05.0 Environmental Assessment Tools Tranlate by Fa
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5 – Environmental Assessment 5 – Environmental Assessment Tools Tools 1/57 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis 5.2 Eco Design 5.2 Eco Design 5.3 Mass Flow Analysis 5.3 Mass Flow Analysis Environmental Environmental Assessment Tools Assessment Tools
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Life Cycle Analysis
Transcript of 05.0 Environmental Assessment Tools Tranlate by Fa
Life Cycle AnalysisOutline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidup. Berikutnya akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang
Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran siklus hidup didalam disain produk.
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Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Products and Processes
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Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
(1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-perbaikan produk atau proses dan
(2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi internal.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Final waste
Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B.
Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.
Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Source: cycle: http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1019
Inputs and outputs of product system: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, toksisitas dan penipisan ozon.
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
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Source: cycle: http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1019
Inputs and outputs of product system: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
The Concept of LCA (2)
Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:
Examples:
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup kajian;
membuat model siklus hidup produk dengan semua inflow dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap ini sering diistilahkan sebagai tahap life cycle inventory (LCI);
memahami relevansi lingkungan dari semua inflow dan outflow, tahap ini sering disebut dengan tahap life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan
interpretasi penelitian. Diagram berikut menunjukkan kerangka kerja ini yang sesuai dengan standar-standar LCA dari ISO.
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Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.
Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.
Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).
Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects
Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
Functional unit is basis for comparison
Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope
=
?
“Compare environmental impacts of packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass bottles”
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory
Pengumpulan Data
Crude oil from earth
Pengukuran Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Pengukuran Dampak
Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:
Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and CH4 to climate change
Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a characterisation factor to get indicator results
Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get dimensionless score (useful for comparison)
Impact category
Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
“Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:
Are the the general assumptions reasonable?
Is the functional unit well chosen?
Are ISO standards applied?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions
What if other allocations are applied.
What if other boundaries are applied.
What if other impact assessment method is used.
By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)
LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but scope can be extended to include economic and social impacts.
Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);
Analysis of life cycle costs
Social LCA
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)
What are the costs and revenues incured during the life cycle of a product or process?
R&D
Production
Marketing
Sales
Etc.
Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):
Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment and health:
Job quality
Earthly possessions
Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because social conditions do change more rapidly
impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate
emotions resulting from changes disappear with time
diseases get cured
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Life Cycle Thinking within the Design of Products and Processes
5.2 Eco-design
This presentation introduces the concept of Eco-design. Eco-design is a procedural tool for sustainable decision making, in particular towards the design of products and processes. Eco-design is aimed at improving both environmental and business performance in the development of products and processes. Eco-design incorporates the results of LCA in identifying possibilities for environmental improvement. Hence, it is a practical application of LCA (section 1.4.1)
In this presentation, the Eco-design strategy wheel is presented, which can be used to visualize the environmental characteristics of a product. The axes on the strategy wheel visualizes the outcomes of environmental assessment studies (such as LCA) and generates a ‘product profile’.
Because Eco-design is a direct application of LCA, the LCA process should be integrated in the conventional design process. Since LCA is a very systematic process, the design of products is often driven by creativity and spontaneity. Therefore, we discuss some difficulties related to the inclusion of environmental variables into the familiar design process.
Eco-design has direct consequences for solid waste and associated environmental problems. Since most of society’s solid waste is generated due to the disposal of products, the application of eco-design will obviously affect the amount and composition of solid waste. Eco-design may lead to lower amounts of solid waste (through applied materials efficiency in the production, reuse and recycling) and a less hazardous composition of solid waste (due to the use of low-impact materials in the production)
Common variants of Eco-design are Design for Environment (DfE) and Sustainable Product Design (SPD).
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste.
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design.
Contents
Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan produk dan proses. Eco-design menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.
What is Eco-Design?
Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.
What is Eco-Design?
5.2 Eco-design
Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah, penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output bahan-bahan berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.
Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam (landscape).
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The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design process are not so easy to combine:
Implications for the Design Process (2)
5.2 Eco-design
Complexity of the Design Process
5.2 Eco-design
Source: Goedkoop, M. Cleaner Production and the Water Cycle, Environmental Impact Assessment, Eco-design, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2005)
Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design
Availability of information on the product
Freedom to change the design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Application of LCA results in Design for Environment
5.2 Eco-design
Design phase
Design activity
LCA activity
Assessment of strategy
LCA of reference product
Design guidelines and eco-indicators
Use of design rules and eco-indicators
Pre-selection of ideas
Short screenings and what-if analysis
Support in concept choices
Specific questions and issues
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(adapted from Goedkoop, M. Cleaner Production and the Water Cycle, Environmental Impact Assessment, Eco-design, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2005)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:
Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle
eco-efficiency
resource-efficiency
5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Consequences for solid waste:
Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration
Eco-products
Improved material and energy content (quantity and quality) in products
Reduced solid waste amount and hazardousness composition
5.2 Eco-design
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Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full product and process life cycle” (Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002).
DfE…
focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil a specific function (function-oriented systems)
expands the design scope towards environmental and social implications of products and processes
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (1)
Design for Environment
Examples:
Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in which a specific function or need is fulfilled)
System innovation (redesigning of product production systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (2)
Sustainable Product Design
Analysis of Material Flows
Outline
Material flow analysis is a tool to analyse the flows and stocks of materials within an economic system. Because problems of environmental pollution are caused by hazardous substances, an understanding of the problem in physical terms is useful to develop effective solutions. Compared to LCA, which evaluates options related to the function of small systems (products and processes), MFA encompasses flows within broader systems defined by geographical or administrative borders.
MFA’s are used to indentify the existence, intensity and fate of materials or substances within a region. The results of such a study may be helpful to develop environmental policy for resource efficiency and pollution control. Because it visualises flows from extraction to disposal, problem shifts due to environmental interventions that restrict certain flows can be identified easily.
Another advantage of MFA is the possibility to calculate unknown flows and stocks by applying the mass balance principle. The law of the conservation of mass, in analogy with the thermodynamic law of the conservation of energy, enables to calculate the amount of substances by balancing inputs and outputs. As input data are often obtainable from economic statistics and technical process data which can be derived from engineering analysis, direct measurements of outputs are difficult and unreliable due to dilution or because they are produced in small quantities. In these cases, balancing inflows and accumulation with outflows gives the best results. In solid waste management MFA results are in particular useful to identify appropriate recycling options and side effects of land applications of waste residuals.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari aliran-aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.
Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik)
Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika manusia mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya. Apa yang dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk menjaga kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya wabah (epidemik) penyakit.
Masalah baru.
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5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis, fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang berbeda.
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Why MFA? (1)
…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial to the understanding of environmental problems
Material flows and accumulations
Why MFA? (2)
… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet, 1996)
Environment: resource base
Environment: resource base
Extractions of materials
Natural Resource Depletion
Environment: resource base
Environment: waste sink
What is MFA? (1)
MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:
MFA is useful for:
Identification of potential control points, useful for environmental management
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Figure: Brunner and Rechberger 2004 Practical Handbook for Materials Flow Analysis, 2004 by CRC Press LLC
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
What is MFA? (2)
MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer, storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic (=human controlled) system and the exchange of these substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).
Examples:
Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area
Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste incineration plant
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Systematic analysis of regional material flows and stocks
Systematic description of Flows and Stocks of materials in a region where activities in the anthroposhere are taking place
There is an exchange of materials between and within anthropogenic (economic) and environmental subsystems
Systematic overview of material flows in a region
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation
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X0-1 = X1-2 + X1-3
Mass balances can be applied at different system levels:
Single processes
Household
Country
World
Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).
Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data are missing
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Interpretation
Problem
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Framework of MFA (1)
Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group of substances (Material Flow Analysis)
System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant processes
Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary (e.g. watershed or country)
Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often 1 year because of data availabillity
Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are significant to the substance(s) under investigation
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Quantification of stocks and flows:
Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave processes (measurements or applying mass balance)
Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying mass flows of goods with element concentrations)
Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation occuring?
Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal waste incinerator
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(Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?
Where are hotspots and potential control points?
Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will be restricted?
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Framework of MFA (4)
MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality is achieved
Systematic overview of MFA procedures
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Identification of depletion and accumulation of materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)
Example: natural resources are transformed to ‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills become important for future mining of substances
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia
Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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(Source: Graedel et al. 2004. Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogic Copper. In Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1242-1252)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Applications of MFA; environmental management
Identification of existence, size and fate of hazardous substances in a region
Identification of hotspots and control points
Identification of problem shifts
Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater. Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater are restricted by means of imposing advanced treatment technology to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows to landfills are likely to increase.”
substance
source
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’
Important because substances cause environmental problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.
“It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner and Rechberger 2004)
MFA can identify appropriate recycling options
Elemental composition of materials determine whether a material is appropriate for recycling
MFA identifies side-effects of recycling
Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge is used as agricultural fertilizer
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidup. Berikutnya akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang
Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran siklus hidup didalam disain produk.
*
Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Products and Processes
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Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
(1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-perbaikan produk atau proses dan
(2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi internal.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Final waste
Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B.
Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.
Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Source: cycle: http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1019
Inputs and outputs of product system: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, toksisitas dan penipisan ozon.
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
210
185
20
24
6
4
Source: cycle: http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1019
Inputs and outputs of product system: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
The Concept of LCA (2)
Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:
Examples:
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup kajian;
membuat model siklus hidup produk dengan semua inflow dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap ini sering diistilahkan sebagai tahap life cycle inventory (LCI);
memahami relevansi lingkungan dari semua inflow dan outflow, tahap ini sering disebut dengan tahap life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan
interpretasi penelitian. Diagram berikut menunjukkan kerangka kerja ini yang sesuai dengan standar-standar LCA dari ISO.
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Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.
Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.
Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).
Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects
Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
Functional unit is basis for comparison
Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope
=
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“Compare environmental impacts of packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass bottles”
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory
Pengumpulan Data
Crude oil from earth
Pengukuran Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Pengukuran Dampak
Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:
Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and CH4 to climate change
Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a characterisation factor to get indicator results
Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get dimensionless score (useful for comparison)
Impact category
Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
“Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:
Are the the general assumptions reasonable?
Is the functional unit well chosen?
Are ISO standards applied?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions
What if other allocations are applied.
What if other boundaries are applied.
What if other impact assessment method is used.
By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)
LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but scope can be extended to include economic and social impacts.
Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);
Analysis of life cycle costs
Social LCA
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)
What are the costs and revenues incured during the life cycle of a product or process?
R&D
Production
Marketing
Sales
Etc.
Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):
Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment and health:
Job quality
Earthly possessions
Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because social conditions do change more rapidly
impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate
emotions resulting from changes disappear with time
diseases get cured
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Life Cycle Thinking within the Design of Products and Processes
5.2 Eco-design
This presentation introduces the concept of Eco-design. Eco-design is a procedural tool for sustainable decision making, in particular towards the design of products and processes. Eco-design is aimed at improving both environmental and business performance in the development of products and processes. Eco-design incorporates the results of LCA in identifying possibilities for environmental improvement. Hence, it is a practical application of LCA (section 1.4.1)
In this presentation, the Eco-design strategy wheel is presented, which can be used to visualize the environmental characteristics of a product. The axes on the strategy wheel visualizes the outcomes of environmental assessment studies (such as LCA) and generates a ‘product profile’.
Because Eco-design is a direct application of LCA, the LCA process should be integrated in the conventional design process. Since LCA is a very systematic process, the design of products is often driven by creativity and spontaneity. Therefore, we discuss some difficulties related to the inclusion of environmental variables into the familiar design process.
Eco-design has direct consequences for solid waste and associated environmental problems. Since most of society’s solid waste is generated due to the disposal of products, the application of eco-design will obviously affect the amount and composition of solid waste. Eco-design may lead to lower amounts of solid waste (through applied materials efficiency in the production, reuse and recycling) and a less hazardous composition of solid waste (due to the use of low-impact materials in the production)
Common variants of Eco-design are Design for Environment (DfE) and Sustainable Product Design (SPD).
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste.
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design.
Contents
Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan produk dan proses. Eco-design menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.
What is Eco-Design?
Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.
What is Eco-Design?
5.2 Eco-design
Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah, penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output bahan-bahan berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.
Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam (landscape).
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The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design process are not so easy to combine:
Implications for the Design Process (2)
5.2 Eco-design
Complexity of the Design Process
5.2 Eco-design
Source: Goedkoop, M. Cleaner Production and the Water Cycle, Environmental Impact Assessment, Eco-design, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2005)
Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design
Availability of information on the product
Freedom to change the design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Application of LCA results in Design for Environment
5.2 Eco-design
Design phase
Design activity
LCA activity
Assessment of strategy
LCA of reference product
Design guidelines and eco-indicators
Use of design rules and eco-indicators
Pre-selection of ideas
Short screenings and what-if analysis
Support in concept choices
Specific questions and issues
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(adapted from Goedkoop, M. Cleaner Production and the Water Cycle, Environmental Impact Assessment, Eco-design, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2005)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:
Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle
eco-efficiency
resource-efficiency
5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Consequences for solid waste:
Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration
Eco-products
Improved material and energy content (quantity and quality) in products
Reduced solid waste amount and hazardousness composition
5.2 Eco-design
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Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full product and process life cycle” (Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002).
DfE…
focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil a specific function (function-oriented systems)
expands the design scope towards environmental and social implications of products and processes
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (1)
Design for Environment
Examples:
Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in which a specific function or need is fulfilled)
System innovation (redesigning of product production systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (2)
Sustainable Product Design
Analysis of Material Flows
Outline
Material flow analysis is a tool to analyse the flows and stocks of materials within an economic system. Because problems of environmental pollution are caused by hazardous substances, an understanding of the problem in physical terms is useful to develop effective solutions. Compared to LCA, which evaluates options related to the function of small systems (products and processes), MFA encompasses flows within broader systems defined by geographical or administrative borders.
MFA’s are used to indentify the existence, intensity and fate of materials or substances within a region. The results of such a study may be helpful to develop environmental policy for resource efficiency and pollution control. Because it visualises flows from extraction to disposal, problem shifts due to environmental interventions that restrict certain flows can be identified easily.
Another advantage of MFA is the possibility to calculate unknown flows and stocks by applying the mass balance principle. The law of the conservation of mass, in analogy with the thermodynamic law of the conservation of energy, enables to calculate the amount of substances by balancing inputs and outputs. As input data are often obtainable from economic statistics and technical process data which can be derived from engineering analysis, direct measurements of outputs are difficult and unreliable due to dilution or because they are produced in small quantities. In these cases, balancing inflows and accumulation with outflows gives the best results. In solid waste management MFA results are in particular useful to identify appropriate recycling options and side effects of land applications of waste residuals.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari aliran-aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.
Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik)
Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika manusia mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya. Apa yang dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk menjaga kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya wabah (epidemik) penyakit.
Masalah baru.
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5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis, fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang berbeda.
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Why MFA? (1)
…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial to the understanding of environmental problems
Material flows and accumulations
Why MFA? (2)
… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet, 1996)
Environment: resource base
Environment: resource base
Extractions of materials
Natural Resource Depletion
Environment: resource base
Environment: waste sink
What is MFA? (1)
MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:
MFA is useful for:
Identification of potential control points, useful for environmental management
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Figure: Brunner and Rechberger 2004 Practical Handbook for Materials Flow Analysis, 2004 by CRC Press LLC
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
What is MFA? (2)
MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer, storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic (=human controlled) system and the exchange of these substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).
Examples:
Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area
Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste incineration plant
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Systematic analysis of regional material flows and stocks
Systematic description of Flows and Stocks of materials in a region where activities in the anthroposhere are taking place
There is an exchange of materials between and within anthropogenic (economic) and environmental subsystems
Systematic overview of material flows in a region
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation
1
3
2
X0-1 = X1-2 + X1-3
Mass balances can be applied at different system levels:
Single processes
Household
Country
World
Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).
Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data are missing
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Interpretation
Problem
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2
3
Framework of MFA (1)
Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group of substances (Material Flow Analysis)
System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant processes
Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary (e.g. watershed or country)
Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often 1 year because of data availabillity
Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are significant to the substance(s) under investigation
1
Quantification of stocks and flows:
Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave processes (measurements or applying mass balance)
Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying mass flows of goods with element concentrations)
Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation occuring?
Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal waste incinerator
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(Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?
Where are hotspots and potential control points?
Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will be restricted?
3
Framework of MFA (4)
MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality is achieved
Systematic overview of MFA procedures
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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Source: Brunner P.H. and H. Rechberger 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis. Lewis Publishers USA)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Identification of depletion and accumulation of materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)
Example: natural resources are transformed to ‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills become important for future mining of substances
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia
Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
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(Source: Graedel et al. 2004. Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogic Copper. In Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1242-1252)
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Applications of MFA; environmental management
Identification of existence, size and fate of hazardous substances in a region
Identification of hotspots and control points
Identification of problem shifts
Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater. Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater are restricted by means of imposing advanced treatment technology to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows to landfills are likely to increase.”
substance
source
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’
Important because substances cause environmental problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.
“It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner and Rechberger 2004)
MFA can identify appropriate recycling options
Elemental composition of materials determine whether a material is appropriate for recycling
MFA identifies side-effects of recycling
Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge is used as agricultural fertilizer
5.3 Material Flow Analysis
