05-Strategies and Styles
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STRATEGIES AND TEACHING A SECOND LANGUAGE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE METHODOLOGY IIProf. R. CorreaII Semester 2007
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WHAT ARE LEARNING STYLES?
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGYLearning style The way learners perceive , interact with and
respond to the enviroment. How individuals process information in different
ways. Individual’s natural habitual and preferred ways of
absorbing ,and retaining new information and skills Related to personality and cognition. Trends that
differentiate you from others The way a person learns or gets knowledge best:
auditory, kinethic,visual…
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning strategyCognitive &Metacognitive steps that learners use to
achieve a goal.Specific actions to make learning easier , faster and
more enjoyable to new situations.Activities that help people to use their own learning
style, to best approach new learningMethods used for a long period of time to achieve
learning aims.Specific methods of approaching a task. Planned
designs for manipulating certain information
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGYLearning style
Oxford (1989: 2), states that this concept includes four dimensions a) every day and favourite patterns of mental work, b) attitude and interest patterns which influence the attention of a person in a learning situation, c) tendency to look for compatible learning situations with our own patterns of learning and d) selective use of learning strategies.
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY
“The strategies used by one individual may vary enormously , but learning styles are more constant and predictable but not always fixed”( Brown 2001: 210).
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY
Research has shown that successful students are those who know and can modify their learning strategies (Brown, 2000)
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGYLearning Strategy Specific actions, behaviours, steps, or
techniques that students (often intentionally) use to improve their progress in developing L2 skills. These strategies can facilitate the internalization, storage, retrieval, or use of the new language. Strategies are tools for the self-directed involvement necessary for developing communicative ability. (Oxford, 1992/1993, p. 18)
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LEARNING STYLE/ LEARNING STRATEGY Learning Strategies do not operate by
themselves, but rather directly tied to learner’s underlying learning style and other personality- related variables in the learner.(Brown,1991& Cohen, 2000)
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Learning Strategies
Workshop 1
Work in groups of four. Read the different definitions about Learning Strategies
Select from all the definitions the aspects they have in common.
Select those aspects you think are relevant to your English classes. Be ready to support your ideas.
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Learning Strategies Features1. Contribute to the main goal, communicative
competence.2. Allow learners to become more self-
directed.3. Expand the role of teachers.4. Are problem oriented.
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Learning Strategies Features5. They are specific actions taken by the
learner.6. Involve many aspects of the learner, not just
the cognitive.7. Support learning both directly and indirectly8. They are not always observable.
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Learning Strategies Features9. Are often conscious10. Can be taught11. Are flexible12. Are influenced by a variety of factors
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Learning Strategies Features13. They are task oriented.14. They imply decision- making for the student.15. Its selection involves cognitive and
metacognitive processes.16. They allow autonomy.
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Learning Strategy Instruction LLS have an explicit goal of assisting
learners in improving their knowledge in the target language.
Language Use of Strategies (LUS) focus primarily on employing the language that learners have in their current interlanguage.
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CLASSIFICATION OR TAXONOMIES OF LLS.
Naiman et al. (1978). Rubin (1981) Oxford (1990 ) Wenden (1991) Stern (1991) Brown ( 2000)
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Diagram of the Strategy System
DIRECT STRATEGIES INDIRECT STRATEGIES
Cognitive CompensationMemory Social Affective Metacognitive
•Creating mental Linkage
•Applying images and sound
•Reviewing well
•Employing action
•Practicing
•Receiving and sending messages.
•Analyzing and reasoning
•Creating structure for
input and output
•Guessing intelligently
•Overcoming limitations in
speaking and writing
•Centering your learning.
•Arranging and planning your listening.
•.Evaluating
your learning.
•Lowering your anxiety. Encouraging
yourself.
•Taking your emotional
temperature.
•Asking questions.
•Cooperating with others.
•Empathizing with others.
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Diagram of the Strategy SystemOxford (1990 ) DIRECT STRATEGIES Memory Strategies
Cognitive Strategies
Compensation Strategies
INDIRECT STRATEGIES Social Strategies
Affective Strategies
Metacognitive Strategies
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Direct Strategies Memory Strategies A. Creating mental
Linkage
B. Applying images and sound
C.Reviewing well
D.Employing action
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Cognitive Strategies A. Practicing
B. Receiving and sending messages.
C. Analyzing and reasoning
D. Creating structure for input and output
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Compensation
Strategies A. Guessing
intelligently
B. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Metacognitive
Strategies A. Centering your
learning.
B. Arranging and planning your listening.
C.Evaluating your learning.
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Affective Strategies A. Lowering your
anxiety.
B. Encouraging yourself.
C.Taking your emotional temperature.
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Diagram of the Strategy System ( two classes) Indirect Strategies Social Strategies A. Asking questions.
B. Cooperating with others.
C. Empathizing with others.
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WORKSHOP 2
Check your attitude towards Memory Strategies
List at least 4 new ideas about Memory strategies you gained from this ppt.
Brainstorm the way MS might be used in 2 different settings: lg classroom, naturalistic setting outside the classroom
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Direct Strategies and Language Skills 1.Memory Strategies1.1Creating Mental Linkages
Grouping (L/R) Associating /Elaborating (L/R) Placing new words in context (A)
1.2 Applying Images and Sounds Using imagery (L/R) Semantic mapping (L/R) Using key words (L/R) Representing sound in memory(L/R/S)
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1.Memory Strategies and Language Skills 1.3 Reviewing well
Structured reviewing (A)
1.4 Employing action Using physical response (L/R) Using mechanical techniques (A)
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2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills2.1 Practicing
Repeating(A) Formally practicing with sounds and
writing system (L/S/W) Recognizing and using formulas and
patterns (A) Recombining(S/W) Practising naturalistically(A)
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2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills2.2 Receiving and Sending messages
Getting the idea quickly.(L/R) Using resources for receiving and sending
information.(A)2.3 Analyzing and Reasoning
Reasoning deductively(A) Analyzing expressions(L/R) Analyzing contrastively(L/R) Translating(A) Transferring(A)
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2.Cognitive Strategies and Language Skills2.4 Creating Structure for input and output
Taking notes (L/R/W) Summarizing(L/R/W) Highlighting(L/R/W)
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3.Compensation Strategies and Language Skills3.1 Guessing intelligently
Using linguistic clues (L/R) Using other clues (L/R)
3.2 Overcoming limitations in Speaking and Writing (S/W)
Switching to the mother tongue Getting help Using mime or gesture Avoiding communication partially or
totally
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3.Compensation Strategies and Language Skills3.2 Overcoming limitations in Speaking and
Writing (S/W) Selecting the topic Adjust or appoximating the message Coining words Using circumlocution or Synonym
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WORKSHOP 3
Consider a difficult subject1. Write down 3 examples of times when a new
subject seemed overwhelming .2. Choose the single most interesting example and
discuss what made it difficult for you.3. List your affective (emotional and attitudinal)
responses to that subject and explain what strategies you used to cope with those responses.
4. Consider your metacognitive control over the subject.
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1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills1.1 Centering your learning
Overviewing and linking with already known material.(A)
Paying attention(A) Delaying speech production to focus on
listening.(L/S)
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1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills1.2 Arranging and planning your learning
(A) Finding out about Lg. Learning Organizing Setting goals and objectives Identifying the purpose of a lg. Task Planning for a lg. Task Seeking practice oppotunities
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1.Metacognitive Strategies and Language Skills1.3 Evaluating your Learning (A)
Self-monitoring Self evaluating
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2.Affective Strategies and Language Skills2.1 Lowering your anxiety (A)
Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation.
Using music Using laughter
2.2 Encouraging yourself Making positive statements Taking risks wisely Rewarding yourself
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2.Affective Strategies and Language Skills2.3 Taking your emotional temperature (A)
Listening to your body Using checklists Writing a Language Learning Diary Discussing your feelings with someone
else.
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3. Social Strategies and Language Skills3.1 Asking Questions
Asking for clarification or verification(L/R) Asking for correction (S/W)
3.2 Cooperating with others (A) Cooperating with peers Cooperating with proficient users of the new
language.
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3. Social Strategies and Language Skills3.3 Emphatizing with others (A)
Developing cultural understanding Becoming aware of others’ thoughts and
feelings.