05 Inventory Management · 2015-12-03 · 5. Inventory Management! Page 2 Standard/Costing/!...

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5. Inventory Management Page 1 5. Inventory Management Objectives As we’ve learned in many of our school of lean courses, managing inventory is an extremely important activity for any organization practicing lean. As such, in this module we’re going to begin our exploration of inventory management. Specifically, by the end of this module you’ll understand the problems of using a traditional, standard cost approach to inventory valuation including the impact overproduction can have when traditional cost accounting is performed. Inventory Management Basics Inventory incudes raw materials, finished goods, and work in process. And all types of inventory must be accounted for on the balance sheet. Additionally, the change in the amount of inventory is accounted for on a profit & loss or income statement. The value of finished goods inventory includes the cost of the raw materials, as well as the conversion costs, such as direct labor and overhead, to convert the raw materials into finished product. Finished goods inventory is also considered an asset because the product will eventually be sold and the costs will hopefully be recovered plus a profit.

Transcript of 05 Inventory Management · 2015-12-03 · 5. Inventory Management! Page 2 Standard/Costing/!...

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5.  Inventory  Management      

Objectives    

As  we’ve  learned  in  many  of  our  school  of  lean  courses,  managing  inventory  is  an  extremely  important  activity  for  any  organization  practicing  lean.    As  such,  in  this  module  we’re  going  to  begin  our  exploration  of  inventory  management.        Specifically,  by  the  end  of  this  module  you’ll  understand  the  problems  of  using  a  traditional,  standard  cost  approach  to  inventory  valuation  including  the  impact  overproduction  can  have  when  traditional  cost  accounting  is  performed.        

Inventory  Management  Basics    Inventory  incudes  raw  materials,  finished  goods,  and  work  in  process.  And  all  types  of  inventory  must  be  accounted  for  on  the  balance  sheet.        Additionally,  the  change  in  the  amount  of  inventory  is  accounted  for  on  a  profit  &  loss  or  income  statement.        The  value  of  finished  goods  inventory  includes  the  cost  of  the  raw  materials,  as  well  as  the  conversion  costs,  such  as  direct  labor  and  overhead,  to  convert  the  raw  materials  into  finished  product.      Finished  goods  inventory  is  also  considered  an  asset  because  the  product  will  eventually  be  sold  and  the  costs  will  hopefully  be  recovered  plus  a  profit.        

     

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Standard  Costing    OK,  now  that  we’ve  covered  those  basic  concepts,  let’s  talk  more  specifically  about  how  inventory  is  managed  using  standard  costing.        Standard  costing  starts  with  budgeting,  an  often-­‐onerous  process  of  collecting  estimates  from  sales,  production,  and  the  supporting  departments  throughout  the  organization.        This  information  is  then  used  to  estimate  annual  use  of  raw  materials,  labor,  and  manufacturing  overhead.    Budgeted  numbers  are  compared  to  actual  numbers  and  the  differences,  called  variances,  are  noted  as  either  positive  or  negative.      

 Comparing  estimates  to  actual  costs  requires  detailed  tracking  and  complicated,  often  hard  to  understand,  variances.        Furthermore,  in  traditional  accounting,  “actual”  numbers  often  include  many  underlying  assumptions  that  may  create  errors.        For  example,  the  cost  of  quality  in  a  specific  product  may  be  based  on  an  assumption  that  

“15%  of  overall  quality  labor  is  dedicated  to  that  particular  product.”    When  total  QA  costs  are  tallied  at  the  end  of  the  month,  15%  of  that  number  is  then  imputed  into  the  “actual”  product  cost,  whether  or  not  that  15%  happened  to  be  accurate  for  that  month.        This  creates  potentially  erroneous  decisions  about  cost.    And  many  organizations  spend  hours  upon  hours  dissecting  these  costs,  when  the  potential  error  created  by  the  underlying  assumptions  swamps  the  size  of  the  other  individual  costs  they’re  trying  to  understand.        Organizations  can  have  hundreds,  even  thousands,  of  transactions  that  need  to  be  tracked…  as  such,  one  objective  of  Lean  Accounting  is  to  radically  reduce  the  number  of  transactions,  which  we’ll  get  back  to  later  in  this  module.        Next,  tracking  budgets  and  variances,  often  by  department,  also  encourages  silo  thinking  and  anti-­‐lean  behaviors  such  as  buying  raw  materials  in  bulk  simply  to  get  a  discount  and  building  finished  goods  inventory  in  order  to  absorb  manufacturing  overhead.        Now,  let’s  look  at  a  simple  example  where  overproducing  actually  looks  good  on  the  traditional  books,  and  then,  when  the  extra  inventory  is  sold  off  and  maintained  at  a  level  more  closely  aligned  with  customer  demand,  which  happens  early  in  a  learn  journey,  the  financials  actually  look  worse  using  standard  cost.        For  this  example,  this  company  planned  to  make  100  units  per  month  with  an  estimated  $1,000  of  fixed  manufacturing  overhead  per  month  resulting  in  the  standard  cost  of  $10  overhead  per  unit.    We’d  also  like  to  note  the  standard  variable  costs  for  materials  and  labor  were  $5  and  $3  respectively.        For  this  first  month  we’ll  assume  there’s  no  existing  inventory  and  the  company  produced  120  units,  

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which  was  20  more  units  than  planned,  and  sold  90  units.        Now  let’s  add  these  numbers  to  the  income  statement  and  balance  sheet.      

 Since  we  made  120  units  and  each  unit  absorbs  $10  of  manufacturing  overhead,  we’ve  absorbed  $1,200  of  manufacturing  overhead  for  the  month.    Our  estimated  overhead  absorption  was  $1,000  based  on  our  plan  to  produce  100  units  for  the  month.        So,  we  absorbed  more  overhead  than  we  planned  which  makes  the  cost  of  goods  sold  for  the  month  go  down  which  is  shown  as  a  positive  volume  variance  –  a  variance  of  the  fixed  overhead  cost  that’s  attributed  to  a  larger  volume  of  production.        To  clarify,  the  $200  represents  a  favorable  reduction  in  cost  of  goods  sold.      At  this  point,  if  we  sold  nothing  for  the  month  we’d  have  120  units  in  inventory  on  the  balance  sheet,  which,  at  standard  cost  have  a  value  of  $2,160  and  we’ve  made  $200  in  gross  profit  because  we  lowered  the  costs  of  goods  sold  by  $200  on  the  income  statement.        To  clarify,  we  arrived  at  this  gross  profit  figure  since  zero  minus  negative  two  hundred  equals  positive  two  hundred.        Now,  when  we  account  for  what  we  sold  that  same  month  the  standard  costs  tied  to  the  finished  goods  sold  move  from  the  balance  sheet  to  the  income  statement.    And,  as  mentioned  earlier,  we  did  sell  90  units,  so  let’s  see  how  that  changes  the  numbers.            

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When  the  standard  costs  for  90  units  sold  are  moved  over  to  the  income  statement,  30  units  remain  on  the  balance  sheet  as  finished  goods  and  we  end  up  with  $830  of  gross  profit,  which  is  a  37%  gross  profit  percentage  margin,  and  $540  of  assets,  the  standard  costs  for  30  units,  in  inventory.        In  other  words,  we  made  a  good  profit  and  we  have  assets.    Things  actually  look  good  even  though  we  produced  more  than  we  estimated  and  more  than  the  customer  purchased.        As  a  result,  these  so-­‐called  “good”  results  might  reinforce  the  non-­‐lean  approach  of  buying  more  raw  materials  than  we  need  while  also  creating  more  finished  goods  inventory  than  our  customers  have  requested.        But  once  an  organization  starts  practicing  lean  it  will  seek  to  drastically  reduce  waste,  including  the  waste  of  inventory,  and  it  will  need  to  “burn  off”  excess  inventory  until  it  more  closely  aligns  with  customer  demand.        Continuing  with  our  prior  example,  let’s  say  the  organization  decides  to  get  serious  about  lean  and  it  decides  it’s  ready  to  reduce  inventory  in  month  2  of  our  example.        Based  on  standard  costs,  overhead  is  tied  to  a  planned  production  of  100  units.    But  remember,  there  are  still  30  units  in  finished  goods  from  last  month’s  overproduction  so  production  was  purposely  slowed  down  because  they  planned  to  sell  some  finished  goods  from  inventory.        In  fact,  they  sold  105  units  in  month  2.    The  finished  goods  inventory  is  carried  over  from  last  month,  so  we  start  with  30  units  of  inventory  at  a  value  of  $540.        Since  80  units  were  produced  this  month  and  each  unit  absorbs  $10  of  manufacturing  overhead,  only  

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$800  of  manufacturing  overhead  was  absorbed  for  the  month.    Our  estimated  overhead  absorption  was  $1,000  based  on  our  plan  to  produce  100  units  for  the  month.        So,  we  absorbed  less  overhead  than  we  planned,  which  makes  the  cost  of  goods  sold  for  the  month  go  up  and  is  shown  as  a  negative  volume  variance  –  a  variance  of  the  fixed  overhead  cost  that’s  attributed  to  a  lower  volume  of  production.        

At  this  point,  if  we  sold  nothing  for  the  month  we’d  have  110  units  in  inventory  on  the  balance  sheet,  which,  at  standard  cost,  have  a  value  of  $1,980,  and  we’ve  lost  $200  in  gross  profit  because  we  increased  the  costs  of  goods  sold  by  $200  since  0  minus  $200  equals  negative  $200  on  the  income  statement.                                

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 When  the  standard  costs  for  105  units  sold  are  moved  over  to  the  income  statement  we  end  up  with  $535  of  gross  profit,  which  is  a  20%  gross  profit  percentage  margin,  and  we  have  $90  of  assets,  which  is  the  standard  costs  for  5  units,  in  inventory.    We  still  have  a  profit.        

   Things  look  good  even  though  we  produced  more  than  we  estimated  and  more  than  the  customer  purchased.      Now,  believe  it  or  not,  this  was  a  simple  example,  yet  the  numbers  definitely  got  complicated  and  hard  to  follow.    What  we  didn’t  include  were  the  several  types  of  variances  that  are  applied  to  costs  of  goods  sold  that  make  it  even  more  complicated  to  understand  the  meaning  behind  the  profit  or  loss  in  a  given  month.        Also,  we  only  showed  two  months,  but  what  if  raw  materials  and  finished  goods  were  in  inventory  over  several  months.    It  gets  even  more  difficult  for  the  purchasing  department  and  production  managers  to  determine  how  much  to  order  or  make.        We  also  made  the  assumption  that  Finished  Goods  inventory  sold  for  the  original  price  of  $25/unit.    As  we’ve  discussed  in  the  Seven  Deadly  Wastes  course,  inventory  can  become  outdated  and  raw  material  prices  may  have  changed,  requiring  even  more  analysis  by  lots,  and  the  use  of  First  In  First  Out  or  Last  In  First  Out  inventory  methods.        If  we’re  being  honest,  unnecessary  inventory  creates  a  lot  of  needless  complexity,  which  is  one  reason  why  lean  seeks  to  minimize  inventory  wherever  possible.        

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So,  let’s  summarize  the  results  from  these  two  months.        

 In  month  1,  where  we  actually  overproduced  by  20  units,  our  gross  profit  was  $830  or  37%  and  our  assets  were  valued  at  $540.          Then,  in  month  2,  where  we  decided  to  practice  lean  thinking  and  produce  less  in  order  to  consume  some  of  the  excess  inventory,  our  gross  profit  dropped  to  $535,  or  20%  and  our  assets  reduced  in  value  to  $90.        And  when  we  examine  the  differences  between  these  two  months  things  don’t  seem  to  be  headed  in  the  right  direction!    Put  another  way,  all  of  this  lean  thinking  didn’t  seem  to  yield  the  results  our  financial  team  was  looking  for!        All  joking  aside,  it’s  this  exact  scenario  that  could  stop  your  early  lean  efforts  dead  in  their  tracks  which,  as  it  turns  out,  almost  happened  to  our  friends  over  at  Treetop  Incorporated  when  they  first  started  on  their  lean  journey  which  is  exactly  what  we’ll  discuss  in  our  next  module…  so  we’ll  speak  to  you  soon!