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CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM

By Dr. Shamanthakamani

Narendran

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INTERNAL VIEW OF THE HEART

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Chambers:

The heart is divided by a septum into two

halves. The halves are in turn divided into

chambers. The upper two chambers of the

heart are called atria and the lower two

chambers are called ventricles. Valves allowblood to flow in one direction between the

chambers of the heart.

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INTERIOR STRUCTURES OF THE HEART

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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

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Pathological conditions

Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia

Heart block / Atrio ventricular block: Failure

of conduction of impulses through the A.V.Node.

Damage to the S.A.Node causes week impulsesfailing to reach the ventricles. Cardiac

pacemakerestablishes normal rhythm. It is a

small, battery-operated electronic device. It is

inserted under the skin. It has leads that travelthrough a large vein to the heart, where the wires

are anchored, which send the electrical impulses

to the heart.

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Flutter: Rapid, regular contraction of atria or

ventricle reaching upto 250/300 beats per minute.

Fibrillation: Rapid, random, irregularcontraction reaching upto 350-400 beats per

minute.

Defibrillatoris applied to the chest wall to help in

cardioversion.

Defibrillation is a technique used to counter theonset of ventricular fibrillation, a common cause

of cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is part of an

advanced cardiac life support. It applies a

controlled electric shock.

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Defibrillator

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Cardiac Arrest:Sudden stoppage of heart.

Palpitation: Uncomfortable sensation in the

chest associated with arrhythmia. This

causes

1. Premature atrial contraction (PAC)

2. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC).

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Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack

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Angina Pectoris

Hardening of the arteries,

and the presence of athrombus, or clot, in a

blood vessel are the most

common causes ofobstruction.

Arteriosclerosis is

responsible for most of the

deaths resulting from heart

attacks. Spasms of the

coronary arteries can also

result in a heart attack.

C di C th t i ti

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Cardiac Catheterization

It is used to study the various functions of the heart. Thecoronary arteries can be viewed by injecting dye. The

oxygen concentration can be measured across the valvesand walls of the heart and pressures within each chamber

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Radio frequency catheter ablation (RFA):

Non surgical treatment to treat Arrhythmia.

A catheter is placed in the blood vessel

leading of the heart vessel, which delivers a

high frequency current to burn a small portion

of the muscle. This injury corrects heart block

/ arrhythmia.

A i h

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Angiography

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Balloon angioplastyPercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

C b h (CABG)

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Coronary artery bypass graph (CABG)

ATHERECTOMY

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ATHERECTOMY

RotationalAthrectomy

DirectionalCoronary

Athrectomy

ExtractionAthrectomy

El t di h (EKG / ECG)

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Electrocardiography (EKG / ECG)

Detects heart abnormalities, disease and

damage by measuring the heart's rhythms andelectrical impulses.

E h di h

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Echocardiography

The image shows the motion pattern and

structure of the four heart valves, revealing

any potential leakage (regurgitation) or

narrowing (stenosis). During this test, a

Doppler ultrasound may be done to

evaluate cardiac blood flow.

St T t/ E i t l t t (ETT) / t d ill t t

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Stress Test/ Exercise tolerance test (ETT) / treadmill test

During an exercise ST, an EKG is performed while the

patient exercises in a controlled manner on a treadmill or

stationary bicycle at varied speeds and elevations.During a pharmacological ST, a medication (e.g.,

dobutamine) is given to the patient, which causes the

heart to react as if it were under the physical stress of

exercise, though he is actually at rest.

It can assess the

hearts reaction

under physical

stress.

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Treatment for hyperlipidemia is diet and

exercise.

Drug therapy includes HMG reductors

inhibitors which lower cholesterol alsocalled "stains,"

eg, simbastain, lovastain, pravastain.

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TestsDigital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Doppler ultrasound

Echocardiography (ECHO)

Nuclear cardiology:

Positron emission tomography (PET

scan)

Thallium 201 scintigraphy

Technetium 99 ventriculography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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THANK

YOU