-
W JIIonbMH ( C K ~ X ~ M , aCCHCTeHTaMH ~ K c I I ~ ~ M M ~ H T ~ T O ~ ~ ) , K o T o p b I M
rOBOpWIH BeCTH c e 6 ~ naCCHBH0. C I I ~ C T R HeKOTOpOe BpeMR, B KOM-
H a T y Y e p e 3 BeHTHJIRUHOHHOe OTBepCTkie HaYHHaTIa IIpOCaYHBaTbCR
C T ~ * K ~ 6enoro AbIMa. n a ~ a ~ 3 H A a p J I H XOTeJIH I I ~ o H ~ ~ J I I O A ~ T ~ , KOrAa
CTyAeHTbI C K O p e e coo6rua.r 0 3 a r r b I m e H H H - eClIH B KOMHaTe ~ Y A J ~ T A p y T u e CBWeTeJIH WIH e C n H OHM ~ Y A J ~ T C W e T b B OAHHOYeCTBe.
B ~ w c H H J I o c ~ , YTO T p H YeTBepTH CTYAeHTOB, OXM4aBUIMX B OAH-
HOYeCTBe, coo6ruun~ 0 AbIMe, IIpHYeM, IIOJIOBHHa H 3 HHX - B TeYe-
H H e IIepBbIX HByX MHHYT. B TO Xe BpeMsr H 3 10 HCIIbITyeMbIX, CHAeB-
IUHX B KOMIIaHMH AByX ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ c T B Y I O I U H X JIIOaefi, TOJIbKO 1 COO~LUHJI
0 3aHbIMJIeHHH. OHM K a U I m H , TepJIH ma3a, OTKpbIBaJIH OKHO, HO
H e C O O ~ L U ~ U H 0 A ~ I M ~ ! Korna Xe 0X.clnaJIH T p H CTYAeHTa BMeCTe, IIOnyYZlJIaCb HeCKOJIbKO
H H m KapTHHa. E c n ~ OAHHOYHbIe HClTbITyeMbIe coo6ma~1~ 0 AbIMe B
75% c n y r a e B , TO rpynna 143 T p e x 9 e r r o s e K A o m a 6bma AerraTb TO
B 98% C J I w a e B ( n 0 ~ 0 M y 9 T O BepORTHOCTb T O N , YTO HHKTO H 3 T p e X
HClTbITyeMbIX H e COOGLUHT 0 AbIMe P a B H a 0,25 x 0,25 x 0,25 = 0,02, T.e. 2%). OAH~KO B rp)TIIIaX H 3 T p e X YeJIOBeK 0 AbIMe COO~I.LWTH
nmub B 38% c n y Y a e B .
q~06b1 Y ~ ~ A H T ~ C R , YTO 3TH pe3YIIbTaTbI H e RBJIIUIHCb CJIeACTBHeM
BHeLUHHX @~KTOPOB, H a I I p H M e p , 60nbmefi 6 0 ~ 3 ~ ~ l I O X a p a , BO3HH-
~amrueZi y o n H o r o Y e n o s e K a no c p a B H e H a m c rpynno$i, J l a ~ a ~ 3 H
A a p r r k i PeIIIIUIH I Ip l lAaTb 3KClTepHMeHTy ~pyrofi KOHTeKCT. B 3KCIIe-
p H M e H T e , o @ M J J H Z ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ IIeJIbIO KOTOpOrO 6 b m ~ oHCCJIeL[OBaHHR
PbIHKa*, OHH lTpOCI.ZTIH HClTbITyeMbIX IIOAOXL(aTb B OAMH09eCTBe, C
ApyIOM, C He3HaKOMbIM WIH IIaCCHBHbIM H ~ ~ J I ~ O A ~ T ~ J I ~ M . ~ O T O M ,
IIOKa HCIIbITyeMbIe >KnaJIki, HX 3aCTaBJlRJIH IIOBepHTb, YTO B COCeA-
H e f i KOMHaTe KTO-TO JTIaJI H yAapBJIC5I. TO 6bm0 CAeJ'IaHO IIyTeM
BKSIIOYeHKFf 3aIMCW, H a K O T O P O ~ ~ XeHLUMHa BCXTIHlTbIBaTIa H IIOBTO-
PRJIa: <(~ocIIoAH, MOR HOT&.. g... R... H e M O W IIOUIeBeJIBTb em... 02, MO% K O n e H K a ... 0fi. KaK 6 o n b ~ o , > .
244 COUMbHAR CTOPOHA OUEHKH H llPHHSlTHII PEUIEHHR
B OTBeT H a ee mas 70% CT'yAeHTOB, XCAaBIIIHX B OAHHO9ecTBe,
lTpeAJIOXHXH nOMOWb. TO SHaYHT, YTO eCJIH 6b1 ABOe, XAaBrutre BMeCTe, IIOCTyTICJJ'IB6b1 OAHHaKOBO, OHM nPeAJIOXUJIH6b1 n O M O w b B 91% C W a e B (IIOCKOJI~KY BePOXTHOCTb TOrO, YTO 06a c y 6 5 e ~ ~ a ~e CAeJTaWT 3TOr0,6b111a p a B H a 0,3 x 0,3 = 0,09, T.e. 9%). OAH~KO n a p b ~
n p e A J I a r l U H I I O M O u b J I H U b B 40% CcJryyaeB, eCJIH HClTbITyeMbIe 6 b 1 ~ r ~
He3HaKOMb1, H B 70%, e C n H 3 T 0 66111~ APY3bX. MTBK, A a X e HeCMOTpa
H a TO TO napbz npysefi qaue npennaram C B O ~ n o M o w b , cnepxa- ~amuui4 ~@@CKT B c e x e ~POX&IWICX, e c n H HCXOAKT~ u3 p e 3 y n b ~ a -
T a , nOJr)F!eHHOrO C OAMHO9HbIMH c y 6 5 e m a ~ ~ . C A e p X t i ~ a m U ( H f i 3@-
@em OT ~ P M C ~ T C T B ~ A p y r o r o s e n o s e K a ewe XpYe npomrrmcrr, KorAa
nocnen~sfi 6bm c o B e p r u e H H o n a c c m e H . B TOM c m a e ITOMOLL[L
npennarana n ~ r u b 7% i'ocnbrTyeMbrx.
n [ a ~ a ~ 3 U A a p n ~ I I O m M J r H T e Xe Pe3YRbTaTbI B HeCKOJIbKEIX no- llOlIHHTeJIbHbIX OIIbITaX, H CO BpeMeHM HX l T e p ~ 0 f i pa60~b1 MHOrHe
Apyr'He HCCJIeAOBaTeJIB IIOaTBepAWIH, YTO IIOMOLUb CAePXHBaeTCX
n p H c y T c T m e M ~ p y r ~ x nmaefi. ( D a ~ ~ m e c r n 3 4 ram, npozLIeAuItIe
nocne n e p B o m s ~ c n e p ~ ~ e ~ ~ a J I ~ T ~ H ~ H napna, B 48 ~3 56 s~cnepa- MeHTOB O ~ H ~ P ~ ~ H O , W O CBmeTeJIki BMeruMBaHYrCR 3HaYYITeJJhHO peXe, e C n H ITPHCYTCTBYeT KTO-TO ewe ( f l a ~ a ~ 3 H Hwa, 1981). B C p e n H e M
B XOAe 3THX 56 OlTbITOB JIIOAH, XWRBIIIHeCR eAHHCTBeHHbIMH CBHAe-
TeJWMH, A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B U I H B 75% CJIcJraeB, a rpylTlTbI - TOnbKO B 53%. C ~ ~ C T B ~ I O T JIH rpynnb~ J I I O H ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ U H W ~ H H ~ I ~ OT C n e p X t i B a m -
uero 3 @ @ e ~ ~ a ? Cornac~o p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a ~ o63opa, c A e n a H H o r o h 6 - 6 0 ~ f l a ~ a ~ 3 H CTHBOM Hma B 1981 row, C m e C T B y e T TOnbKO 0 n H a
T a K m r p v n a B aMepHKaHCKOM 06uec~se - 3 T 0 AeTM A 0 9 JET.
~ o c J I ~ 3 T O m B03PaCTHOrO py6exa H a p e I I I e H H e BMerUaTbCR CHJIbHO BsrUReT IIpHCyTCTBHe ApyrHX JIIOnefi.
H c c n e ~ o s a ~ m coquarrb~oii @ a c ~ n ~ ~ a q ~ ~ , c o q ~ a n b ~ o Z i n e H o c T H H
PaCIIpeAeJIeHWI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH IIOaTBePX&lK)T 3 a M e Y a H H e T ~ T - JIOKa 0 TOM, g T O JIIOAH, IIPHHAMaIOUMe PeIIIeHKH, CpOAHH IIOJIMTH-
KaM. flI0Al-i 9aCTO IIOCTyIIamT KaK ApJTHe H 0 9 e H b ~ ~ C ~ O K O X T C H 0
TOM, YTO 0 HkY( n O m a K ) T O K p y x a I O u U e (Can3 H M m e p , 1977). Hau6onee TWaTeJIbHO lTpOAyMaHH%J TeOpUR TOrO, KaK J I W H BbIHO-
CXT 3 T H OUeHKIi, H3BeCTHa KaK QTeOPUFI C0LI;HaTIbHOTO CPaBHeHUFIP.
3 ~ a TeOpHR 6bma BbLqBHHyTa B 1954 row OHOM OM & C T M H ~ ~ -
POM - YeJIOBeKOM, C03AaBIIIHM TeOpHlO KOlXIITHBHOrO AKCCOHaHCa.
@eClX~lTp IIOCTyJIMpOB&T, YTO JIIOAH HMeIOT H ~ O ~ X O A H M O C T ~ B OUeH-
Ke YpOBWI CBOHX BO~MO>KHOCT~% H TOgHOCTH CBOHX c y X A e H H f i I4
n03TOMY, B OTCyTCTBHe O ~ ~ ~ K T H B H ~ R HeCOIIUaJIbHbIX CTaHAaPTOB,
o H H CpaBHHBaIOT c e 6 ~ C OKpy>KaIOI4HMH. O ~ ~ ~ Q X B ~ R TeOPHIO COUW-
&lTbHOrO CpaBHeHHX, @ e c ~ H ~ r e p CTap&JICR CAeJIaTb ee KaK MOXHO
6onee T O Y H O ~ ki cTPoTo~~. Teopm COAepXXT AeB5ITb rHnOTe3, BO-
CeMb n o 6 a ~ n e ~ ~ f i B BOCeMb BbIBOAOB, T.e. BCerO 25 l T 0 J I 0 X e ~ H f i .
B IIepeJIOXeHHM OCHOBHbIe I I O J I O X e H ~ 3 B W a T TaK:
~ U I I O ~ ~ ~ U k J I ronki H M ~ I ~ T e c ~ e c ~ ~ e ~ ~ : :HLI;HIO OUeHMBaTb
CBOM CyXAeHHR A CCIIOCO~HOCTH.
r~nome3a II: q~06b1 KOMneHCMpOBaTb 0 ' r ~ y ' l ' ~ r B H e ~ ~ ' ~ ~ K T E I B H O - r0, HeCOUJGiJIbHOrO KPHTePWI, IIIOEH 0ueHHBaK)T CBOH CY)IC4eHW
U C ~ I O C O ~ H O C ~ , CpaBHHBaR HX C CyXAeHkiflMki M C ~ O C O ~ H O C T I I M ~ ~
O K p y X a I O u H X .
flobaanenue IXU: E c n ~ y nloner?: e c T b B ~ I ~ O P , OHM n p e L [ n o u m a r o T
CpaBHUBaTb ce6~1 C TeMR, 9 b R MHeHHII H B03MOXHOCTH H e CHJIbHO
OTJIAYaIOTCX OT BX C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X .
246 COUWATIbHAIl CTOPOHA 04EHKW M lTPMHIITMII P E L U E H U ~
~ 3 6 e ~ a ~ b K~KMX-111460 HaUMOHZUbHbIX ktTIH PeJIMrIl03HbIX aCC0UHa-
U M ~ , - H B KWOM cnpae 6 y ~ a m - 1 ~ ~ H ero C o n e p x k I M o e 6 b m H
OAHHaKOBbIMH.
P ~ ~ H ~ I M M 6 b ~ n k 1 IIBCbMa K BJIaeJIbUy. B HeKOTOPbIX B a P H a H T a
IIHCbMO 6 b ~ 0 HaIIHCaHO KeM-TO, KT0 MOT 6 b 1 ~ b IIOXOX H a c y 6 5 e ~ ~ a - nerrrexona (~ . e . YenoseKoM, r o ~ o p r r m ~ ~ no-a~rn~f icm, 3 ~ a m ~ ro- POACKkIM I I ~ P H ~ M ) , B APYMX - KeM-TO, IIBHO HeIIOXOXHM H a ~ ~ 6 5 - eKTa ( H ~ I I ~ M M ~ ~ , MHOCTpaHUeM, IIJIOXO 3HaIOLUHM a~rJIMficKMfi) .
K p o ~ e T o r o , B O A H O ~ ~ Tpem m c e M y aBTopa 6b1n n o 6 p o ~ e n a ~ e n b -
~ b 1 a TOH, B O A H O ~ TpeTM - ~ e f i ~ p i U I b ~ b 1 f i H B O A H O ~ - HeTaTMB-
~ b 1 f i . H a n p k i ~ e p , HeraTHBHOe IIACbMO OT aHI"JIOR3bNHOrO KOppeC-
IIOHAeHTa 3ByVaJ'IO TaK:
AoporoZi MACTep ~ P B U H :
HalueJ l BaUl 6 y h l W ~ M ~ , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ H B03BpaUIalo. Bce B HeM B TaKOM
sme, B KaKoM II ero H a m e n .
A o m e ~ c ~ a 3 a n , mo x p a H U n B a l u ~ ~ M S U K H M K M r r e p e c b u a n ero BaM M H e 6 b m o 0 9 e H b H ~ Y ~ O ~ H O A IIPH'TAHKTIO MHe MaCCy H ~ ~ ~ O ~ C T B . Hane- m c b , B ~ I o u e H m e MOA ycmm.
Aoporot4 MMCTep ~ P B H H :
n p H ITOCelUeHAH ~aluefi CTPaHbI C ~ b I M M , He3HaKOMbIMH M H e 06b1- 9 m M H II HalLIen BaUI ~YMWHAK, K O T O P ~ I Z ~ BaM M B03BpalUalo B UeJlOCTH A
COXpaHHOCTU.
~ ~ C I I O K O ~ ~ C T B O 3a 6 y h i W ~ A K A H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O ~ T ~ er0 BO3BpalUeHMII n p M -
9AHWIH MHe MaCCY H ~ ~ A O ~ C T B . H a n e l o c b , BbI OUeHUTe MOM YCKTIAII.
X O P H C T ~ ~ ~ H , (f)HIII ki XOJIMC IIpenIIOJIOXkiJIH, YTO J I W M OKamy?.C%
IIOA BnWIHHeM TOHa IIHCbMa CKOpee, eCJIH I I H c ~ B I I I H ~ ~ IIOXOX H a HHX,
YeM ecm OH OT HEX O T n m a e T c x (~.e., OHM CYMTZUM, YTO ecnti aBTop
IIHCbMa IIOXOX H a YHTaWmerO, TO A O ~ P O X ~ J I ~ T ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ IIHCbMa CKO-
pee 3aCTaBXT BePHyTb ~ ~ M Z K H E I K , 9 e M HeraTMBHbIe. EcJIM Xe aBTOP
H e IIOXOX H a VHTaWLUerO, TOH H e 6 y n e ~ MMeTb ~ H ~ Y ~ H W I ) . K ~ K BHA-
HO H a PHC. 17.3 3 T 0 6 b ~ 0 TOYHOe n p e ~ I I O J I 0 X e H M e . Korna aBTOpOM
IIHCbMa 6 b ~ n l?OpOXaHMH, ~ ~ M ~ H K L I , COlTpOBO>K4eHHbIe II03HTHB-
HbIMH IIMCbMaMM, B O 3 B p a I L t ~ H C b B CeMb pa3 9awe, YeM COlTpOBOX-
n e H H b I e HeraTMBHbIMH IIHCbMaMH. H ~ O ~ O P O T , B03BpaU[eHMe 6y- MaXHMKOB C IIO3MTMBHbIMki, ~ e f i ~ p a J I b ~ b 1 ~ ~ Pi HeraTMBHbIMB
IIHCbMaMH, HanHCaHHbIMM H e IIOXOXMMM H a HaUIeAUIMX KOHBepTbI
J IWnea , 6 b m o IIOYTH OnMHaKOBO HHTeHCMBHbIM. H~CMOTPII H a TO
YTO CaMM IIO ce6e 3TH pe3YJIbTaTbI H e MOIYT CJIy>KMTb OCHOBaHHeM
TOH
noxom He noxom
C X O ~ C T B O aBTOpOB IIMCeM
PMCYHOK 17.3 TO flpOL(eHTH0e OTHOUleHMe AeMOHCTPMpYeT KOnMqeCTBO f l ~ ) ~ e f i , BO3BPaTMB- LUMX npOflaBWMe ~ Y M & X H M K M B 3KCnepMMeHTe XapBM X o p I i C ~ a f i ~ a , 3J lMunl @MU
M MaR~na Xon~ca (1968).
gTIR K~KHX-~11460 BbIBOnOB, OHM II0ATBep)KAaIOT I IpenIIOnOXeHMe
@ e c ~ H ~ r e p a 0 TOM, YTO JIIOnM CpaBHMBaIOT ce611 C TeMH, KT0 lTOXOX
H a HMX.
B 1978 rony K ~ H H ~ T Kpefir ki K ~ H H ~ T ~ ~ K ~ Y M H npOneMOHCTpHp0-
BaJ'IM, HaCKOJIbKO CWIbHO COIlMaTIbHbIe CpaBHeHHII MOrYT BJIMIITb H a
BOCnpWITMe. ABTOP~I o ~ H ; L ~ ~ x W I H , YTO CO~HaTIbHbIe CpaBHeHWI C
KeM-TO, KT0 MCIIbITbIBaeT 60nbUIHe C T p a a H H R , A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J I ~ H O 38-
CTaBJrsIIOT JIWneG 9yBCTBOBaTb c e 6 ~ MeHee HeCYaCTHbIMH.
k i c n b 1 ~ y e ~ b I e B 3TOM 3KCIIepHMeHTe IIOJIyVaJ'IM 3lIeKTpOLUOK B
J I e B p pyIcy. ~ o H ~ Y ~ J ~ YAapbI TOKa 6 b U H eJIe 3aMeTHbIMB, HO B
XOne 3KCnepHMeHTa IIOCTeneHHO CMJ'Ia TOKa YBenMYHBiUIaCb ( ~ a 0,25 ~ w m a a ~ n e p a ) . nocne K a m n o r o ynapa wcnbITyeMbre no m K m e
248 COUMAJIbHAR CTOPOHA OUEHKM W IIPMHIITMIl P E ~ I E H H ~ ~
OT 0 A 0 100 OlTpeAeJIXJIH, HaCKOJIbKO HelTPIISITHO OHH C ~ ~ R Y Y B C T B ~ -
IOT. K o r ~ a OHM Ha3bIBWlH 100, 3KCnepHMeHT npeKpaUaJICR.
EbLJI0 ABa BapHaHTa 3KClTepHMeHTa: mepnUMO-f#IOp~~py?Oy~u' a ~0~mpOffb~bl6. B nepBOM BapHaHTe HClTbITyeMbIx 0 6 % e n w m ~ B n a p b r
C nOMOUHHKaMH, ~ 3 0 6 p a x a ~ r u ~ ~ ~ ApJWHX HCnbITyeMbIX, ITpHYeM
nOMOJUHHM4 BCe BpeMR OUeHHBZTH LUOK H a 25% HHXe, YeM HCIIbITye-
m I e ( ~ a c ~ o ~ u ~ e HcnbrryeMbre B c e r n a o u e H H s m a n e p ~ b ~ ~ a ) . B KOH-
TPOJIbHOM BapHaHTe lTOMOUHHK npOCT0 H ~ ~ J I I O A ~ 3a HCnbITYeMbIM,
H H ~ n b ~ ~ y e ~ b ~ f i 6 b ~ 1 eAHHCTBeHHbIM, BbIHOCHBUIHM 0UeHKH (KOH-
TpOJIb COCTOstn B lTPHCYTCTBMM A P m r O Y ~ J I o B ~ K ~ ) .
Kpeiir H ~ P K ~ ~ H H 0 6 ~ a p w J I & i , YTO RCnbITyeMbIe, 6 b r ~ u r ~ e B
nape C <cTepneJIHBbIMH>> ITOMO~HMKaMH, H e IIPOCTO OUeHMBmH LUOK
H E K e - OH Pi Ka3aJICR HM HM>Ke, OHM HCllbITbIBXTM MeHbU[YIO 60JIb.
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HHe CHJIbI TOKa MeHbUIHMM H3MeHeHMRMH B PHTMe c e p n u e 6 ~ e ~ w ~ H
MeHbrUHM B3APaI'RBaHReM K O M npeAITJIe9bSI ( 3 ~ 0 ABa OCHOBHbIX
nOKa3aTeJIR @ H ~ w Y ~ c K o ~ ~ ~KTABHOCTH), YeM HCIIbITyeMbIe KOHTpOJIb-
HOrO BapWaHTa. H T ~ K , COUMWlbHasI OUeHKa BJIPiXeT H a @ H ~ I . ~ ~ c K H ~
ITpOUeCCbI TaK Xe, KaK OUeHKa 6 0 ~ ~ .
B ~ ~ J I s I H H T ~ H a JIRHHH 1 , 2 Pi 3 B n. 32 A H K ~ T ~ I . K a ~ a s I H 3 HHX p a B H a
no AJIHHe JIHHHH A? EoJI~LUHHCTBO JiIOAefi Ha3bIBaIOT JIHHMIO 3, H y Bac B03HHKaIOT MOXeT 6 b 1 ~ b CaMbIe He3HaYHTeJIbHbIe COMHeHlW B
TOM, UTO 3 T 0 TaK.
HO eCJIH 6b1 B KOMHaTe W O M e BaC HaXOAI.LTIOCb ewe CeMb YeJIOBeK,
pepemo y T s e p m a s m x , YTO J~MHWI 1 pama JIHHRM A? Bbr 6b1 noA-
TBepAHJIH CBOe y 6 e m e ~ ~ e HJIH llOCJIeAOBWlR 6b1 3a ~OJI~LUMHCTBOM?
TO, lTO CYUIeCTBy, T a CMTYaUHR, KOTOPyK) COJIOMOH AU[ (1951; 1955; ~ 0 ~ 6 p b 1956) CO3AaBaJI B CBOHX KnaCCHYeCKHX 3KCnepHMeH-
T a x IT0 HCCJIeAOBaHHIO K O H @ O P M M ~ M ~ . B ~ o J I ~ L U H H C T B ~ 3THX Onbrl'OB
7-9 CTYAeHTOB MyXCKOrO ITOJIa C m e J I H BOKpJW CTOJIa, tI RX ITPOCK-
JIH CpaBHHTb AJrHHY <<CTaHAaPTHbIX* J I H H w ~ ~ , H ~ O ~ P ~ X ~ H H ~ I X H a APY-
rHX KapTOYKaX. B 3KCIIepHMeHTe 6 b v r o 18 Yac~e t%, H Kamr[b12 pa3 OUeHKy 6 b U 0 CAeJIaTb OYeHb npOCT0; KOHTpOJIbHm rprpyrrna He3aBH-
CHMbIX OUeHUHKOB A i U a 6 o n b u e 99% ITpaBkmbHbIx OTBeTOB. HO B
A p P A X CJIyYazDc HCnbITyeMbIe H e 3HWlH7 S T 0 BOKPyr HHX C W T C n e -
~ H a J I b H O HaHXTbIe JIIOAR. B C O ~ C T B ~ H H O 3KCllePHMeHTaJIbHbIX ~ e f i - C T B R X B rpJTflTY BXOAWI TOJIbKO OARH H ~ C T O I I U W ~ ~ H ~ I T b 1 ~ y e ~ b I f i .
B nep~oii sacm c T a w a p T H a R n H H a R 6bma AJIHHO~~ B 10 A I O ~ ~ M O B ,
a TpH CpaBHkITeJIbHbIe - 8,75, 10 H 8 A I O ~ ~ M O B . CTYA~HT~I AaBaTIH
oueaw no osepenu no ~ a c o ~ o i i c?penKe, H B c e ~ a s b r s a n ~ JIHHHIO B
10 A I O ~ M O B P ~ B H O ~ C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ . HAK~KUX npo6ne~. BO B T O P O ~ ~ YaCTH CTaHAaPTHasI JIMHUSI 6 b m a A J I H H o ~ ~ B 2 A I O ~ ~ M ~ , a
CpaBHHTeJIbHbIe - 2, 1 H 1,s AK)#M~. C H O B ~ C T n e H T b I COnOCTaBHIH
CTamapTHyIO ki CpaBHHTeJIbHbIe JIHHHH 6e3 0c06bIx T ~ ~ A H O C T ~ ~ ~ .
B T p e ~ b e f i YaCTH, OAHaKO, YTO-TO CTpaHHO H3MeHWIOCb. BM~CTO T o r 0 Y T O ~ ~ I CKa3aTb, YTO ~ - A K I ~ M o B ~ ( I CTamaPTHas I JIRHl.ur P a B H a
~ - A I O ~ ~ M O B O # c ~ ~ B H H T ~ J I ~ H o ~ JIHHHH, nO&CTaBHbIe ~ b 1 6 p i U H JIHHMIO
a ~ r ~ ~ o i i 3,75 n m # ~ a . M c n b r r y e ~ b r f i , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ Bce rAa cmen 6 n ~ x e K KOHUY vYlTIlb1, H e 3HiU, YTO h nOlTpOCwI IIOAC'MBHbIX AaBaTb
HeBepHbIe OTBeTbI B 12 H 3 18 CJIyYaeB. AIII XOTeJl IlOCMOTpeTb, 6 y . 4 ~ JIH HCnbITYeMbIe COl-'JIaIHaTbCR C MHeHHeM 6 0 J I b r u k i ~ c ~ ~ a .
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CO~JIaLUWlHCb, no KP&H~# Mepe, C O A H O ~ O W U ~ K O ~ ~ , a OAHa TpeTb - C ~ o J I o B R H o ~ ~ I l n H 6oxee. a p y r ~ ? ~ a CJIOBaMH, ~oJI~LUHHCTBO JIIOaefi
BbIHOCRT HeKOTOpbIe OUeHKti H a OCHOBaHkiH MHeHWI OKPJ'XaIOJXHX,
A a X e eCJIM OH0 llPOTHBOPeYHT MX CO~CTB~HHOMY.
T a m e IIOCTaBkZTI HeCKOJIbKO BaPHaHTOB 3TOr0 3KCnePHMeHTa.
H a n p ~ ~ e p , B OAHOM QHKTIe H C C J I ~ A O B ~ H H ~ OH H3MeHZUI ¶HCJfO JIIO-
neii B rpynne (CM. PHC. 17.4). Korna HcnbrTyeMbre cmem B nape c OAHHM IIOACTaBHbIM JIHUOM, MHeHHe KOTOPOrO npOTHBOpeYHJI0 MX CO~CTB~HHOMY, er0 MHeHHe H e OKa3bIBaJIO H a HHX BJIWIHkLII. Ei0JIb-
LUHHCTBO HCnbITYeMbIX OTBeYiUH UpaBklTIbHO IIOYTH BCerAa. KoI-A~ HCnbITyeMbIM lTPOTHBOCTOXJI0 ABa YeJIOBeKa, OHH COrJIaLUWlHCb C kIX
HeBepHbIM MHeHHeM B 13% C m a e B . Korna Xe TPH nOACTaBHbK
JIHUa - 33%. B b ~ m e 3TOTO yP0BI-W COIY'IaCHe H e n O A H H M ~ O C b , XOTR
~ a J l b ~ e f i L L I H e OlTbITbI, IXpOBeAeHHbIe A p F U M H HCCSIeAOBaTeJHMH,
noeasm~, YTO y s e m Y e H H e wcna YrreHoB rpynnb~ npHBoAHT K POC-
TY YHUla CrryYaeB CO~JIaCWI C ~OJI~LIMHCTBOM ( f l a ~ a ~ 3 H BYJI~@, 1981). HO He3aBHCkIMO OT TOrO, KaK c@o~M)'JIHPoB~H BOnpOC, RCHO, UTO
A w e He3HaYHTeJIbHOrO ~ o J I ~ L U H H C T B ~ AOCTaTOYHO AJIII TOrO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1
CKJIOHHT~ nm~e i i K KOH@OPMHJMY.
B AP)TOR CepHH 3KClTePHMeHTOB A I I I A O ~ ~ B T I I L T I B rpyITny BTOpOrO
H c n b n y e M o r o , K O T O P M ~ ~ cmen H a Y e ~ ~ e p ~ o i i n o s a u a ~ H 06brs~o A a B U I I p a B m b H b I e OTBeTbI. AIII XOTeJI lTOCMOTPeTb, 9TO l'Ip0~30fi- AeT, eCJIH OTAeJfbHbIe HClTbITyeMbIe 6 o n b u e H e ~ Y A ~ T eAHHOAylUHbI.
250 COUMAII~HAII CTOPOHA OUEHKM M ITPMHIImII P E U I E H M ~
40 -1
1 2 3 4 8 10-1 Konriqec~Bo ~ o ~ p a m a ~ o m x nroneGi
PHCYHOK 17.4 B CBOMX 3KCnePMMeHTaX no KOH~$OPMH~MY COJ~OMOH Aw o 6 ~ a p y x ~ n , WO B rpynne M3 TpeX '4enOBeK KOH@OPMH~M B03HMKaeT C T ~ K O ~ Xe 06sl3a~enb~O~lbt0, 'IT0 M
B rpynne, B nmt. pa3 6onbweR.
OH A O ~ W L C R YAMBMTeJIbHOrO 3 @ @ e K ~ a . KOH@OPMH~M CTaTI B C V e -
YaTbcrr B YeTbrpe pa3a pexe, YeM p a H b m e - T.e. T e n e p b , K o r n a 60~1b-
UMHCTBO H e 6bllI0 eAMHO&J'UHbIM, KOJIHYeCTBO pas, KOrAa MCnbI-
TyeMbIe COrJIaLU2lJHCb C HeBePHbIMM OTBeTaMR, COCTaBHJIO 1/4 ~a6~1lona~merocn panee. To e c T b Am O ~ H ~ ~ ~ X H J I , YTO enmonym- H o e ~ O J I ~ U ~ ~ I H C T B O M3 TpeX ¶eJrOBeK CMJIbHee, BJIIUITeJIbHee, YeM 60JIb-
IIIMHCTBO 83 BOCbMM WJIOBeK C OAHMM HeCOlTaCHbIM. ~ T M Pe3YJIbTa-
TbI lTOKa3aJIM, YTO B CMTYaUHM C C H J I ~ H O ~ ~ CKnOHHOCTbIO K - - -
K O H @ O ~ M H ~ M ~ , OAMH H ~ c o ~ J I ~ c H ~ I ~ MOXeT lTpOH3BeCTM O I ~ O M H ~ I ~ ~
3 @ @ e K ~ .
B 1969 row Cepx MOCKOBMYM n B o e ero K o m e r n o c T a B u n H KC- IIepHMeHTaJIbHyIo lTapar[M~hly h a C HOr H a rOJIOBy ti HCnOJIb3OBaJIM
ee B MCCJIeAOBaHHM BJIHRHWI MeHbrUHHCTBa H a ~ O J I ~ L U B H C T B O (Moc- KoBHYM, ne&rx H Ha@@pemy, 1969). BM~CTO T o r 0 9~0661 H ~ ~ J I I O -
a a T b BJIWIHMe ~ o J I ~ U I H H C T B ~ lT0)ICTaBHbIX H a OAHOrO MJIM ABJX HC-
nbITyeMbIX, OHM HCCJIeAOBaJIR S @ @ ~ K T BJIMIIHHR HeCKOJIbKMX
nOACTaBHbIX H a 60nbruy1o V j T I l I y HCnbITyeMbIX. MOCKOBMYH H eTO
COaBTOPbI 170Ka3aTIA, T O MeHbUIMHCTBO M O x e T MMeTb 3Ha'IMTeJtb-
H o e BlIMRHkie H a ~ o J I ~ U M H C T B O , A r n e eCJIM OH0 H e O C O ~ ~ H H O CWIb-
HO WIH y s r n a e M o .
B CepHH 3KCnePHMeHTOB, COCTaBJIeHHbIX MOCKOBMYM, V y l T n a
COCTORIIa H3 YeTbIpeX MClIbITyeMbIX H ABJX lTOnCTaBHbIX. Bce OHM
ClQleJIM JIMUOM K 6eno~y 3KpaHY, M MM 6 b ~ 0 CKa3aH0, YTO 3 T 0 3KC-
n e p x M e H T H a B o c n p H m t i e u s e T a . nocne 3~0ro 6 b m a n o ~ a 3 a ~ a ce- PHR C J I ~ ~ O B M KaXJIb1fi pa3 3ZUaBaTIMCb BOnpOCbI 0 RPKOCTH H UBeTe
~JIafina. Bce c J I a m b 1 lTOKa3bIBaJIH pa3JIHYHbIe OTTeHKM CMHeTO, HO
nOACTaBHbIM CKa3aTIM, q ~ 0 6 b 1 OHM Ha3bIBaTIM er0 B HeKOTOPbIX CRY-
Y a m s e n e ~ b r ~ . MOCKOBMYM M ero C O T P ~ ~ H M K H O ~ H ~ P Y > K ~ ~ J I H , YTO B
CpeAHeM B 8% C m a e B HeIIpaBMJIbHbIX OTBeTOB HCnbITYeMbIe COrJIa-
IIIaTIMCb C HHMH M 3 2 % C Y ~ % ~ K T O B Ha3bIBaTIM UBeT 3eJIeHbIM XOTR 6b1
OAHH pas. B K O H T ~ O J I ~ H O ~ ~ Xe WJ'lTne HCIIbITYeMbIe Ha3BaTIH UBeT
3eJIeHbIM TOJIbKO 2 pa3a H 3 792. I /IT~K, M O C K O B ~ M H er0 KOJIJIerM 06~apy>rurn~, YTO MeHbLURHCT-
BO C ~ O C O ~ H O BlIWITb H a ~oJI~UIMHCTBO kl3aCTaBJIHTb er0 CO~JIaLUaTb-
CR C co6ofi. n p a ~ ~ a , C 0 ~ ~ 0 f i o ~ X B O ~ K O ~ ~ , - MeHbrUMHCTBO AOJDKHO
6 b 1 ~ b eAHHO H nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbH0. EcJIM ABOe ITOnCTaBHbDc ~one6a- JIHCb MeXJIy CMHHM M 3eneHbIM, ~ J I f l a f i H 0 Ha3bIBiLZI ~ J I a m b 1 CHHMMH
B 1/3 CJIY'laeB, HCnbITyeMbIe Ha3bIBaTIH c J I a m b 1 3eJleHbIMH TOJIbKO B
1 % C J I p a e B . M ~ H ~ L U R H C T B O MOXeT MMeTb 3HaYHTeJIbHOe BJIWIHMe,
TOJIbKO eCJIM 3aHMMaeT TBepAbIe, COrJIaCOBaHHbIe nO3MLIHM (0630~ M
17pOAOruKeHHe 3~0fi pa60Tb1 CM. y Macca H G a p ~ a , 1984; H e ~ e ~ a , 1986; H e ~ e ~ a M Uafinsa, 1988).
V y l T n b I c n o c o 6 ~ b 1 K CIlelTJIeHMIO H H30JIMPOBaHbI OT BHeUI-
H e r 0 BJIWIHHR, JIORIIbHOCTb H CKJIOHHOCTb K KOH@OPMH~MY MOXeT
npHBeCTM K TOMY, YTO ~ I P B R H ~ AX~HHC B 1982 rOAy Ha3BaTI <Tp)TI-
lTOBbIM MbIUIJIt?HHeM)> (c. 9). Hau6onee M ~ B ~ c T H ~ I ~ ~ npMMep VylTlTO-
BOrO MbILLUleHWl, ~TPMBoARIUM~~ K HeBePHbIM Pe I I I eHWM, - 3 T 0 @H-
aCK0 OnepaUHH, KOrAa n p e 3 H n e H ~ c K M f i K ~ ~ H H ~ T Ax.@. K ~ H H ~ A M PeKOMeHnOBaJI H ~ O ~ A ~ M ~ H H O ~ BTOpXeHMe H a Ky6y. E0JIee 6 1 1 ~ 3 ~ H f i
252 COUWATIbHAR CTOPOHA OUEHKW H IIPMHRTHX PEUIEHHn
K HaM IT0 BpeMeHH n p H M e p , KaK CYHT&lIH ,@~I?Mc 3ccep Pi A x o a ~ jlawop@ep (1989), - p o K o B o e p e r u e H H e 1986 rona 3 a n y ~ ~ ~ ~ b Yen- nendxep B H ~ ~ J I ~ ~ o ~ I ~ ~ I T H ~ I o norony.
& ~ H H C ITHLUeT, YTO eCTb BOCeMb ~ a H 6 0 ~ e e PaCnPOCTPaHeHHbN
lTPH3HaKOB KOJIJIeKTHBHOrO MbIUUleHWI:
Mmmswr H ~ ~ R ~ B H M O C T H , p a w e n r r e M m npamxsecm B c e M a
WIeHaMH rpylTlTb1, l T p H B O m 4 m K Ype3MepHOMy OlTTMMH3My E1 HeOIIpaBnaHHOMy PHCKy.
O6mee W e 3 p e H H e K PaUHOHaJIbHbIM KITH HenOBePYHBbIM BbI-
CKa3bIBaHwIM.
6 e 3 0 r o B o p o Y ~ a B e p a B IIpHCyWJW) KOJLTIeKTHBY MOp&lIb.
C T ~ ~ ~ O T M ~ H O ~ BOCnpWITMe COBeTOB KaK ~ O ~ H ~ I X UJIH CKpbI-
B a I o u H X lTOn co6oCi C J I ~ ~ O C T ~ H I'JTYllOCTb.
A a m e ~ H e H a W e H O B V y m b I , H e IIOAYHHRIOuHXCSI ~ O J I ~ L L I M H -
CTBy.
Y C T O ~ ~ Y H B ~ WIJIK)3UII e&PiHOAyIUkIII.
Ca~oue~sypa BO HW H e H a p y m e H m KoHceHcyca .
C ~ M O I I P O ~ ~ ~ B O J I ~ H O ~ I'IORBJIeHHe *3auHTHklKOB YMOB,>, 3 a 4 k l -
4 a r o r r l m rpyrrny OT UH@OPM~UHU, KOTOPW M o r n a 6b1 n o m a T -
HyTb ee CaMOnOBOJIbCTBO.
EcJ'IH B Qyllne IIORBJIXIOTCR 3TM TpeBOXHbIe CHrHaTIbI, CYWeCTBY-
e T BepORTHOCTb H e a 3 6 e x a ~ b rpJTKIOBOr0 MbIUlTeHWI. U T O ~ ~ I 3 a U H -
TMTbCSI OT H e r o , ~ X ~ H H C peKOMewOB&lI HeCKOJIbKO ITpeBeHTHBHbIX
Mep. B o - r r e p s b ~ c H npeme B c e r o , nmepbr r p y n n b I AOJIXH~I B c m e c -
m n o o u p m b p a 3 H o r n a c m II 3nopo~yro K ~ H T A K ~ , B TOM ¶ A c n e K ~ H -
THKY HX C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ M : IT03HIJH#. Bo-BTOP~JX, BC5l¶eCKkI IlPeIMTCTBO-
BaTb ~ a ~ p e r n e ~ ~ r o Y ~ ~ - T O n m m x n03~qM H npenrrommii. Axefi Pycco H n o n b LUyhlaxep B 1989 rony rr~carru o TOM, ¶TO H a OH-
c m @ r q ~ a x TO rrpasmo H C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ R weny rom 06pa30~: 60~1ee HH3KHe no P a H V W e H b I Q y l l I I b I rOBOpRT llepBbIMH, 3aTeM 6onee c-rapwae no pamy, s a ~ e ~ eue 6onee c T a p u H e H T.A. ki T a m M o6pa- 30M HHKTO H e ~OHTCFI BbICKa3aTb MHeHHe, I I p O T H B O p e Y a ~ e e MHe-
HHIo 6onee BJImTeJIbHbIX JIHU.
T p e ~ b e f i M ~ P O # RBJuIeTClr OTIlOYKOBbIBaHHe 6onee M e J I m X rp)lTIl
CO CBOHMH J I m e p a M H , KOTOPbIe AOJEKHbI PeUIHTb TOT Xe BOlTPOC
( B C ~ B O ~ M O X H ~ I M W C ~ O C O ~ I M H ) . B - ¶ ~ T B ~ ~ T ~ D ( , W e H b I VJTInbI AOJDK-
HbI IIpeABapHTeJIbHO 0 6 ~ m a ~ b 6 y ~ p m e ~ e 6 a ~ b 1 H AelIkiTbCR MHe-
H m M H , a 3aTeM paCCKa3bIBaTb 06 3THX 0 6 c m e ~ m B C ~ B wynne. B - ~ T ~ I X , rpynnm AOJI)KHM npwrnaLuaTb CTOPOHHSIX 3 ~ c n e p ~ o ~ r n ~
~ ~ ~ I @ H ~ ~ ? ~ o B ~ H H ~ I x KOJIJIer D;TIII V a C T W I B c o 6 p a ~ m Ii AaBaTb
B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ HM BbICKa3bIBaTb M H e H m , H e COBUa4aIOUHe C MHe-
HHRMH r p y n n b ~ . l I p a m ~ . ~ q e c ~ ~ , &KIHBC r o ~ o p m o TOM, YTO OAHH
fi3 J I ~ U I H X C ~ O C O ~ O B H 3 6 e x a ~ b IpJTnOBOrO MbILLlJIeHWI - O@HW-
m b H 0 ~ b 1 6 p a ~ b ¶eJIOBeKa, KOTOP~I# 6 b r lIOCTORHH0 OTCTaHBm OT-
nHYHyF3 OT 06ueZi TOYKy 3peHMR ( T ~ K Ha3bIBaeMOrO <(UBOKaTa AbR-
BoJI~B). KWM 113 3THX M e p OvaHH¶HBaeT COlYIaCHe H R;iaruIeTCR 3NIOrOM TOrO, YTO MHeHHe MeHbllMHCTBa ~ Y A ~ T lTpOTHBOCTORTb KOH-
(POPMH~MY.
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l l o c ~ o n a ~ y n m n M c o u k ~ a r r b ~ a r no HaType, m o u e H m H p e m e H m
HaXOnSITCR lTOA COIIHWIbHbIM BJIMSIHHeM. A x e eCnH CeJIOBeK n p H -
HHMaeT PeUIeHl le B OfiBHOYeCTBe, OH 3a¶aCTylO OueHHBaeT CBOe no- seneme, cpamasarr ero c n o s e n e H H e M ~ p y r a x n m e g B a H a n o m u -
~ o f i C H T y a u m . O n ~ o s ~ a r ~ o , n1060e nonpo6aoe H c c n e n o s a H a e
0UeHKL.I. H HPHIUITMR PeWeHHR AOJIXHO BKJIIOYaTb HCCJTeAOBaHHe
( :bHbIX @~KTOPOB.
KOTOP~IX CJIYYW 3~~@amopb1 B T [ ~ I O T H a p e r u e H m , H e arrm Ha o ~ e H m , JIeXaILWe B HX OCHOBe. H a n p k i ~ e p , MHOrHe JIIOAH lTOA-
BepXeHbI KOJIJIeKTRBHOMy MbIrrUTeHEIIO M3a~HIIJ .a IOT BMeCTe C rPJT- IIoG HAeH, KOTOPbIe JIWIHO H e pa3AexRIOT. B A p F k i X ma, 0 4 e H -
Ka MOXeT MeHRTbCSI. AILI o ~ H ~ ~ ~ X W I , HanPHMeP, YTO MHOrUe H 3 er0 HCnbITYeMbIX H e nOA03PeBNIM, ¶TO, KOrna BOCnpHRTHe HCKaXaeTCR,
3 T 0 IIPOHCXOHHT lTOn BJIMRHHeM ~ o J I ~ U I B H C T B ~ . T o s ~ o TaK Xe IT^- H 3 B &~PJIA (1970, C. 65) nMCaZH: * [ ~ T H ] llCnbITJ'eMbIe COBepUIeHHO
OAHHaKOBO rOBOPHJlH 0 TOM, YTO HelTPeMeHHO OKa3aTlH6bI nOMOUb,
eCJIH 6b1 B 3TOM B03HHKTIa P e m b H a R H~o~xoL~HMocT~,>.
C O ~ M ~ J I ~ H O ~ BJIHXHHe, TO¶Hee, YaCTb er0, 0 6 c y > ~ n e H ~ m B 3 ~ 0 2 - H e 6onee COTO# AOJIH TOI?O, C CeM MbI J I ~ ~ ~ T B H T ~ J I ~ H O CTaTI-
dCR B peZUIbH0fi XCH3HH. TO m I O C T p a u m , H e HCYepIIbIBaIO-
, KaK B CjlyWle C C O U U ~ T I ~ H O ~ ~ IIOMOubIO, lTOKa3bIBaH)uaSI, YTO
uJIbHbIe @aKTOpb1 MOIYT EI YJIYYUIaTb Pe3yJIbTaTb1, H J'XYAUIaTb
3 cJIe~y1oI4eB rJIaBe MbI CpaBHHM pe3YJIbTaTb1, IlpOfieMOHCTPH- HHbIe rpJTII0m ki OTneJIbHbIMH JIIOAbMH.
C I u q x 1
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~ Y A ~ T JIM O H a I IpHHllMaTb n)TLUMe OUeHKH H PeLUeHUSI, YeM H W H -
BWYYM? M c n o n b 3 y m ~ n t r r p y n n b r T e me BBPMCTMKEI M T e xe npen- y 6 e m e ~ t i ~ , TO A M H A H B H A ~ ~ M ~ I ?
H ~ M H O ~ M ~ HCCneAOBaHM COnOCTaMRWT 3BpHCTHKcr M CMeWeHHR,
C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ MHAHBHAyyMy, C 3BPBCTHKaMti H IIpeAPaCCyAKaMM
KOJUIeKTHBa, a Cepbe3HbIX 0 6 3 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ nOCBRU[eHHbIX 3~0fi TeMe, HeT
~oo6ure. OAH~KO M3 O I I Y ~ J H K O B ~ H H ~ N M C C J I ~ L [ O B ~ H U ~ ~ B OCHOBHOM
CneAyeT, YTO C M e U e H H R B ~ T P H ~ Y T H P O B ~ H M H Pi OUeHKe - 0 6 w ~ e Y OTZeJIbHO B3RTbIX J I I O A ~ G H Q y l 7 l l . n e p ~ m YaCTb 3~0fi rJIaBbI lTOCBR-
U e H a HeKOTOpbIM ki3 3THX napaTIJIeJIefi, BTOpaR Xe YaCTb - pa3JIH-
YMRM rpwn H OTAenbHblX IllOAeg.
K ~ K OTMeYmOCb B 16 m a B e , @ Y H A ~ M ~ H T ~ ~ H ~ R o r r r ~ 6 ~ a a~pti6y- 4MM - 3 T 0 T e W e H U H R BbIHeCeHHR 0UeHKki B COOTBeTCTBHll C AHC-
l l03tiUHOHHbIMH ITPMYtiHaMM. H a n p k l ~ e p , JIIoAki MHTepllpeTHpyIOT
BbICKa3aHHYIO B 3CCe n03HUHIO KaK aBTOPCKYK), HeCMOTpR H a TO YTO
HM CKa3aJIki, YTO aBTOp B b I H m e H 6b1n BCTaTb H a 3 T y ll03MUHIO
( ~ ~ X O H Y H ~ M X a p p H c , 1967). T e w e ~ u t i R H ~ ~ ~ K O H H O ~ ~ ALIC~03HUMOH-
H O ~ a T p k 1 6 ~ ~ 1 t l t i B OTHOLUeHllM I'pyIIn M3BeCTHa KaK < ( Q y m O B m 0 ~ ~ 6 - Ka ~ T ~ M ~ Y I I M A * . K ~ K nHCaJIM CKOTT ~ ~ H C O H M f l a~uq M e c c H ~ (1985, C. 564), HepBbIMH ~ ~ @ H K C H ~ O B ~ B U M ~ Q y l l n O B y I o O U I H ~ K Y a~pt i6y- UHM: <(06e - H @ ~ H A ~ M ~ H T ~ T I ~ H ~ 0LUM6rta ~ T ~ H ~ ~ U H H , ki I 'pynnO-
BaR O L I I H ~ K ~ a ~ p ~ 6 y ~ p i 1 . 1 - HMeIOT LUHpOKOe paCnpOCTpaHeHMe. TO H a m a T e H n e H U m - MrHOPHPOBaTb BHeLUHee BSIHXHHe H a lTOBeAeHMe
H BHAeTb CBR3b M e w ITOBeAeHMeM H HeKOTOpbIMH O C O ~ ~ H H O C T R M A
C U W a )'Ma*. B CBOeM HCCJIenOBaHHH ~ J I M C O H H M ~ C C H K o 6 ~ a p y - XEfnH, YTO HCllbITyeMbIe OKa3aJIM ~OJI~UIYIO lTOmep)KKY rOpOACKOMy
YlTPaBETIoUeMy, H3AaBLUeMy <<nyCTOnOpOXHee* nOCTaHOBJleHHe 0
~ ~ O ~ X O A H M O C T H CBepTbIBaHHR ~ e p ~ l I p t i R ~ k i ~ , XOTR HHKaKkiX M e P o -
n p W l ~ H f i I? H e IIpOBOAWIOCb, TaK YTO H e 6 b ~ 0 H IIPKqMHbI, n0 KO-
~ 0 ~ 0 f i O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ MHeHHe 6bU0 3aTPOHYTO PeLUeHMeM OTAeJIb-
HOrO lTpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOTO CIIyXaLUerO. C x 0 X E f e pe3yJIbTaTbI 6b1n~ 0 6 ~ a p J W e ~ b 1 A H ~ H O G M ~ K R H CKOTTOM AJ~JIBCOHOM B 1987 row.
fipyl?m ~ T ~ M ~ ~ T H B H ~ R IIapa-WIeJIb B03HMKaeT M e w <<IIpeAIlOYTe-
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~ T ~ H ~ Y U H I O n E T CBOMX YClTeXOB ti CHTYaUHOHHYIO - LUIR HeYnaY.
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D X ~ H ~ T Aopaa B 198 1 rOAy COlTOCTaBWIH <cnpeAnOYTeHUSI 3TOUeHT-
p t l s ~ a n a < c o 6 c n y > ~ ~ ~ a m ~ u ~ e rpyrrny* n p e n n o s T e H a s r cpem M e m H -
c ~ t r r y ~ c ~ s x a T n e T m e c r a x K o M a m a 06~apy>1uvrH, YTO n o c n e n H e e ,
no ~ e ~ b I l I e a M e p e , HaCTOnbKO Xe CWIbHO, KaK H IIepBOe. A T ~ ~ T ~ I neMOHCTpHpOBZUlM B03BbIUIeHHe rPYr[nbI, K O r n a P e Y b U T a 0 TOM,
9~06b1 MX KOMaHAa BbIMrPbIBaTIa Y CMJIbHbIX COllepHMKOB, YaU[e, 9 e M
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( M m e ~ Pi Xbm, 1989). Hanpn~ep, B OAHOM 3KClTePHMeHTe YJIeHbI
YeTbIpeX CTyjIeH9eCKHX K T I Y ~ O B B ~ ~ M H C T O H ~ OUeHllBZUlH W e H O B
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3aMKHyTbM H a ce6e, CKpOMHbIX M BbICOKOMePHbIX M T.A. (,&KoYH~,
BYA, K Y ~ T ~ O H , 198 1). P e 3 y J I b ~ a ~ b 1 IIOKa3aTIH, YTO CTYHeHTbI C9MTWCI.I
YJIeHOB C B O ~ ~ r p y r I n b 1 6onee p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ b I ~ k 1 , Y e M YneHOB nm60ro qpyroro my6a.
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K T I ~ ~ O B 3 H U H CTYneHTbI. 5 0 J I e e TOrO, 3TO C M e m e H H e B03HllKaTIO H B
rpyrrnax, MMeBLUHX H ~ ~ o J I ~ u o Z ~ , 3 n M 3 0 n M Y e c K k i ~ OnbIT KOHTaKTa,
H a n p H M e p , MYXNLIH M X e H W M H ( b p K H P o T ~ ~ ~ T , 1982). ~ I T ~ K , IIpeApaCCynOK ~~eI 'pyrrn0~0fi OnHOpOnHOCTH - H e npOCT0 p e 3 y n b -
TaT pa3HHUbI B ~ ~ M ~ O C T H 3HaKOMCTBa.
2 56 COUMAnbHAR CTOPOHA OUEHKM M IIPMHIITMII PEUIEHMR
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R e T H a @ O p ~ k i p ~ ~ a ~ H e CTepeOTHnOB. ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ H e YfleHbI CBOefi
r p y n n b I BOCllPHHMMaIOTCR O A H O O ~ ~ ~ ~ H O , HX MHAMBWYaTIbHOCTb CTM-
PaeTCR. K HeCYaCTblo, TeHEeHUlzn BOClTPMHMMaTb nOCTOPOHHHX OnHO-
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KOrAa C O B ~ T C K H ~ ~ JTKQep mptlfi A H ~ ~ O ~ O B n p M I U e n K BJIaCTH, 6 b 1 ~ -
LUM8 COBeTHIlK n p e 3 w e H ~ a C N A no H ~ ~ H O H ~ J I ~ H O $ ~ 6e30nac~0- CTH ~ K ~ ~ N H c K M ~ ~ nMCaR: ~ H e s e p ~ o OUeHMBaTb 3TMX nlonefi, KaK
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HJIM HeCTaJIMHMCTOB. Aeno B TOM, qTO OHB BCe XeCTOKHe M BCe OHM
~POTMBHMKW)> ( ~ M ~ M ~ H H , 1985, 3 M a p T a , C. 55). n 0 c A e n y l o u ~ e
c06b1~1.1~ ITOKa3aRH7 KaK ~ X ~ ~ M H C K B ~ ~ O U I M ~ ~ T T C R .
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BBPHCTMKY - nOCTylTHOCTH MJIM penpe3eHTaTMBHOCTH - MCnOJIb3y-
IOT r P Y n n b I . O ~ H O H 3 PeAKMX F i ~ W l l o Y e ~ M f i - OIIbIT, n p O B e a e ~ H b 1 8
n H m o A Apro~ , M a p K o M C M 6 p a t r ~ o ~ H f l M m o C i AaAep B 1986 r o n y .
OHM 3HaKOMMnH OTneJtbHbIX C Y ~ ~ ~ K T O B N rpYlTnb1 H 3 n R T H qeJIOBeK
C BapHaHTOM n p 0 6 n e M b 1 a4BOKaT0B-MHXeHepOB7 n p H ~ e n e H H 0 f i B
rn. 10. Apro~, C ~ 6 p a f i ~ n Aafiep 06~apymmn, YTO r p y n n b l CKJIOH-
H b l H C n O n b 3 0 B a T b 3BPMCTMKy penpe3eHTaTHBHOCTH .IaWe, q e M HH-
~ M B W ~ ~ M ~ I . CKOTT Tnnnefin, Cblo3a~ LLI~+@M M Axo3e@ @ ~ n - I M H ~ B 1990 row T a m e 0 6 ~ a p y r n K n H , YTO r p y r r n b l ~ 3 q e T b i p e x r e n o B e x
6onee, .IeM M ~ M B ~ y y M b l , CWlOHHbI AeflaTb 0IUM60YHble 3aKilK)Ye-
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CTB)rlOT, YTO npHCyrr[He MHnMBIlnyyMaM 3BPHCTHKH ki C Y ~ ' ~ ~ K T M B H ~ I ~
CMerUeHHR n p O n O n X a l o T ~ € ! I % C T B O B ~ T ~ M n p H r p y I I I T 0 ~ 0 8 O U e H K e M lll3MHRTHU peLlJeHH$i. K p o ~ e TOrO, 3 T H n p e A y 6 e ~ e H H R M H O r n a yCM-
ntleamcx B rpynnax. B cnyvae c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H T ~ T M B H O C T ~ I O , H a n p M M e p ,
A p m , C k i 6 p a f i ~ n Aafiep (1986, c. 74) n H c a n n cnenymuee: u r p y n -
UOBbIe nMCKYCCHM YCWlMBaloT OTWlOHeHMR B I ? H & B B ~ ~ J I ~ H o ~ ~ OUeH-
K e M3-3a WCnOJIb30BaHttg penpe3eHTaTMBHOCTM*.
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BpeMeHM e T 0 I IepBOrO 3KCnepMMeHTa COTHM H C C A ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ ~ 6 b m nOCBRmeHb1 3~0fi TeMe. B KOHeYHOM MTOre V f l O B m lIOJIIipH3a-
UMII ITPHBO~MT K TOMY, ¶TO niOIIH HLQT B rpyrrne H a 6onbm~B p u c ~ , s e M peruunxcb 6b1 I I O ~ T H OAHM. O T K ~ ~ I T H R C ~ o y ~ e p a K a c m k i c b H a -
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ry K P M C K ~ n p o u e ~ n 7 p a B b I r n m x T c n e w u m f 06pa30~: C H a g a n a
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K PNCKY. 0 6 b ~ ~ 0 a H K e T a IIOCTpOeHa H a AE1ILeMMaX. O ~ H Y 83 HlUL B 1964 rony COCTaBHJIM H ~ T ~ H K o r a ~ Maiim B m a s . B ~ e f i ona- C ~ D ~ J I M C ~ 12 ~ 0 0 6 p a > r t a e ~ b ~ t c M T y a u u f i , B K O T O P ~ E H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O 6bl~10 ~ b 1 6 p a T b PMCK IZJIA KOHCePBaTMBHOe IIOBeneHHe. Harrpmep, B OnHOM
M3 nyHKTOB 4 5 - J I e ~ H H f i WJIOBeK AOJIXeH ~ ~ I J I ~b16pa~b Me)KL[Y PMC-
KOM onepaumi H a cepnue ma X M ~ H ~ I O c a p t i ~ ~ ~ e f i (CM. PMC. 18.1).
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TO OAMH ~3 ~ ~ H K T O B onpoca no pelueHMto D M n e M M , nposefieHHoro H ~ T ~ H O M K O ~ ~ H O M M MaiiKno~ Bannaqe~ (1964, c. 256-2571,
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n p e n c ~ a ~ b ~ e , T O BbI IIOWbI naTb COBeT MHCTepY 6. B H U ~ Y AaHbI pa3-
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pou' 8bl 6bl nOCO8CWOBCUIU COZnilCUmbCIl Ha Onepayuro.
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- I ~ H C ~ I Ha YCneX 9 M3 10 - I ~ H C ~ I Ha YCneX 7 M3 10 - U ~ H C ~ I Ha YCneX 5 H3 10 - ma~cb1 Ha YCneX 3 H3 10 - I I I ~ H c ~ I ~a ycnex 1 as 10
258 COqkiAlIbHAH CTOPOHA OUEHKI? M llPAH5ITMH PEUIEHM~~
B TOM onpoce cy%emo~ rrpocm~ o n p e n e n m b , K a m e NaHCbl
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K <<CABHw K OCTOPOXHOCTH*. B 06rue~, MHOlUe HCCJIeAOBaTeXR AJEI
o % a c ~ e ~ w r 3~0ro @ ~ H O M ~ H ~ H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ I O T cetiqac 6onee o6m$i TePMHH <cCABHr B sb160peo.
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KElMkI TeMaMH, CBR3aHHbIMH C PHCKOM. H a n p ~ ~ e p , Aa~m Ma8eps H &KOPW 5 H N 0 l l B 1970 rOAy 0 6 ~ a p y m ~ r k 1 , YTO CTYAeHTbI, RMeK)-
w e p a c o s b r e npenpaccyam, erue 6orree y K p e m m T c r i B HHX, o6cy- AHB A p y r C ApylWM 3TH BOIIpOCbI, TOrAa KaK OTHOCHTeJIbHO 06'be~- THBHbIe CTyAeHTbI lTOCJIe 6ecenb1 H a T e Xe TeMbI CKIIOHHM B cue 6onb~et i M e p e OTKEJaTbCFI OT npeApaCCyAKOB. B 1975 rosy Mafieps 06~apymurr, ¶TO P a C X O w e H H e BO B3rJWAaX M e w <(MWCKMMH N O -
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s b r ~ y r r t t r r ee 3a 80 nom. PI c H o s a nponarr 3a 90 norm. CKOJI~KO OH
3apa60~W?)> &a npo6ne~a, n p P I B e A e H H a B n. 20 A H K ~ T ~ I , IIOCJIyXWTa WHO-
BOG o ~ ~ o r o ~3 acme~o~aH& B maccmec~oG pa- H o ~ M ~ H ~ M3pa PI A.rr.rxe~a Coyne~a (1952). Msp H Coyne~ 0 6 ~ a p y X W T k i , YTO TOJI~-
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YCJIOBHIM MeHbUIHHCTBO MOXeT CEZTIbHO BJIHHTb H a TOYHOCTb OUeH-
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n b I B 3KCIIepHMeHTe M3pa H C o y J I e ~ a npaBHJIbH0 PeUIUnH 3aAaYy.
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r0 YeJIOBeKa, IIPaBklTIbHO OTBeTHBUerO H a BOlTpOC, IIpHMepHO IIRTZUI
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rpynno~bre o u e H m B OCHOBHOM ToYHee H H ~ H B ~ ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H ~ I X , HO TO
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1986 lWLiJ o ~ ~ ~ ~ J I H K o B ~ J I 0630p, B KOTOPOM PaCCMaTPHBaTIHCb MHO-
Iue @aKT0pb1, B J I M I o U H e H a rpJTIlIOByI0 OUeHKy, H CpaBHHBaJIHCb
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n p H M e p , a 6 c e ~ ~ - 3TO JIHKep HJIH MHH~PCLJI?
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262 COUHAnbHM CTOPOHA OUEHKM A IIPAHIITAII PEUIEHAB
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c~oefi cTaTbe <<Group versus Individual Performance: Are N + 1 Heads Better Than One?,, npenc~am~mwefi co6ofi 0630p H C C J I ~ A O B ~ H H ~ ~
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PenKO YCTJTIaJIH HaWJryrmeMy HHAHBWYYMY, HaXOAIIIL@MYCR B CTa-
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perue~sfi. Eonee T O ~ O , r p a H A n a M e m a y M c c n e n o s a H m M H rpynn H
TPYnllOBME OUEHW M PELUEHMH 265
k ZyyMOB H e npOBO~KJIaCb, nOCKOJIbw rp)'lTnbI, B W H E JIH,
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