0521844843 - Hegel’s Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God...

INDEX

absolute differencediversity and, 180identity and, 176

Absolute Idea, Hegelian concept of, 259.See also Idea

doubling of individual and, 287“method” and, 265–267as version of negativity, 264refutation of egoism in, 260–265Schelling misinterprets, 270

absolute indifferenceessence and, 154–155substrate underlying quantity and

quality, 152–154absolute necessity, 196

from actuality to, 192–196and contingency, 195as theodicy, 197

absolute relation, Hegelian concept of,199–202

Absolute Spiritart in, 312–313as divinity, 240human vs. divine being and,

319knowledge of/knowledge that is,

308–312nature and, 277a developed understanding of reality,

101philosophy in, 310, 315, 316–318revealed religion in, 313–316self-supersession of all that precedes

it, 188subjective Consciousness of,

312

abstraction/abstractnessconcreteness vs., 228–230essence and, 157objectivity and, 239Self-consciousness and, 285and genesis of objectivity, 237

abstract universality, Hegelian discussionof, 228

of Spirit, 276accidents, substance and, 200action

agent and, 23–27desire and, 14–15naturalist philosophy of, 23–27objective Spirit and, 300

active substance, Hegelian concept of, 201permuted in the Concept, 214–216

activity (Tätigkeit)abstract Self-consciousness and, 286Hegelian concept of, 259meaning of, 296

actualityto absolute necessity, 192–196and Aristotle, 245of freedom, 320Idea, reason and, 243–246measure and, 147rational-actual concept, 85, 197–199,

245from reflection to, 190–192true infinity and, 83–86

Adams, David, xxivadvance (Fortgang), Hegelian concept of,

266“affirmative determination,” infinite as

finite’s, 78

323

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324 index

agentaction and, 22–27desire and what is good for, 41and ethics enter into ontology, 72in Doctrines of Essence and Concept,

141–143Hegel and Kant on, 23–27psychological traits and, 24

“ages of man,” Hegel’s discussion of, 280“alienness”

in Kantian conception of will, 18–20,233, 236

“unhappy consciousness” and, 44, 45Allison, Henry, 41alteration, quality as, 60Ameriks, Karl, 46Anderson, Elizabeth, 13, 16, 38Angehrn, Emil, xxviianimal life, Hegel’s discussion of, 250, 272,

273–276animistic magic, 92Anselm, Saint, 101, 239“Anthropology,” Hegel’s concept of, 279

language and, 295subjective Spirit and, 293

Aquinas, St. Thomas, xxvii, 9, 207arbitrariness

aims to be free, but fails, 133personal will and, 288of will, 234, 299

Aristotle, 9, 39anti-atomism in, 258Butler and Reid follow, 42concept of God, 311divine thought that thinks itself, 265end as activity for, 84essence concept of, 198ethics of, 220“form” concept of, 216, 244, 245on friendship, 39Hegel and, 53, 72, 112, 245Heidegger on, 103human function discussed by, 235idea concept of, 94individuality and happiness, theory of,

255Irwin’s discussion of, 39Kant differs from, 41metaphysics of, 43, 317on arguing with skeptics, 110his relation to Plato, xxv“presence in it” concept and, 67

reproduction discussed by, 249, 255Revised Oxford Translation of, 317soul concept of, 249teleology of, 242theology of, 107, 108, 311

art, Absolute Spirit and, 312–313Asian philosophy, 92assimilation, Hegel’s discussion of,

273–276atomism. See also social atomism

being-for-one and transition to, 129civil society and, 303collapse of true infinity and, 130, 134,

141diversity and, 179egoism and, 262Greek atomism and Hegelian, 134idea of life and, 257negation and, 132–136quantity and measure and, 131rational egoism and, 141where and how Hegel responds to,

126–127attraction. See also repulsion

atomism and, 139quantity and, 145

attribute, non-self-suffiency of, 62Aufheben, Hegelian concept of, xxv. See also

supersession (Aufhebung)Augustine, Saint, 197Aune, Bruce, 41authority

desire and, 15–16reality as search for rational, 112

authority of reasons, and strength ofdesires, 16

autonomy. See also rational autonomy;self-government

and self-determining reality, 81duality of, 300Hegel’s critique of Kant’s claims for, 20,

300Kant’s concept of, xxvKantian ethics and, 39–42, 49, 300relation of, to ethics reformulated by

Hegel 42–44Ayer, A. J., 24, 25, 82, 161, 209

“bad infinity” (schlechte Unendlichkeit). Seespurious infinity

Bauer, Bruno, xxxBaur, Ferdinand Christian, 46




index 325

Bayle, Pierre, 45becoming (Werden), 57beginning, Hegelian “method” as, 266behaviorism/physicalism, Hegel’s

alternative to, 294, 295being, 54–59. See also determinate being

(Dasein); Doctrine of Being; livingbeing

duality of human vs. divine, 319negativity and, 188objective Spirit and, 300ownness and, 294shine and, 159–169

Being and Time, 258Being, Nothing, and Becoming triad,

55–59being-for-one, atomism and, 128, 132being-for-other

Hegelian concept of, 66–69self-transcending being and, 72social atomism and, 138

being-for-self (Fürsichsein)atomism and, 127, 132–136collapse of true infinity and, 127–132immediacy and, 155infinity of, 144measure concept and, 149social atomism and, 136–140Spirit and, 276–279subjectivity and, 240

being-in-and-for-selfin Doctrine of Concept, 241in Doctrine of Essence, 155–159reflection-determination and, 176

being-in-itself (Ansichsein)Hegelian concept of, 66–69limit of, 67quality and, 157

“being itself” concept, 64being-towards-death, Heidegger’s concept

of, 258being-within-self (Insichsein), 59, 64

atomism and, 135negation and, 74negativity and, 86as reality, 75

Beiser, Frederick C., 54Berkeley, George (Bishop), 54, 93, 114,

115, 161subjective idealism of, 244

Berlin, Isaiah, 25Biblical authority, Hegelian theism and, 44

Bitsch, Brigitte, xxviii“blind” necessity, 196Böhme, Jacob, 46, 104, 106, 256Bosworth, Stephen C., 307Bradley, Francis Herbert, 108Brandom, Robert, 289Brinkmann, Klaus, 53, 67, 270Burbidge, John, xxvii, 315bureaucracy, Hegel’s discussion of, 307Burke, Edmund, xxvButler, Clark, 131

on Hegelian contradiction, 188Butler, Joseph, 16

Kant and, 41, 42

Campbell, C. A., 22Carnap, Rudolf, 161Categorical Imperative

Allison’s discussion of, 41autonomy and, 17, 40, 50“content” in, 20, 231Hegel’s criticism of, 21, 88hypothetical imperative vs., 6morality and, 41, 300naturalism and, 12thought in, 219“universal law” test, 21

Catholicism, Hegel’s discussion of, 310causation/causality

absolute concept of, 204determination vs., 151“movement” of, 224substance and, 199–202

ceasing-to-be (Vergehen), Hegelian conceptof, 57

Chemismexternality and, 242Hegelian Idea and, 249of objectivity, 240universality of, 263Robert Williams’ discussion of, 292

chemistry, “specified” measure, Hegelianconcept of and, 148–149

Chisholm, Roderick, 22Christianity. See also divinity; religion

Absolute Spirit and, 310Doctrine of Concept and, 315Hegelian immortality and, 256Hegelian theology and, xxx–xxxi, 105,

315Kant/Hegel comparisons about, 44–47representation in, 314




326 index

Christianity (cont.)singularity and, 315“unhappy consciousness” and, 46

civil societyethical life and, 303–305state and family in, 305, 306

“classical” (beautiful) art, Hegel’sdiscussion of, 313

Code Napoléon, 304Cognition

absolute Idea and, 260death as genesis of, 253and identity with others, 320Hegel’s response to skepticism

developed in, 114Idea as, 258–260immortality and, 256as life’s going beyond itself, 262

Cohen, G. A., 99coming-into-being (Entstehen)

Hegelian concept of, 57of Nature, 277

common-sense ontology. See alsounderstanding

diversity and, 180external reflection and, 172will and, 236

“communitarianism,” 4individualism vs., 4

comparison, likeness-unlikeness and, 181compatibilism

contrasted to Kant/Hegel view ofresponsibility, 24–27, 82–83, 209,234

Hegel differs from, 83Hegel thought to endorse, 82

Concept. See Doctrine of Conceptconcreteness

abstractness/emptiness vs., 228–230of freedom, universal Self-consciousness

and, 290mutual recognition in Self-consciousness

and, 291objective Spirit and, 299

conscience, objective Spirit and, 299–302Consciousness

division overcome by self-consciousnessand recognition, 172

object of, as Spirit, 290subjective Spirit and, 283–292unity with Self-consciousness, 284

Constant, Benjamin, 305

constitutionethical life and, 303state and, 306

“contemplation,” Hegelian “striving” and,85

contentmeasure and, 147and objectivity, abstract

Self-consciousness and, 285contingency

absolute necessity and, 195actuality and, 192, 197Henrich’s discussion of, 193

contract, Hegel’s discussion of, 7–8Contradiction

contrariety and, 189–190of determinate being and finitude, 79of morality, 300diversity as, 253in Doctrine of Essence, 82Düsing’s discussion of, 177of the finite, 70–76, 284Hegel’s doctrine of reality of, xxviiifrom opposition to, 184–190reality as, 177resolution of, calls for new conception of

determination, 190of self-feeling in an other, 252true infinity and, 187

contrariety, and contradiction, 189–190copulation (Begattung)

“death” of individual and, 253genus concept and, 274

“corporation,” Hegel’s discussion of, 304,305

Corpus Hermeticum, 106cost-benefit calculation, Hegelian thought

and reason and, 117“creationism,” Absolute Spirit and, 277“creative eternal Idea,” presupposed by

Intelligence, 293Crites, Stephen, 102critical thinking, what is essence of, 246Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, 304Critique of Judgment, 119

determining reflection in, 172rational psychology in, 279teleology in, 242

Critique of Practical Reason, 21ethics in, 232immortality postulate in, 77God postulate in, 45




index 327

Critique of Pure Reason, xxvAntinomies of, 49Hegelian universality in, 221Idea concept in, 243forms of intuition in, 293metaphysics in, 246theism in, 45Transcendental Deduction in, 225

culture (Bildung), in civil society, 303, 305custom (Sitte), objective Spirit and, 302

Dasein. See determinate beingDe Anima, 72, 245, 255death

of individual, 253–258, 274Wolff’s interpretation of Hegel’s concept

of natural, 275De libero arbitrio, 197Democritus, 136Descartes, René, 2, 9

dualism of, 295Guyer’s discussion of, 98–99knowledge argument of, 115ontology of, 101“purification” stage in, 108

desireagent and, 41freedom and, 319naturalism and, 15Plato on, 236rational authority and, 15–16Self-consciousness and, 286self-government and, 39–42will and, 11–13, 16

determinate being (Dasein)essence as self-supersession of, 177finitude and, 79Hegel’s concept of, 48Heidegger’s “thrownness” of, 191inner universality of nature and, 275limit/limitation and, 74measure and, 150negation and, 59not an answer to atomism, 127objective thinking and, 54–59property and, 298quality and, 59–64reality and, 90, 92–96reflection contrasted with, 170subjectivity originated in, 227unity of being and nothing, 58universality of living being not in, 275

determinate negation, 58determinateness

being-for-self and, 144essence and, 161in Doctrine of Concept, 215“I” concept and, 221measure and, 150of Spirit, 276

determination, objective Spirit and, 300determining reflection

in Doctrine of Essence, 169, 172, 173identity and difference and, 175–177Kant’s concept of, 172“lost in the negation”, 237positedness and, 173–174

determinisminfinity and, 75Kant’s philosophy of freedom and, 50responsibility and, 26voluntarism and, 26–27

deVries, Willem A., 245, 263on absolute Idea, and individual ‘I,’ 287on “mechanical memory,” 296

Dewey, John, 2“dialectic.” See also Contradiction

of Hegel, xxviiiDiderot, Denis, 44, 296difference, reflection-determination and,

175–177, 178–180Differenzschrift (The Difference Between Fichte’s

and Schelling’s System of Philosophy),119–121

diversity (Verschiedenheit)difference and identity and, 179external reflection, 172identity and, 253like and unlikeness and, 183of negativity, 263reality as, 177reflection-determination and, 180–184

“divine command theory,” 43divinity. See also religion; theism

of Absolute Spirit, 308duality of human being and, 319freedom and, 208–213Hegel’s view of, 8–9Idea and “cunning” of reason and,

247–249individualism and, 10negativity as, 264personhood in, 248self-sufficiency of, 240




328 index

Doctrine of Beingabsolute indifference in, 158diversity and, 180Doctrine of Concept and, 222immediacy in, 166important for Hegel’s relation to

Aristotle, 245in-and-for-itself as upshot of, 155–159,

240“positing” understood so as to take

account of, 171quantity and measure in, 131in Science of Logic, 48“self-standingness” in, 164subjectivity and freedom in, 211

Doctrine of Conceptabstraction in, 237actuality and, 198Aristotelian ideas in, 198anticipated by Kant (according to

Hegel), xxv, xxviatomism and, 127, 260–265being-for-self collapse and, 142–143being and, 55–59being-in-and-for-self in, 159, 241broad concept of selfhood in, 110determinism and responsibility

addressed by, 26Doctrine of Being and, 222“emptiness” charge clarified by, 231, 232estates and, 304freedom and, 52, 211as “free love” and true infinity, 216–218Hegelian theism and, 46identity and, 261immediacy as objectivity in, 240intuition and, 167Kantian philosophy and, 220mechanism in, 172mediateness of, 266nature and, 271nature “released” in, 269objectivity in, 239–243ontology in, 91particularity vs. singularity in, 228–230rationality as goodness in, 198reality in, 244soul in, 249subject-object identity and, 168, 237–239substance and, 214–216substance-subject thesis in, 224–228theism in, 101, 102

“thought” in, 220totality in, 214, 237transition to freedom in, 88as transition to modernity, 91two kinds of universality in, 218–224will and, 233–237

Doctrine of Essenceabsolute indifference and, 154–155absolute necessity in, 196actuality in, 190–192, 245Aristotelian ideas in, 198atomism and, 127being-for-self collapse and, 142–143being-in-and-for-self and, 155–159contradiction in, 82, 184–190identity in, 175–177, 261immediacy and, 191in-and-for-itself in, 155–159, 240infinite determinateness and, 165necessity and freedom in, 190–192,

199–213necessity and search for knowledge in,

259negativity and, 164, 183, 189, 211, 217recollection in, 155as reflection, 169–174reflection-determination and, 176reflection to actuality in, 190–192self-determination in, 210shine and negativity in, 159–169subject-object identity and, 168transition to concept in, 88

“doubling” of individual, Hegel’sdiscussion of, 252, 263

Self-consciousness and, 287Doz, André, 53, 196dualism

Cartesian, 295connected with freedom, 319–322empiricism, true infinity and, 80–82and Hegel’s treatment of individualism,

xxv–xxviHegel doesn’t simply reject, 44, 294, 295of Kant, 14, 26, 44Kantian concept vs. intuition, 120opposed by empiricism/naturalism, 80spurious and true infinity and, 77

Dudley, Will, xxvi–xxviiDüsing, Klaus, 53, 89

on freedom, 212on Hegelian identity, 177on substance-subject transition, 143




index 329

Eckhart (Meister), 104, 106, 256education, in civil society, 303, 305effect (Wirkung), causality and, 200egoism. See also rational egoism

absolute Idea as refutation of, 260–265civil society and, 305“exclusive” singularity and, 262Idea of life and, 257options for defender of, 168

Emile, 305empirical science

freedom and, xxiii–xxiv, 1, 321empiricism

“compatibilism” and, 82Hegel’s critique of, 83Kant and, 41philosophy and, 10true infinity and, 80–82volition concept of, 83

“emptiness”concreteness vs., 228–230in Doctrine of Concept, 231, 232of Kantian ethics, 20–21, 48, 231–233of freedom, apparent ethical, 20–21

Encyclopedia Logic, xxiv–xxviactuality in, 198freedom in, 210, 212infinity in, 295“reason” in, 198singularity in, 234Stekeler-Weithofer on, 97theology in, xxv–xxx, 96true infinity in, 49, 82, 87–88

Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, 5, 73condemned by Kojève as theistic, 46Concept ascends from nature in, 270nature becomes Spirit in, 19rational autonomy clarified in, 19

Engels, Friedrich, 209Enlightenment

critics of, 4, 312Hegelian theism and, 44–47individualism of, 4naturalism and, 100Romanticism’s critique of, 312

enthusiasm (Schwärmerei), Hegeliantheology and, 105

Epicurus, 136, 139, 142essence. See Doctrine of Essenceestates, 304estates general, Hegel’s discussion of, 307“ethical life,” 302–307

civil society and, 303–305customs of, 303

ethics. See also moralityapparent emptiness of freedom and,

20–21free agent and, in “Quality” 72of Hegel, xxxi, 6–7, 21, 232individualism and, xxiii, 27–31of Kant, “emptiness” of, for Hegel, 21,

48, 231–233Kant on autonomy and, 39–42relation of autonomy to, Hegelian

reformulation of, 42–44evil

freedom and will and, 131good vs., 320objective Spirit and, 299–302

“exaggerated individuation,” Schmidt’scomments on, 196

“exclusive” singularity, egoism and, 262existentialism, Hegelian “death” and,

258external determination, superseded in

Hegelian “thought,” 117externality

of nature, 275subjectivity in nature and, 270

external reflectionin Doctrine of Essence, 169, 170, 172immediacy and, 172positing in advance and, 172, 182diversity and, 180

faithAbsolute Spirit and, 310knowledge and, 116–118

Faith and Knowledge, 71, 116Hegel’s critique of Kant in, 246“intuitive intellect” in, 121true infinity outlined in, 118–119

familycivil society and state and, 306Hegel’s discussion of natural difference

in, 280objective Spirit and, 303

feeling (Gefühl/Empfindung), Hegelianconcept of,

family and, 303intuition as, 293sensation and, 282

Ferrarin, Alfredo, 53, 245Fetscher, Iring, 281




330 index

Feuerbach, LudwigCohen’s discussion of, 99on Hegelian idealism, 95, 125on Hegelian theism, xxx, 46, 99, 102on immortality of soul, 256on transcendence in Hegelian theology,

99Fichte, J. G., 71, 84, 116

apperception in philosophy of, 227Hegelian spurious infinity and, 124in Hegel’s Differenzschrift, 119, 120idealism of, 160on identity, Hegel’s response to, 177nature-morality relation of, 146on “positing,” 169subjectivity in philosophy of, 283

fideism, Hegel’s discussion of, 116Figure (Gestalt), animal functioning and,

273–276finite

contradiction and, 70–73, 284freedom and, 208Guyer’s critique of Hegel’s critique of, 99Hegelian concept of, 66–69infinite and, 69–73Pippin’s discussion of Hegel’s critique

of, 68reality of, 43, 90, 249is only as a transcending of itself, 77, 248Theunissen’s critique of Hegel’s critique

of, 78finitude

contradiction in, 79as means to being-in-itself, 67negativity and, 86reality and, 85, 249, 301Taylor’s interpretation of Hegel’s

critique of, 122–126is only as a transcending of itself, 77, 85,

101true infinity and, 254

“first-person” perspective, 13role of in relation to reality, 14

“fool,” Hobbes’s rational choice theoryand, 28–29

formsAristotelian concept of, 216, 244Hegelian “formism,” 244Platonic concept of, 38, 112of intuition, subjective Spirit and, 293

Forster, Michael N.,on dualism, 294

on Hegel’s recognition argument, 289on skepticism, 110

Franco, Paul, xxviFrankfurt, Harry,“free actualities,” Hegelian concept of,

196freedom

of agent, 141–143Anglo-American philosophers of, 82apparent ethical emptiness of, 20–21as arbitrariness, 133atomism and, 127being-within-self and, 74cultural commitment to individualism

and, 1–4desire vs. reason and, 319Doctrine of Being and, 49Doctrine of Essence and transition to,

88–90evil and, 132Hegel’s “standard” that reflects, 19, 37Hegel’s theory of, xxvi–xxix, 5, 6–7, 10,

11its fundamental agreement with Kant’s

and Fichte’s, 125human subject vs. natural object and,

320human vs. divine beings and, 208–213,

319of origin of nature, 268infinity and nature and, 73–76, 86Kant and Hegel’s philosophies

compared, 22–27, 49Kantian conception of, 50–52, 72, 87love and, 216–218, 321master and bondsman relationship and,

288nature and, xxiii, xxvii, 14, 51–52necessity and, 209objectivity and, 289of objects, Self-consciousness and, 287philosophical concepts of, 22–27property and contract in context of, 7promoted by state, 306as rational autonomy, 18–20reality and, 141–143reciprocal action to, 203reproduction of genus and, 257in Science of Logic, xxvi–xxviiiself-transcending being and, 74skepticism or despair about

(European), 1




index 331

as slavery for the inclinations, 18–20social atomism and, 137spurious and true infinity and, 76–80substance-subject thesis and, 88–90Trendelenburg’s discussion of, 203will and, 15, 297

“free love,” as feature of finite things, inIdea, 263

Concept as, 216–218and universal Self-consciousness, 291

Freemasons, 46, 106friendship, Aristotle on, 39

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 227Gauthier, David, 29–31

on egoism, 263Plato and, 31–39on rational choice theory, 131on social atomism, 139

“genus” (Gattung)animal functioning and, 273–276assimilation and, 273death of individual and, 254freedom and, 320Hegelian universality and “identity with

other” and, 250–253individuality and, 261soul and, 279true infinity and, 255

Gethmann-Siefert, Annemarie,313

“given,” Hegelian critique of, 159–169subjective Spirit and, 293as embodying thought, 167

Glaucon (Plato), 32social atomism and, 139

Gnosticism, Hegelian theism and, 46God. See divinity; theismgoing into itself (Insichgehen), 156, 162good

vs. evil, 320knowledge and promotion of, 259, 262objective Spirit and, 302

government (Regierung), Hegel’s discussionof, 306

Greek atomism, 134Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 21,

42and Hegel’s critique of Kantian ethics,

232moral law in, 40standpoint of freedom, 50

Guyer, Paul, 51, 60Descartes and Hegel compared by, 98on Hegelian infinite, 125on Hegel’s critique of the finite, 73, 121on Hegel’s early critique of Kant, 246on Hegel’s determinate being, 69and Hegel’s critique of Kant’s notion of

intuition, 167

habit (Gewohnheit), Hegel’s discussion of,282

Halper, Edward, 93Hardimon, Michael, 198, 199Hartnack, Justus, xxviiHarrelson, Kevin Joseph, 102Harris, Errol E., 124Hartmann, Klaus, xxviiHegel, xxx, 122, 209Hegel, G. W. F.

Kant and, xxiv, xxvpolitical and religious controversies

concerning, xxix–xxxiireformulation of Kant’s argument from

ethics to autonomy by, 42–44Western philosophical tradition and, 92

Heidegger, Martin, 2atomism and, 135being-towards-death concept of, 258on Hegelian theology, 103–109thrownness concept of, 191

Henrich, Dieter, xxvii, 102, 166on contingency, 193

Hermetic philosophy, 46Hegelian theology and, 106–109Magee’s overview of, 106, 108

history, Hegelian philosophy of, 126, 307Hobbes, Thomas, xxv

agent and action discussed by, 23atomism and philosophy of, 142compatibilism of, 209egoism in philosophy of, 263empiricist compatibilism and, 82ethical theory of, xxxiethics and individualism in philosophy

of, 27–31on individualism, 10Kant and, 41, 50Plato and, 31–39rational choice theory and, 131social atomism and, 137, 138, 139

Horstmann, Rolf-Peter, 89–90, 143, 212human function, Aristotelian concept of, 53




332 index

humanist critics of Hegel, 104human needs

in civil society, 304individualism and, 3–4“master and bondsman” (Herr und

Knecht) concept and, 288human rights, individualism and, 2–3Hume, David, xxv, xxvii

agent and action discussed by, 23apparent atheism of, 45compatibilism of, 209empiricism of, 80, 82, 161ethical theory of, xxxion freedom and self-governance, 50on individualism, 10Kant and, 41on knowledge of physical world, 2on reason and passion, 12

Hutcheson, Frances, 41Huxley, Aldous, 105“hyperquality,” negation and, 64–66hypothetical imperative, categorical

imperative vs., 6

“I,” Hegelian concept of, 220–221absolute Idea and, 287Consciousness and, 283division of, 283individual vs. absolute, 263Kant’s theory of knowledge and, 223as object of self-consciousness, 283particularization and singularity of, 233Self-consciousness as ‘I = I,’ 285, 286

Iber, Christian, xxvii, 166on diversity, 177on Hegelian identity, 177on Hegel’s idealism, 177

Idea. See also Absolute Idea, Hegelianconcept of

as cognition or spirit, 258–260becomes self-knowing science, 268“cunning” of reason and, 247–249in Doctrine of Concept, 219Hegelian concept of, 55–59, 94, 198Kant’s concept of, 243, 246as life, 249–250metaphysics of, defensible, 246new concept of individuality in, 262objective Spirit relies on, 299objectivity of, 258from objectivity to, 243rationality of, 236

reason and actuality and, 243–246Spirit and, 276state and, 306subjective Spirit and, 293subjectivity of, 258truth and, 245

idealism, Hegel’s, xxviii, 54, 213contrasted to subjectivism, 54comparable to Plato’s idealism, 116, 296negativity-true infinity argument and, 90reality/ideality and, 92–96self-determination and, 168“thought is being” and, 296

idealism, Plato’s, 116, 296idealism, subjective (Berkeley), 54, 93, 244idealism, transcendental (Kant), 54, 94,

100, 191ideality

“realism/idealism” argument and, 92–96as reality, 188

identityabsolute difference and, 176difference and, 178of finite/infinite, 125Hegelian concept of, 175–177, 261with other individual, 253mutual recognition and, 320negation and, 175reflection-determination and, 175–177of Self-consciousness with its object, 286

“identity with the other,” the “genus’s”universality and, 250–253

imagination, subjective Spirit and, 294immanentism

Stekeler-Weithofer’s description ofHegel’s Logic as, 96, 97

“immanent character,” self-determining,219

immediacyassimilation and, 273being-for self and, 144of individual perishes in copulation, 253desire of Self-consciousness and

negation of, 286in Doctrine of Essence, 191, 215external reflection and, 172Hegel’s new treatment of, in “Essence,”

166necessity and, 209negativity and, 164, 166objectivity and, 239of reflection, 169




index 333

shine and negativity and, 159–169substance’s, 201

immediate determinacy, Hegel’s objectionto Kantian, 161

immoral autonomy, Kant’s denial ofpossibility of, 21

immorality, will and, 40immortality

Hegel’s view of, 256Kantian postulate of, 77, 256Plato’s discussion of, 255

in-and-for-itselfDoctrines of Being and Essence and,

155–159, 240identity of absolute Idea, 264of matter (Sache), 239of objectivity, 240

“incompatibilism”in Anglo-American philosophy, 82, 83how Hegel relates to, 82–83Kantian version of, 209

individual/individualismcritiques of, xxiii–xxivcultural commitment to, 1–4“death” of, 253–258, 274divinity and, 10division within, 280ethics and, 27–31freedom and, 321Hegel’s concept of, xxv–xxvi, 11, 27–31Hegel’s endorsement of, 5–9human rights and, 2–3Kant’s articulation of, 21knowledge of physical world and, 2needs and social relationships and, 3–4temperament of, 279

infinite determinatenessDoctrine of Being and, 164Doctrine of Essence and, 165

infinite/infinity. See also spurious infinity;true infinity

“affirmative determination,” 78being-in-itself and, 159finite and, 69–73freedom and nature and, 73–76, 86humanist criticism of, 104Kierkegaard on Hegel’s “bad infinite,”

80measure and, 150

infinite progressdesire of Self-consciousness and, 286quantitative vs. qualitative, 146

initial decision (Entschluss), freedom ofIdea and, 268

“inner specifying unity”absolute indifference and, 155measure and, 150, 152, 263

intelligenceHegel’s account incompatible with

physicalism/behaviorism, 295subjective Spirit and, 293–298as “thought,” 296–297

international law, state and, 307intuition

Kant’s concept of, 161, 167, 293knowledge and, 161, 167theoretical Spirit and, 293–298

“intuitive intellect,” Hegel’s discussion of,121

inwardizing (Insichgehen), 155, 156. See alsorecollecting

of essence, 224Inwood, Michael

on absolute Idea and individual ‘I,’ 263,287

on skepticism, 110on “striving” vs. Hegel’s true infinity,

83–84irritability, Hegelian concept of, 250Irwin, T. H., 36–37, 39

on Aristotle, 36on Kant on rational prudence, 42on Plato, 33, 36

Jacobi, F. H., 60, 116Jaeschke, Walter, 102, 256

on Hegel’s three syllogisms, 318judgment (Urteil)

Absolute Spirit and, 314Hegelian Concept and, 237–238immediate singularity in, 248“thought” and, 297universality of Self-consciousness and,

286justice, Plato on, 31–39, 41

Kant, Immanuelagent and action discussed by, 23–27on treating agent “merely as means,” 141Antinomies of, 49apperception in philosophy of, 227autonomy principle of, 6–7, 20, 49Categorical Imperative of, 219, 231determining reflection concept, 172




334 index

Kant, Immanuel (cont.)Doctrine of Concept and, 220, 221dualism of, 14his response to egoism, 40, 232ethical theory of, xxxi, 16, 301

autonomy in, 42–44“emptiness” of, for Hegel, 231–233

fideism of, 116on freedom, 22–27, 87, 197on “good will,” 33Guyer’s defense of, 121Hegelian spurious infinity and, 79in Hegel’s Differenzschrift, 119, 120Idea and concepts of reason of, 243,

246idealism of, 160, 296incompatibilism of, 209individualism of, 10influence on Hegel, xxiv–xxv, 53intuition concept of, 161, 167, 293“kingdom of ends” of, 50, 290on knowledge, 121his view of metaphysics, 246moral theory of, 31nature-morality relation of, 146noumenal/phenomenal world of

freedom and, xxvii, 13, 26, 50Hegelian theism and, 45spurious and true infinity and, 77, 124

ontological argument critiqued by, 101Plato and, 34rational autonomy concept of, 6–7

morality as, 70–72young Hegel’s critique of, 85

rational choice theory compared to, 138Schelling’s critique of, 5his self-determination contrasted with

Hegel’s “negativity,” 65subjectivity in philosophy of, 225, 283teleology of, 242theism of, 44–47, 127transcendental idealism of, 54, 94, 100,

191, 223two standpoints of, 75on will, 10–17will and philosophy of, 233Bernard Williams’ critique of, 40Wood’s critique of, 40

Kierkegaard, Sørencompared to Hegel’s “atomism,” 135“disillusionment” prediction of, 84–85on Hegel’s nation of spurious infinity, 80

on Hegel’s metaphysics and theology,84, 103, 105

religious philosophy of, 118“kingdom of ends” (Kant), 50

Hegel’s universal Self-consciousness and,290

kleptomania,agent vs. action and, 25Ayer’s discussion of, 83

“knowing subjectivity,” as goal of state, 306knowledge

of Absolute Spirit, 308–312absolute spirit’s science and, 317art and, 312–313concept vs. intuition in, 121faith and, 116–118, 310Hegelian true infinity and, 109–116Hegel’s theory of, xxvii, 109–116“I” concept and Kant’s theory of, 223Kantian intuition and, 161, 167Kantian “critical” thinking and, 246promotion of good and, 259, 262

Kojève, Alexandre, 46on Hegel as atheist, 97on Hegelian theology, 102

Korsgaard, Christine, 13Kraut, Richard, 33

Lakebrink, Bernhard, xxviilanguage, Hegel’s discussion of, 295law

in civil society, 304state and, 306

Law of Non-Contradiction, 188Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 115Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, xxx

philosophy as “service of God” in, 310critique of spurious infinity in, 98true infinity in, 119, 223

“Left Hegelians,” xxviii, xxix–xxxLeibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 125, 160, 207,

279Leucippus, 136Leviathan, 28–29libertarian theory of freedom and

responsibility, 22life

absolute Idea and, 260cognition and, 262doubling of individual and, 287freedom and, 257, 287Hegelian Idea as, 249–250




index 335

immortality and, 256in Philosophy of Nature, 271

likeness, identity and difference and, 181limit (Grenze), Hegelian concept of, 68. See

also finitude 68finite and infinite and, 69–73Guyer’s discussion of, 121negation of the negation and, 86of quantity, 145

limitation (Schranke), 70living being. See also being, life

assimilation in, 273effort to build its singularity into

universality, 274self-division within, 274

Locke, John, 60, 161Logic

absolute necessity in, 196atomism in, 127, 133Being, Nothing, and Becoming triad,

55–57being and finite in, 187being concept in, 5, 55–59, 189being-in-itself and, 67cognition and, 260contingency in, 193determinations from, in consciousness,

284discourse in, 91egoism in, 263freedom in, xxvi–xxviii, 49, 206, 209justice in, 39modern relevance of, xxx, xxxii–xxxiiinature and spirit from, 268–270negativity and, 14, 49objective thinking in, 53–54ontology and, 91rational autonomy discussed in, 19rational egoism and, 142reality in, 189Sache selbst concept in,self-transcending being and, 73social atomism and, 139subjectivity in, 225, 226–228substance-subject thesis in, 89syllogism of, 318Taylor’s discussion of, 203theism in, 46, 48, 97, 217true infinity and, 14, 49, 120, 295

Loveand universal Self-consciousness, 291as rational, xxviii, 118

Hegelian Concept and, 216–218feature of finite things, in Idea, 263ultimate reality a freedom

indistinguishable from, 321

madness, Hegel’s discussion of, 282Magee, Glenn Alexander, 46, 106, 108

on Hegelian theology, 106–109on Hegel’s claims to knowledge, 109

manifestationidentified with revelation, 314of inner identity, Hegelian discussion of,

206in Doctrine of Concept, 214, 229

of God, Absolute Spirit and, 314Marx, Karl, 95

Cohen’s account of, 99critique of Hegel by, 304Hegel compared with, 95

“master and bondsman” (Herr und Knecht),Hegel’s concept of, 288–289. Seealso slavery

materialism. See also atomism, Democritus,Feuerbach, Marx, naturalism,physicalism/behaviorism, Thales,Theunissen

Hegel’s affinity to, 295–296transcendence in, 94–95

matter (Sache)in Doctrine of Essence, 239necessity and, 259objectivity and, 241will and, 300

McDowell, John, 161Gadamer and, 227on Hegelian subjectivity, 225–228

meaning, name and, 296measure (Mass)

determinateness and, 168atomism and, 130, 131“inner specifying unity” and, 150, 152,

263quantity and, 145union of quality and quantity in,

147–152“mechanical memory,” 296Mechanics/Mechanism

diverse objects of, 261, 263, 264externality of, 270Hegelian Idea and, 249of objectivity, 240Robert Williams’ discussion of, 292




336 index

mediatedness, Hegelian concept of,266

mediation, immediacy as, 215Meditations, 2, 108, 115memory (Gedächtnis), language and, 296metaphysics

Hegel’s view of, 91–92modernity and, 91–92rational defense of, 246–247

Metaphysics (Aristotle)self-thinking thought in, 265, 317Hegel’s Absolute Spirit and, 317

Metaphysics of Morals, ethics in, 232“Method,” as being and result, 265–267Miller, A. V., 145, 160, 201, 228modality

Hegelian concept of, 192as self-determination, 207

modernityhomesickness and, xxivmetaphysics and, 91–92

“moment” and “result,” 58monarchy

Bosworth’s discussion of, 307power and, 306

Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles-Louis deSecondat), 306

moralityin Categorical Imperative, 41Hegelian theology and, 45Hegel’s characterization of Kant’s ethics

as, 21Kant’s theory of, 31, 70–72

Hegel’s critique of, 231objective Spirit and, 299–302in Philosophy of Right, 301rational choice theory and, 30

moral law, in Groundwork of the Metaphysicsof Morals, 40

Morals by Agreement, 30–31motion, Hegel’s discussion of, 241mutual recognition

particularization of Self-consciousnessand, 290, 320

in Phenomenology of Spirit, 290Self-consciousness’ concreteness and,

291universal Self-consciousness and,

mysticismHegelian immortality and, 256Hegelian theology and, 104, 105rationalism and, 109

Nagel, Thomas, 13“name,” language as, 295“name-retaining memory,” 296national Spirits dialectic, 307natural difference (Naturunterschied),

Hegel’s concept of, 280naturalism

action and philosophy of, 15, 23–27desire and, 12Enlightenment form of, 100not whole of “reality”, 14philosophy and, 10rational choice theory and, 28–29spirit and, 19

Natural Law, 21nature

as rational (Hegel and Schelling), 120externality of, 275freedom and, 14, 50–52Hegel on impotence of, 228infinity, freedom, and, 73–76inner universality of, 275reality of, 90self-sufficiency in, 61spurious and true infinity and, 79subjectivity within, 270–276syllogism of, 318transition from Logic to, 268–270

necessityactuality and, 193freedom as appreciation of (Engels),

209immediacy and, 209reciprocal action, 204search for knowledge and, 259to freedom, 190–192, 199–213true infinity and, 88–90

negationatomism and, 127, 132–136being-within-self and, 74determinate, 58determinate being and, 59Doctrine of Concept and, 215, 223Hegelian “something” (Etwas), 63identity and, 175of immediacy, desire of

Self-consciousness and, 286philosophers’ discussion of, 61quality as, 60–64quantity and, 147self-sufficiency and, 63Taylor’s discussion of, 63




index 337

negation of the negation, Hegelianconcept of, 64–66

“negative” freedom, 25“negative theology,” 256negativity

and Absolute Idea, 264not clarified by Wolff, 186Doctrine of Being and, 48–49Doctrine of Concept and, 266Doctrine of Essence and, 173, 183, 211identity and, 261immediacy and, 164, 166“inner specifying unity” and, 263negation of the negation and, 64–66opposition and contradiction and, 186shine and, 159–163, 169, 205survives Doctrines of Being and Essence,

88true infinity and, 86–88

Neuhouser, Frederick, xxviNicolin, G., 256Nicomachean Ethics, 27, 108

end as activity in, 84friendship in, 39human function in, 235, 255

Nietzsche, Friedrich, xxvHegelian negation of the negation and,

86on Kant’s Categorical Imperative, 17on the self, 65

“nodal line” (Knotenlinie) ofmeasure-relations, 149

non-beingof quantum, 147

Non-Contradiction Principle, 111nothing, 55noumenal world

Hegelian theology and, 45Kant’s concept of, xxvii, 14, 26, 50spurious infinity and, 77

Nozick, Robert, 42

Obedience to rules, rational choice theoryand, 29–31

object (Gegenstand)of Consciousness, 283, 284of “recognition,” 289

objective reality, conceptual relations in, 226objective Spirit

Absolute Spirit and, 309basic principles of, 298ethical life and, 302–307

family and, 303in Spirit as a whole, 277morality, conscience and evil and,

299–302in Philosophy of Right, 265right, property, and wrong and, 298–299

objective thinkingbeing and, 54–59in Hegel’s Logic, 53–54

objectivityabstract Self-consciousness and, 285in Doctrine of Concept, 91of Idea, 258immediacy and, 239in-and-for-itself and, 240, 243Judgment and Syllogism and, 239and Anselm’s ontological argument, 239and the good, 259subjectivity to, 237–239transition to Idea, 239–243

Oetinger, F. C., 46“On the Relationship of Skepticism to

Philosophy,” 5, 109ontological argument for God, 101, 239ontology

relevance of Kant to, 223seen as obsolete, 91

“ontotheology,” Heidegger’s concept of,105

opposition (Gegensatz)to contradiction, 184–190“reality” as, 177as reflection-determination, 180–184

O’Regan, Cyril, 46, 256Orlando, 254other-determination

negation of the negation and, 86self-determination and, 65

ought (Sollen)Absolute Spirit and, 318atomism and, 141desire and, 319and transcending finitude, 182Hegelian concept of, 57“I” concept and, 221Kant’s concept of, 221, 222morality and, 301in physical world, 241self-determination and, 169Taylor’s analysis of, 125true infinity and, 110

ownness, being and, 294




338 index

“panentheism” concept, 103pantheism, 98, 103particularity

opposition of heaven and earth, 314of the concept, 214–216of Self-consciousness, 286, 290,

320of the will, 233singularity and, 228–230

Pascal, Blaisecritic of rationalism in theology, 105religious philosophy of, 118

passive substance, Hegelian concept of,201, 214–216

pathological love, 18Kant’s concept of, 18

Patten, Alan, xxviPeel, Robert (Sir), 304Peirce, C. S., 60“perceiving” (wahrnehmend), Consciousness

as, 284Perennial Philosophy, 105personhood

divine,objective Spirit and, 298

Phaedo, 33, 36, 255phenomenal world

Hegelian theology and, 45Kant’s concept of, xxvii, 13, 26, 50spurious infinity and, 77

phenomenology, Consciousness and Spiritand, 283

Phenomenology of Spirit, 53alienness in, 44Categorical Imperative discussed in, 88critical of Hegel’s previous approach,

119, 120critique of “given” in, 293does not “reject” dualism, 294freedom in, 11infinity in, 295parallels EG’s “phenomenology,” 283objective thinking in, 54“recognition” in, 292Sache selbst concept in, 113Self-consciousness in, 287as response to skepticism, 109subjectivity in, 225substance-subject thesis in, 89, 224supposed atheism of, 46, 97“unhappy consciousness” in, 44, 98

PhilosophyAbsolute Spirit and, 310, 315, 316–318freedom and, 307

Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 2Philosophy of Hegel, The, 209Philosophy of History, “cunning” of reason

and, 247Philosophy of Nature, xxix

atomism answered by, 127generation of space and time in, 294nature’s transition to Concept in, 270ontology in, 91rational egoism and, 142response to egoism in, 265selfhood in, 72side-by-sideness and, 172subsumed in Absolute Sprit, 318treatment of, in this book, xxxii

Philosophy of Right, xxviactual-rational concept in, 197, 199, 245“actuality” in, 246atomism and, 127Categorical Imperative discussed in, 89Concept and will in, 233–237desire discussed in, 14–15endorses Kantian autonomy, 71ethics in, 232family discussed in, 280freedom discussed in, 52indeterminacy described in, 10Kantian morality critiqued in, 231Kant’s reason/desire relation overcome

in, 19Logic prepares the way for, 48morality in, 301objective Spirit in, 265, 298political misunderstanding of, xxixproperty and contract discussed in, 7–8rational-actual dictum in,rationality of justice presupposed in, 39self-governance in, 6, 7self-transcending being and, 73social philosophy issues in, 1“standard” to assess desires in, 37universal, particular, and singular in, 276will discussed in, 16–17, 297, 299

Philosophy of Spirit, xxvi, xxixAbsolute Spirit in, 318atomism and, 127as response to atomism, 127Cognition concept in, 114




index 339

Concept ascends out of nature in, 270division of Consciousness superseded in,

172ethics in, 232freedom discussed in, 7, 52, 90, 211justice in, 39Logic prepares the way for, 48nature as spirit in, 98objective Spirit in, 298rational egoism and, 142response to egoism in, 263, 265“recognition” argument in, 289“thought” concept in, 211, 212, 220treatment of, in this book, xxxii

physicalism/behaviorism, Hegel’salternative to, 294, 295

PhysicsHegelian concept of, 270specified measure and, 148

Physics (Aristotle), 245Pinkard, Terry, 64, 104, 256Pippin, Robert, xxvii, 68, 124, 221“plan of Povidence,” Hegel’s discussion of,

307plant life, Hegel’s discussion of, 250, 272Plato, 9

anti-atomism in, 258Aristotle and, xxv–xxxon ascent of desire, 236Butler and Reid agree with, 42ethical theory of, xxxi, 43, 219Hegel and, 34, 53, 112Hegel’s Idea concept and, 243, 244Hegel’s relation to, 53, 112higher reality of, 118idea concept of, 94idealism of, 116, 296on the individual, 10on justice, 33, 41on love, 118, 291political community of, 311practical reasoning concept of, 27recollection (anamnesis) of,“reproduction” in Symposium of, 250, 255on self-government, 39social atomism and, 138, 139soul in Republic of, 235Watson’s relation to, 27on will and justice, 31–39

Plotinus, 104“police,” Hegel’s discussion of, 304

positing in advance (Voraussetzen)causality and, 201external reflection and, 172, 182of nature, 277reflection and, 170–171

positing (Setzen)in the Concept, 215negativity and, 173real necessity and, 194reflection as, 169–174

possibility, actuality and, 203postmodernism

freedom and, 321Hegelian negation of the negation and,

86individuality and, xxiiiself-determination and, 65

powerbureaucracy and, 307monarchy and, 306state and, 306Theunissen’s discussion of, 217of the universal, 217, 218

“presence in it,” 67Price, A. W., 39Principle Doctrines, 137probabilism, 301“process of recognition,”

Self-consciousness and, 286Proclus, 104“progressive alteration” (Fortgang seiner

Veränderung), measure and, 150property

Hegel’s discussion of, 7–8, 299objective Spirit and, 298–299

Protagoras, 36prudence, Kant’s discussion of, 40–42psychological traits, agent vs. action and,

24“Psychology” section, in Hegel’s subjective

Spirit, 293public authority, Hobbes on obedience to,

29–30Putnam, Hilary, 296

“Quality,” Hegel’s chapter onabsolute indifference and, 152–154Absolute Spirit depends on, 277and contradictoriness of morality, 301atomism and, 127, 135being-in-itself and, 157




340 index

“Quality,” Hegel’s chapter on (cont.)determinate being in, 59–64, 284echoed in “Difference,” 178empiricism/naturalism and, 81Kantian dualism and, 80–82, 88measure and, 147response to skepticism in, 115reformulated and defended under

“Necessity,” 210quantity

absolute indifference and, 152–154determinateness and, 168atomism and, 130, 131measure and, 147unity and, 143–147

quantum, Hegelian concept of, 145–147alteration of, 150measure and, 150

Quine, W. V. O., 161

random conversion, of contingency, 193rational autonomy. See also autonomy

freedom as, 18–20Kant’s concept of

Hegel’s critique of, 18–20, 85, 265morality as, 70

Kant’s concept of, 17rational choice theory

atomism and, 131criticized in advance by Plato, 31–39Hobbes as predecessor of, 28–31morality and, 30a normative, not just descriptive, theory,

137overview of contemporary, 29

rational egoismatomism and, 141–143ethics and, xxiii, 3Hegel’s discussion of, xxxinegativity and, 264Hegel’s reply to, 172

rational functioning, freedom and, 50, 235rationality/rationalism

actuality and, 198in Hegelian theology, 108one of two themes in Kant’s philosophy

of freedom, 50Magee’s comments on, 106mysticism and, 109as Syllogism, 238voluntarism and, 25–26

realityachieved by the inquiring mind, 112, 114atomism and, 133being and, 57–58cognition and, 2, 5–6, 112, 114, 115–116degrees of, 61–62in the Concept, 244of finite things, 43, 90, 247of freedom, 141–143idealism and, 92–96Kantian two standpoints of, 45, 75in quality, 60–64in “Quality” chapter, 51–52rational authority and, 112God and affiliation with, 8–9, 321self-sufficiency of, 61–62, 264as self-transcendence of the finite, 247transcendence and kinds of, 100true infinity and, 113, 133unity and, 63

reasondesire vs., 10–17, 19Idea and actuality and, 243–246Idea and “cunning” of, 247–249love and, xxviii, 291Gauthier’s reconciliation of morality

and, 31passion and, 12Self-consciousness and, 285–292subjective Spirit and, 293truth of, 230, 245

reciprocal actioncausation and, 204freedom and, 202–208

“recognition”Hegel’s concept of, 289–290master and bondsman relationship and,

289not a mutual-congratulation club, 289objective Spirit and, 299Redding’s discussion of, 292Self-consciousness and, 285–292

recollecting (Erinnerung), 155, 157, 162. Seealso inwardizing

Redding, Paul, 292reflection

to actuality, 190–192Consciousness as stage of, 283Essence as, 169–174nature as stage of, 277thing-in-itself and, 191




index 341

reflection-determinationdifference as, 178–180diversity to opposition in, 180–184identity and difference as, 175–177,

261individuality and, 262religion and, 314

reflection in itself, reflection-determination and, 180

Reid, Thomas, xxvii, 22, 42relation, Consciousness as stage of, 283religion. See also divinity; specific religions

Absolute Spirit and, 309–312what is false in traditional, 98Heidegger on, 103–109individualism and, 4representations of, 247revealed, in Absolute Spirit, 313–316self-determination and, 8–9state and, 311two senses of, in Hegel, 309

Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, 18,71

representationin Christianity, 314intuition becomes, 294in Hegel’s account of revealed religion,

315subjective Spirit and, 293–298

“reproducing memory,” 296reproduction. See also copulation

(Begattung)genus and, 261Hegelian conception of, 250Hegelian universality and, 250–253in Plato’s Symposium, 250

Republic, 108immortality of soul in, 255justice discussed in, 41practical reasoning in, 27soul discussed in, 235will and justice in, 31–33, 39

repulsion. See also attractionexclusive singularity and, 262identity and, 176quantity and, 145in atomism, 134, 138

resistance, social atomism and, 138responsibility

Anglo-American rationalist theorists of,27

Kant/Hegel view of, 22–27natural “determinism” and, 26naturalist view of, 23voluntarist or libertarian view of, 22

“result” and “moment,” 58revelation (das Offenbaren)

equivalent to “manifestation,” 276of god, Absolute Spirit and, 313

right, objective Spirit and, 298–299“Right Hegelians,” xxxRinaldi, Giacomo, 129

on absolute indifference, 153Robinet, A., 296“romantic” art, Hegel’s discussion of,

313Romanticism, Hegel’s agreement with,

312Rorty, Richard, 2Rosen, Michael, 58Rosicrucians, 46, 106“rote memory,” 296Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

on civil society, 305ethical theory of, xxxi

Rumi, Jelaluddin, 104

Sache selbst concept, 113Sartre, Jean-Paul, 135Scanlon, T. M., 12–13, 15Schelling, F. W. J., 5

on “indifference,” 153Hegel and, 119, 120on Hegel’s “creation” of nature, 270on identity, Hegel’s response to, 177nature-morality relation of, 146

Schiller, Friedrich, 18schizophrenia, agent vs. action and, 25Schmidt, Josef, 203Schmidt, Klaus J., 162, 174

“exaggerated individuation” discussedby, 196

on Hegelian opposition, 184on Hegel’s modality, 192

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 17Schueler, G. F., 13Schulze, G. E., idealism of, 160science

common sense and Hegelian logical,56

knowledge and, 317modern, and Hegel’s philosophy, 126




342 index

Science of Logicdiscussed by Robert Williams, 292doesn’t discuss familiar concepts, as

such, 180Doctrine of Being in, 48egoism discussed in, 232, 297freedom discussed in, xxvi–xxviii, 7, 141fulfils promises of Faith and Knowledge,

246how to approach, xxxiijudgment and syllogism in, xxviiinegativity in, 64–66, 87part of search for knowledge, 259self-determination in, 5theology in, xxx, 96“thought” concept in, 211“thought is being” thesis demonstrated

in, 297true infinity in, xxviii, 96, 119, 120

Scotus, John Duns, 60“second-order desires,” in Frankfurt’s

critique of rationalism, 12–13Sein und Schein, xxx, 205Self-consciousness

Christianity and singular, 314, 315egoism and, 297Hegel’s concept of, 11, 172“I” as object of, 284master and bondsman relationship and,

288–289objective Spirit and, 299recognition, reason and, 285–292selfhood and, 284singularity of, 315unity with Consciousness of, 284universal, 290, 291

and “free love,” 291self-determination

in the Concept, 216in Essence, 210freedom and, 207idealism and, 169negation of the negation and, 65–66, 86other-determination and, 65–66universality and, 219

self-equality, reflection-determination and,173

self-feeling, Hegel’s discussion of, 282self-government. See also autonomy

desire and, 39–42selfhood, Hegel’s conception of, 110, 116

determinate being and, 284

identity and, 261reflection-determinations and, 179reproduction and, 251universality and, 223will and, 235

self-knowledge, in Descartes and Hegel,115

self-relationship, indifference and, 154self-standingness (Selbständigkeit), 158

achieved through opposition, 185in final sections of Being, 164of other individual, 252persons, 303quantity and measure and, 168

self-sufficiencyof reality, 61, 264

self-supersessionbeing-in-itself and, 157, 158reflection-determination and, 177

self-thinking, Hegel’s Absolute Spirit and,317

self-transcendencecontra atomism, 127finite and infinite and, 72, 73–76, 85,

247, 248, 255freedom and, 74infinity, freedom and nature and, 73–76

Sellars, Wilfrid, 161sensation (Empfindung), true infinity and,

281sexual relationship

discussion of, 280for-itself/in-itself division in, 280, 281

shine (Schein)critique of “given” and, 159–169, 293in Essence, 159–169negativity and, 161–164translation of, 160

shining inward/outward, universality as,218–224

side-by-sideness (Aussereinander), 270external reflection and, 172rational egoism and, 142

signs, Hegel’s concept of subjective Spiritand, 294–295

singularityabstraction and, 237of Concept, 214–216, 248exclusive, 262individuality and, 262of “I,” 233particularity and, 228–230




index 343

revealed religion and, 314of Self-consciousness, 315Self-consciousness’s desire and negation

of, 286skepticism

Hegelian true infinity and, 109–116Kant’s dualism vulnerable to, 14recent publications on Hegel on, 110

slavery. See also “master and bondsman”(Herr und Knecht), Hegel’s conceptof

concept of will and, 233, 236of indinations, freedom as, 18–20

true infinity and, 85Smith, Adam, 7social atomism. See also rational choice

theory; rational egoismHegel’s view of, 136–140present-day influence of, 131

social contract theoryatomism and, 136in Plato, 32–33

social relationships, individuality vs., 3–4Socrates, 109, 112“something” (Etwas)

Hegel’s concept of, 5negation of the negation and, 63

Sophists, 137soul (Seele), 216, 249

Concept is not merely, 261Leibniz-Wolff doctrine of, 279Plato on immortality of, 255subjective Spirit and, 279–283, 292

space and time, Hegelian “genus” and,251

specification, determination and, 151“specified” measure, Hegelian concept of,

148Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus), 53

Hegel and, 53, 61, 120Heidegger on, 103notion of intellectual intuition, 119subjectivity in philosophy of, 283theology of, 207

“Spirit as Such,” subjective Spirit and,292–298

Spirit (Geist). See also objective Spirit;subjective Spirit

as Consciousness’s object, in universalself-consciousness, 290

death as genesis of, 253

as finitude’s redeeming transcendence,255

from Logic to nature to, 268–270Hegel’s response to skepticism is

embodied in, 114Idea as, 258–260Idea that has arrived of its being-for-self,

276–279nature becomes, 19reality that corresponds to living thing’s

inner universality, 275syllogisms of Logic, nature, and, 318Taylor’s interpretation of, 125true infinity underlies, 46will as, 297

“Spirit of Christianity and Its Fate, The,”18, 44

spurious or “bad” (schlechte) infinity,Hegelian concept of, 76–80

abstract Self-consciousness and, 286given up, in true infinity, 130our habitual conception of God and

humans, 208immortality and, 256Kant’s and Fichte’s philosophy as, 124,

223Kierkegaard’s view of, 80“ought” and, 301“negative theology” and, 257self-determination of finite as, 123self-transcendence of, 77

Stace, W. T., 195, 209standard (or “measure”) to assess desires,

37“standpoints” of Kant, 14, 75

true infinity supersedes, 48state

civil society and family in, 305, 306–307ethical life and, 303international law and, 307religion and, 311

Steinberger, Peter J., xxviiStekeler-Weithofer, Pirmin, xxvii, 102

interprets Hegel as immanentist, 96, 97Stoics, Butler and Reid agree with, 42“striving”

term stems from Fichte, 84Inwood and Kierkegaard vs. Hegel on,

83–86subjective Consciousness, Absolute Spirit’s,

312




344 index

subjective happiness, as what is good forpeople (Kant), 41

subjective SpiritAbsolute Spirit and, 309Consciousness and, 283–292Hegel’s discussion of, 277soul and, 279–283“Spirit as Such” and, 292–298

subjectivitydeterminate being and, 59–64, 227in the Idea, 258idealism and, 54, 93“movement” of causation yields, 224natural soul yields, 281within nature, 270–276to objectivity, 237–239present since “Quality,” 91promotion of the good and, 259

substancecausality and, 199–202yields Concept, 214–216

substance-subject thesis, 54, 88–90criticized by Taylor, Düsing, and

Horstmann, 89–90, 142in Doctrine of Concept, 224–228

supersession (Aufhebung). See alsoself-supersession, determinatenegation

determinate being and, 58Hegelian “something” (Etwas) and,

63Hegelian theology and, 102

Swabian Pietists, 106Syllogism (Schluss)

Concept and, 238–239(pl.) of revealed religion, 314(pl.) of Logic, Nature, and Spirit, 318“thought” and, 297

symbolic (sublime) art, Hegel’s discussionof, 313

Symposium, 38, 112, 118on ascent of desire, 236“reproduction” discussed in, 250, 255

Taylor, Charles, xxx, 27, 209, 243criticizes Hegel’s true infinity, 122–126,

254on Essence/Concept transition, 88, 142,

203Harris’s critique of, 124Hegelian philosophy of history criticized

by, 126

on Hegel’s Spirit, 99, 122, 264Hegel’s “ought” concept discussed by,

125on Hegel’s “self-generating totality”, 204on reality and negation, 51, 61, 63on substance-subject transition, 142social atomism discussed by, 131

teleologyIdea and, 249of objectivity, 240

Thales, 94theodicy, absolute necessity and, 197theology/theism, Hegelian, xxx–xxxi,

44–47absolute necessity and, 197compared to Kantian theology, 44–47Heidegger’s critique of, 103–109in Logic, 48, 217true infinity and, 96–102

theoretical Spirit, 293“theory of the good” (unexamined), 36theory/practice distinction, overcoming,

222, 223, 244, 291–292“Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis” triad,

xxxiiTheunissen, Michael, xxvii

on Hegelian finitude, 51, 78, 96echoes Marx’s critique of Hegel’s

“mystification,” 96on Hegel’s theology, xxx, 217

thing-in-itself, reflection and, 191thing (Sache), objective Spirit and, 298,

302third-person perspective, 13“thisness,” philosophers’ concept of, 60“thought,” Hegelian, 211, 212

Absolute Spirit and, 315being and, 296in Doctrine of Concept, 220self-determination and, 219theoretical Spirit and, 293–298

“thrownness,” Heidegger’s concept of,191

totalitarianism, Hegelian philosophy and,126

totality, Hegelian concept of, 214–216Concept’s self-loss and, 237ethics and, 232universality and particularity as, 234will and, 233

“traditional values,” individualism and,xxiii




index 345

transcendence. See also self-transcendenceof freedom, 223Hegelian discussion of, 97–102, 217Feuerbach’s, critique of Hegelian, 99

Transcendental Deduction (Kant), 225transcendental idealism (Kant), 54, 94,

100, 191Trendelenburg, Adolf, 80, 203Trinity, Hegelian account of, 248true infinity, Hegelian concept of. See also

infinite/infinityabstract Self-consciousness and, 285atomism and, 127, 134and appropriation of what is true in

Kant, 71and the issue about determinism and

responsibility, 26being-for-self and collapse of, 127–132,

141–143, 237, 281contradiction and, 186, 187concrete universality and, 230derivation of, 19Doctrine of Being and, 48–49early statements of, 118–122empiricism and dualism and, 80–82ethics and, 320freedom and, 53Heidegger ignores, 103–109in the Concept, 216–218knowledge and skepticism and,

109–116negation of the negation and, 86–88quality, quantity and measure triad and,

147role of the finite in, 254, 255reality and, 113reality/ideality and, 92–96search for immediacy and, 155“slavery” of the indinations and, 85spurious infinity and, 76–80“striving” and “actuality” and, 83–86substance-subject thesis and, 88–90Taylor’s interpretation of, 122–126theism and, 46, 96–102transcendence and, 102will and, 235

truthHegelian Idea and, 245of reason, 230

understanding (Verstand), Hegelianconcept of, 117

contradiction and, 189Hegel’s critique of, 172“negative theology” and Hegel’s critique

of, 256“unhappy consciousness”

Ameriks’ discussion of, 46Hegelian theism and, 45, 98traditional Christianity and, 44, 46

unityabsolute indifference and, 152of consciousness (Kant/Hegel), 220in Doctrine of Essence, 159in family, 306of finite/infinite, 125Hegelian reality and, 63“inner specifying,” 150, 152, 155,

263quantity and, 143–147subjectivity and, 226

universality. See also abstract universality,Hegelian discussion of

abstractness of, 228concrete, 235in the Concept, 214–216“death” of individual and, 253–258determinateness and, 218–224empty, 229“genus” and “identity with other” and,

250–253in Hegel’s interpretation of Kant, 221of living being, 274of Nature, 275revealed religion and, 314as Right, 298power of, 217, 218of rules, two kinds of (A. Wood), 40of Self-consciousness, 286, 288–292selfhood and, 223sharing of needs as, 288of will, 12, 233

“universal law” test, of CategoricalImperative, 21

unlikeness, identity and difference and,181

Valentinian Gnosticism, 46Van Inwagen, Peter, 22violence, Idea and “cunning” of reason

and, 247void, atomism and, 136volition, empiricist concept of, 83Voltaire, 45




346 index

voluntarism“compatibilism” and, 24–27“determinism” and, 26freedom and responsibility and, 22–23Hegel’s “arbitrariness” and, 234Kant’s philosophy of freedom and, 50rationalist alternative to, 25–26

von Schlegel, Friedrich, 301

war, Hegel’s discussion of, 307Wartenberg, Thomas, 93Watson, Gary, 27Weisse, C. H., xxxwelfare (Wohl)

in civil society, 305objective Spirit and, 300

Western philosophical tradition, Hegel’sview of, 92

Westphal, Kenneth R., 54on Hegelian ontological idealism, 93on Hegelian realism, 115–116, 222on skepticism, 110

willand genesis of the “one,” 131autonomy and, 19–21freedom and, 15, 125good and evil and, 300Hegel’s Concept and, 233–237of an immoralist, 40

intelligence as, 297Kant and Hegel on, 10–17personal will (Eigenwille), 288Plato on, 31–39

William of Ockham, 207Williams, Bernard, 12–13

on Kant, 40on will, 15

Williams, Robert R., xxxion Hegel’s “recognition,” 292

Williamson, Raymond Keith, 103“willing” (das Wollen), as pursuit of good,

258Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 2Wolff, Michael, 186, 245

on Hegel’s account of natural death,275

on Hegel’s “Anthropology,” 279on Hegel’s affinity to materialism,

295–296Wood, Allen, xxvi, xxxi

actual-rational concept interpreted by,198

on Hegel’s criticism of Kant, 21, 231on Kant, 40, 41

Woolf, Virginia, 254world-history, 307wrong, objective Spirit and, 298–299

zero (die Null), resolution of contradiction,186



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