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VOLUME XXVII OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2012 NUMBER IV

CONTENTS

RESEARCH ARTICLES

The Impact Of The Lean Technique Of Value Ann Francis 5

Stream Mapping In Indian Construction Sites Ashwin MahalingamOn Reducing Carbon Emissions

Temporal Data In Three Dimensional Models Abhijeet S. Deshpande 21

For Improved Construction Planning Ossama M. Salem

Richard Alan Miller

A Dynamic Model Study For Real-Life Abhishek V. 29

ESIC Hospital Project Jagadeesh P.

Strength Properties Of Class 'C' Fly Ash Rama Mohan Rao P. 39

Concrete With Variable Aggregate Binder Ratio H. Sudarsana Rao

Application Of Public Private Partnership (PPP) In Siddesh K. Pai 45

Health Care Sector In India Ankit Tripathi

COMMUNICATION

Social Loss Estimation Due To Road Accidents Prasanta K. Sahu 55

Time Waste And Delays In Construction Projects : Safeer Ali Abbas Ali 63

A State Of The Art Report Arun C.

NICMAR

JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

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Social Loss Estimation Due To Road Accidents

Prasanta K. Sahu

Abstract : India has a serious road accident problem with over 130,000 deaths

reported annually. These accidents not only cause considerable pain and

suffering but also they lead to direct economic costs and a large waste

of the national resources. The statistical estimates of years of life lost

due to premature mortality and the value of output forgone as a result

of road accident-related injury do not adequately communicate the depth

of human loss, grief, pain and suffering. However, investment decisions

on transport safety and research programs need to be made, and data

on accident numbers and severity, and their economic costs, can improve

the quality of those decisions. One of the prime uses of accident cost

information is assessing the benefits received from various transportsafety measures and programs. These measures and programs also impose

costs on society and it is necessary for the transport planners to determine

the appropriate balance of costs and benefits in order to ensure that

resources are used in a socially acceptable and efficient manner. Therefore,

it was thought to provide a concise review of some accident costing

methods developed worldwide including the key background information.

Keywords : Social Loss; Road Accidents; Human Capital.

COMMUNICATION - I

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Application Of Public Private Partnership

(PPP) In Health Care Sector In India

Siddesh K. Pai and Ankit Tripathi

Abstract : Public private partnership or PPP in the context of health sector is an

instrument for improving the health of the population. With the rapid

growth of the Indian economy in recent times and the changing demographics

and socio-economic mix of the Indian population, there has been an

immense change in the healthcare requirements in the country. Today,

the healthcare system in India faces a challenge in raising the service

quality and addressing the increasing health needs of the country. This

challenge needs to be addressed through a concerted effort of both

public and private sectors by their agreeing on suitable public policy

initiatives which incentivize financing and provision of healthcare, and

thereby increase healthcare access to the people.

The paper presents the avenues of collaboration between the public and

private sectors of the healthcare industry, and to recommend public

policy initiatives that would foster Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)

and stimulate investment in healthcare sector to shape the future of

Indian Healthcare Industry. The paper encapsulates the success of PPP

in health sector in India.

Keywords : Public Private Partnership, Healthcare Industry.

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Strength Properties Of Class 'C' Fly Ash

Concrete With Variable Aggregate Binder Ratio

Rama Mohan Rao P. and H. Sudarsana Rao

Abstract : In this paper the experimental work has been carried out to study the

strength characteristics of class 'C' fly ash concrete with cement replacement

levels by 30%, 40% and 50%. The aggregate to binder (a/b) ratio of 1.50

and 2.00 with water binder (w/b) ratios of 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50

for each concrete mix. In total twenty two fly ash concrete mixes each

of different mix proportions of fly ash, cement, water binder ratios were

cast and their characteristics were studied. For each fly ash concrete mix

consisting of standard sizes of cubes, cylindrical and prisms specimens

were cast and tested for compressive strength at 28 and 90 days and split

tensile strength, flexural strength. at the ages of 28 days. The test results

were analysed and compared among the two aggregate binder ratios. Thewater/binder ratio increases, the compressive strength at 28 days for

30%, 40% and 50% fly ash replacement levels were reduced. The concrete

mix having 40% fly ash replacement and water/ binder ratio 0.40 shows

better split tensile strength of aggregate binder ratio of 2.00.

Keywords : Fly Ash, Aggregate Binder Ratio, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile

Strength, Flexural Strength

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A Dynamic Model Study For Real-Life

ESIC Hospital Project

Abhishek V. and Jagadeesh P.

Abstract : All infrastructure projects are said to be inter-dependent, uncertain and

labour-intensive in nature. There is no exception for building services

subsector. For a real time project such as 'The construction, extension

and refurbishment of Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)

Hospital at Tirupati with total area of 45,000 square feet at an estimated

cost of 110 crores, a generic process model is developed to simulate the

effect of set of identified variables on construction project. The 'Stocks

and Flows' of dynamic model afford relevant insights to project managers,

who apply this knowledge when designing better performance through

more appropriate project planning. It is concluded from the model-based

approach that building services works can be improved through specificbetter focussed managerial efforts, such as increasing coordination effectiveness

at the planning stage, clarifying prerequisite conditions prior to installation,

etc. Otherwise, pending works arising from work clashes can lead to

knock-on effects resulting in productivity constraints and pressures, as

well as more rework and demolition. Current study reveals that the

model enables deep insight into various interdependent processes, thereby

improving construction performance levels, by addressing the dynamics

of the various identified critical input parameters.

Keywords : Construction Projects, Construction Project Performance, Dynamic Model

Structure, Endogenous Variables and Exogenous Variables.

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Temporal Data In Three Dimensional Models

For Improved Construction Planning

Abhijeet S. Deshpande, Ossama M. Salem and Richard Alan Miller

Abstract : The methods typically used for construction project planning, viz. bar

charts and critical path method are effective in describing only one aspect

of project control, temporal description of the activities that are required

for successful completion of the project. The spatial description of the

activities may be provided textually in the schedule, but the spatial

interaction between various activities is not completely addressed. This

requires a significant effort on the part of project managers and various

subcontractors to ensure that all the subcontractors work harmoniously.

This paper describes a case study involving the construction of a large

industrial project in the US where the temporal data in the CPM schedule

was integrated with the three dimensional model using the Navisworkssoftware. This integration led to effective co-ordination of various sub-

contractors in the project and enabled the project team to identify

multiple cases of clashes. This case study highlights the use of 4D modeling,

which employs only a sub-set of capabilities of Building Information

Modeling. The potential advantage of use of this technology in construction

projects in India is discussed in this paper.

Keywords : Temporal Data, 4D Modeling, Building Information Modeling.

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The Impact Of The Lean Technique Of Value

Stream Mapping In Indian Construction SitesOn Reducing Carbon Emissions

Ann Francis and Ashwin Mahalingam

Abstract : The construction industry is responsible for a considerable amount of

CO2and Greenhouse gas emissions. In the present day context, this is

a cause of considerable concern. Can 'Lean' construction techniques that

improve site productivity also improve site sustainability? Preliminary

evidence from other countries indicates that 'Lean' construction can

indeed lead to reduced emissions on construction sites. This paper attempts

to validate this notion on Indian construction sites and also attempts to

compare the extent of productivity enhancement and emission reduction

across a spectrum of construction activities, in order to achieve a better

understanding of where 'Lean' principles can be best used for improving

sustainability. We considered five different construction activities - Piling,

Construction of Open Foundations, Slab Concreting, Blockwork and

Fabricating Steel Trusses. We used Value Stream Mapping (VSM) - a

popularly used and standardized 'Lean' technique to map the current

execution process for each of these activities, and optimize productivity

using Lean techniques. Using simulation techniques, we simulated the

post-optimization performance of these activities. By comparing CO2equivalent emissions in the original state and in the optimized state for

each activity type, we were able to assess the role of Lean practices in

promoting sustainable construction. Our results indicate that while Lean

construction can lead to Green construction across all the activities that

we considered, the extent of emission reductions was highest in the

construction of open foundations followed by block work and piling.

Only negligible improvements were visible in concreting and structural

steel fabrication. Our findings are of relevance to policy makers, practitioners

and academics as they seek to make the construction industry more

sustainable.

Keywords : Sustainability, Lean Construction, Value Stream Mapping, Simulation,

CO2Equivalent Emissions.

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Time Waste And Delays In Construction

Projects : A State Of The Art Report

Safeer Ali Abbas Ali and Arun C.

Abstract : Delays in construction sites occur due to systematic additions of time

waste in various activities that are part of the construction process. Time

waste of a particular activity is the waste in productive time that could

have been made productive. Different activities have different reasons

that contribute to time wastes of that particular activity.

Time management for construction activities is not activity oriented, but

process oriented. Scheduling of projects using bar charts, milestone

charts, Critical Path Method (CPM), Programme Evaluation and ReviewTechnique (PERT) or even Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)

is done to maximize the project value by finishing the project at the

earliest by managing various activities most judiciously depending on the

sophistication of the method employed. However, these techniques are

less activity oriented, if the work is not discretized to minute level.

Studies indicating activity oriented time wastes for reduction in delay are

not many. Very few authors have studied certain activities in construction

in detail, while the detailed study on time waste generation, its reasons

and techniques for its reduction are almost nonexistent.

This paper gives a good insight into all presently available studies pertainingto activity oriented as well as non-activity oriented time waste generation.

It is seen that the lean technique implementation has reduced wastages

in construction, reducing time wastes in the process. Further, studies

explaining delay analysis, ways to reduction of delay and betterment of

process are reported by a number of scholars. But time waste studies are

nominal and a lot of ef fort is required to be put into this area of study.

In case of delay in construction, which is chronic in today's sites delays

are to be eradicated or at least reduced substantially.

Keywords : Time Wastes, Time Management, Lean Construction, Construction Activities.

COMMUNICATION - II