05 Prairies
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Transcript of 05 Prairies
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Temperate Grasslands
• Prairies, (N. Am. [Great Plains,Palouse, California])
• Steppes (Russia - !raine ["un#ar$-Rumania])
• Pampas (Ar#entina - ru#ua$)
• %eldt (S. Afri&a)' N tusso&!#rasslands
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Temperate #rasslands
prairies, steppes, pampas, eldt*..
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Nort+Ameri&an#rasslands
Abilene
Calgary
CheyenneOmaha
Chicago
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Palouse prairie
easternas+in#ton,and /re#on,0da+o
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California #rasslands
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Classif$in#t+eAmeri&an
prairie
aoe1Carpenter, 2345.
elo1Clements and eaer, 2363.
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7ean annual temperature andpre&ipitation in S prairies
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Temperature re#imes
(Great Plains stations)
Cal#ar$
C+e$enne
/ma+a
C+i&a#o
Ailene
T e m p e r a t u r e
( ° C
)
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Pre&ipitation re#imes(est- east transe&t)
Cheyenne
Omaha
Chicago
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T+e prairie-forest oundar$
=ud$!o su##ested t+att+e forest -
#rassland oundar$in t+e midest
&orresponds it+ adr$ness ratio> of 2.2
-2.9 (?dotted line)
=ud$!o dr$ness ratio alues, N. Ameri&a
Hare (1980) Atmos.-Ocean 18, 127-153.
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Pa&ifi& air mass dominan&e period
(mont+s of t+e $ear)
12 months
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Soils
• @oessi& parent material - deriedfrom aeolian reor!in# of #la&ial and
fluio#la&ial deposits in nort+ernNort+ Ameri&a and urope durin# late#la&ial periods.
• @imited areas of #la&ial, fluio#la&ial,and alluial deposits
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C+ernoBemF7ollisol profiles
7elaniBation
Cal&ifi&ation
mied-#rass s+ort #rass
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Soil mosai&in +umidprairies
(+umi&#le$s in
+ollos' soil
erosion onrid#es)
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Soil &atena in
dr$ prairies
12
3
SolonetBi& solod profile
9. SolonetB
6. Solod
tetural ='
NaH
saturation of= and C +oriBons
2. C+ernoBem
depression
Na, g, etc
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C+ernoBem-solonetB
mosai& in#raBedsteppe,
Rumania S S
S
S
C
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Some &ommon #rass spe&ies
2. Andropo#on #erardii (i# luestem)9. =outeloua &urtipendula (sideoats #rama)6. S&+iBa&+$rium s&oparius (little luestem)4. Ioeleria ma&rant+a (J)8. =outeloua #ra&ilis (lue #rama)
1 2 3 !
"
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Grass-&limate relations(+i#+l$ s&+emati&)
K9m tall
K2m tall
K5.8m tall
. 0llinois.$omin#
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Topo#rap+$ and plant &oer1 mied#rass prairies (un#raBed)
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Grass p+enolo#$
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Cardinal temperatures for net
p+otos$nt+esis, C4 and C6 plants
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C! grasses#a) less tolerantof lotemperatures
(e.#. floerin#in+iited $ni#+t T L26MC) ) more
tolerant ofmoisturedefi&its
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C4#rasses
inre#ional#rass
flora $% &% '%
"%
!%
3%
2%
1%
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Polar and
tropi&al sour&eareas forprairie #rasses
Note1 no pre-7io&ene#rass fossils !nonfrom plains area.
Con&lusion1 Prairiesdeeloped in lee ofrisin# Cordillera in mid-Tertiar$.
C3Agropyron, (lymus )oeleria, *oa, +tipa
se-ges
.outeloua, .uchloe An-ropogon
C4
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Prairie fors• Strelets! reports 2O5 spp of floerin# plants
from t+e !rainian steppes (onl$ 95 of +i&+are #rasses).
• 0n t+e tall-#rass prairies of Nort+ Ameri&aED5 spp ma$ e in floer at on&e.
• ;ors +ae ariale drou#+t toleran&es andp+enolo#ies.
• ;loerin# times ran#e from 7ar&+ (e.#.TulipaF"$a&int+a in steppes) - SeptF/&t (e.#.
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Some N. Ameri&an prairiefors
1 2 3
! "
2. Amorp+a &anes&ens 9. As&lepias tu,erosa 6. "elenium autumnale 4. %er,ena stri&ta 8. Aster lae)is
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Annualprodu&tionof plant
iomass inprairie
#rasslandsnote1
5-O5 elo-#round
2 5 5 5 ! & a l m - 9 a
- 2
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=iomass(un#raBedprairie)
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GraBers
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Consumption1
relatiel$ smallinta!e $ s+oot#raBers s. root
su&!ers(predominantl$
nematodes)=T is t+is a
produ&t of+istori&alfa&torsJ
2 5 5 5 ! & a l m - 9 a
- 2
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Rapid de&line in
#raBerpopulations inlast 955 $ears
as a result of+aitat
destru&tion
and +untin#.
2355=uffalo - almost etin&t'Gop+ers - 3O de&line
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=uffalo #raBin#1 7anitoa
0n allies and +umid situations, t+e #rass #ros to a#reat +ei#+t, +i&+ fattens our +orses in a s+ort
time, ut t+e uffalo usuall$ ma!es &+oi&e of t+e+ill$, dr$ #round to feed on, t+e lades of #rass on+i&+ are small, s+ort and tender. +en a numerous+erd of t+ese animals sta$ an$ len#t+ of time in onepla&e, t+e #round is asolutel$ arren t+ere for t+eremainder of t+e season*Q
mfreille (2D35)
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=uffalo #raBin#1 Nort+
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as t+ere a #raBin#
seuen&eJ
Antelope reported
to follo uffalo't+e$ appear toprefer +eail$-#raBed land it+
dense populationsof fors.
Antilo&apra ameri&ana
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ColoniBation of old &o$ote urros$ #op+ers - effe&ts of do#tonQ
on nei#+ourin# e#etation
astern Colorado prairies1 urro entran&es s+on $ arros
/1% mpre- post-
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ffe&ts ofdo#ton a#eon lo&al plant
&oer1#rassland
repla&ed $
+era&eouss+uland
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Carniores
=urroin# ol Iit fo =ad#er
P+oto &redits1 Gre# @asle$, =ill Standle$
(all +ole nesters)
H sift fo, &o$ote, olf, ears
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Pre-Pleisto&ene fauna
• Sele&tion of prairie flora for toleran&e of+ea$ #raBin# a produ&t of radiation ofdierse +eriore assemla#e in 7io-Plio&ene.
• 0n t+e Plio&ene t+e N. Ameri&an plains ere
+ome to D #enera of +orses, 29 #enera ofantelopes' &amelids, pe&&aries, tapirs andr+ino&eroses (plus a dierse #roup of&arniores)
• T+in! of a Neras!an Seren#eti.
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Plio&ene plains fauna
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;ire on t+e prairies
Are t+e tall-#rassprairies a &limati&
&lima, or is fire t+epredominant#eneratie andmaintainin# fa&torJ
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T+e ar#ument in faour of fire1
0 gre up in the timbere- uplan- peninsula orme- by the 4unction o the issouri an- ississippi 5i6ers7 The prairiebegan a e miles to the north an- e8ten-e- ar into oa7The broa- rolling uplan-s ere prairie, hate6er their agean- origin, the stream9cut slopes ere timbere-:77 ;romgran-parents hear- o the early -ays hen people -are-not buil- their houses beyon- the shelter o the oo-e-slopes, until the plough stoppe- the autumnal prairie ires7n later iel- or in llinois, in the O=ars, in )entucy, met parallel con-itions o 6egetation limits coinci-ent ithbreas in relie7 ga6e up the search or climatic
e8planation o the humi- prairies7>
Carl +auer, 1?'?7 Agricultural Origins an- @ispersals7
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A prairie lands&ape in 0llinois,s+oin# t+e restri&tion of oodland to
moister (and more fire-proof) alle$ottoms
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Prairie fires1 Teast+e 0ndians of t+e interior +ae anot+er intoleralemet+od, . . . +i&+ is to fire t+e plains andforests . . . ot+ to drie t+e mosuitoes aa$ and att+e same time drie liBards and li!e t+in#s from t+e
eart+ to eat. T+e$ also !ill deer $ en&ir&lin# fires'depried of pastura#e, t+e animals are for&ed tosee! it +ere t+e 0ndians ma$ trap t+emQ.
CaeBa de %a&a, A.N. Rela&iUn (2849)S+ipre&!ed $ a +urri&ane on t+e &oast of Teasit+ +is &re in 289D' CaeBa de %a&a lied it+ t+e0ndians in Teas from 289O-2868.
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Prairie fires1 t+e
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Prairie fires1 /!la+oma
[/&t. 94, 2O43] $esterda$ e &ould see t+e smo!e of
t+e Prairie urnin# in eer$ dire&tion ut toda$ it #ot&lose to us. 0t as t+e or! of t+e /sa#esQ
ood+ouse, S.. :ournals (2339)
[/&t 62, 2O69] 0t as t+e time +en +untin# parties of0ndians set fire to t+e prairies' t+e +era#e . . . as int+at par&+ed state, faorale to &omustion . . .Q
0rin#, .A. A Tour on t+e Prairies (2O68)
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Fire season
Spring Late-summer
Flame height (L, m) 1.9±0.4 0.7±0.1
Intensity (I; !"m)1 1#$0±%#0 1#0±#0
Litter &'nsumpti'n()
100 91±#
II #%9.*+L#.174
Data: Copeland et al! 2002 Restoration Ecology
;ire and prairie restoration
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;ire and prairie restoration
Data: Copeland et al! 2002 Restoration Ecology !
Native plant species All plant species
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;ire and prairie restoration
Data: Copeland et al! 2002 Restoration Ecology !
Flowering times
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Prairies in t+e late Vuaternar$
$ollen%ie&e'
+ere ere t+e prairiesQ at @G7J
7ost @G7 pollen assem,la#es in sout+ern GreatPlains +a)e no modern analo#ues ,
utNeFIansas K open sualpine forestFpar!landJ
C.Teas K sa#erus+ steppeJnort+ern 7ei&o-N7 K WuniperFpin$on oodlandJ
()ee *$oaceae+ and *p'ai'ie ,o'-)+
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pollen/viewer/webviewer.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pollen/viewer/webviewer.html
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Climati&&+an#eprodu&es a
s+iftin#prairie -forest
e&otone(&f. "$psit+ermal)
"%% m
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Re&ent (and futureJ) &limate &+an#e int+e prairies (7oon @a!e, N