1. Development of SRI for Rice Production in China Slides from a powerpoint presentation made to a workshop on SRI, held at the World Rice Research Conference, Tsukuba, Japan, November 7, 2004

• Dr. Zhu Defeng

China National Rice Research Institute

Hangzhou, PRC

2.

Status of rice production in China

Problems in rice production

Trends of rice production technology

Basic principles and opportunity of SRI in China

Factors in rice growth and yield in SRI

SRI practice and demonstration

3. 1.Status of Rice Production in China 4.

Rice in China:

Staple food in China for about60 % of the population

Less than 30 % of the grain crop area, but 40% of grain production

China in World:

23% of rice area

37% of rice production

5. Percentage of grain crop area 6. Percentage of grain crop production 7. Trend of rice production in China 8. 9. Percentage of planting area of different types of riceand average planting area for types of variety Type Percentage of planting area (%) Indica inbred 17.3 Japonica inbred 27.6 Two-line hybrid 5.4 Three-line hybrid 49.8 10. Percentage of hybrid planting area to national rice area 11. 2.Problems in Rice Production 12. Limitations to rice production in China

Low profitability at present

Transfer of agricultural labor to

industrial sector and urban centers

Low resource-use efficiency

Small-scale farm management

13. Costs of rice production Items Percentage(%) Labour 45.9 Fertilizers 17.9 Pesticides 4.9 Machine/animal power 5.8 Irrigation /drainage 12.9 14. Nitrogen 180kg/ha ave. -- only 25-30% efficiency Pesticide 5-6 times of application for E/L rice 6-8 times of application for single rice Water Irrigation of 8000-1200M 3 /ha Low resource-use efficiency 15. ~120M farms are planting rice at present Average area per farm -- 0.2-0.4 ha Small-scale of production 16. 3. Trends in RiceProduction Technology 17. Changes in main traits of dominant varieties Period 60s -80s After 90s Plant height (cm) 80-100 100-125 Tillering capacity Medium Strong Panicle size Medium Large 18. Changes of cultivation practice S: shallow water layer, M: moisture, D: dry Period 50s-60s 70s-80s 90s After 90s Plant density Sparse Dense Sparse More sparse Irrigation Deep Deep-Shallow S-M-D S-M-D 19. 4.Basic Principles and Opportunity of SRI in China 20. Basic principles of SRI and functions Basic principle Function Younger seedlingTiller growth Sparse planting Tiller growth, large panicle S-M-D irrigation Water saving, root growth, and fertilizer use efficiency Organic/chemical fertilizer Soil fertility 21. Contributions of SRI Practice Contribution Sparse planting with younger seedlingLabor-saving S-M-D irrigation Water-saving Organic/chemical fertilizer Sustainable soil fertility 22. 5.Factors in Rice Growth and Yield with SRI 23. 1) Comparison of yield in SRI and check (Jiayou 99 variety, 2003) TR Panicle (No./m 2 ) Grains(No./ panicle Fertility(%) Grain weight (g /1000) Yield(t/hm 2 ) Relative yield(%) SRI 215.7 222.8 91.2 25.3 11.1 119.4 CK 209.6 191 92.6 25.1 9.3 100.0 24. 25. 26. Analysis of factors of yield increasein SRI compared with check Item Yield (t/hm 2 ) Contribution (%) Panicle no. 0.27 15.7 Grain no. 1.38 80.1 Grain weight 0.07 4.3 Total 1.73 100.0 27. 2)Pattern of tiller growth in SRI and check 28. 3)Light penetration 29. 4) Effect of planting type on angle of tiller at 45 DAS 30. Experiment of water saving in CNRRI 5)Water saving 31. Experiment of water saving in CNRRI 32. Comparison of water consumption in SRI and check Treatment Water consumption (m3/ha) Rate of saved water (%) CK 6289.8 0.0 S1 4879.9 22.4 S2 3806.7 39.5 S3 3477.0 44.7 33. 5. SRI Practice and Demonstration 34. 1) SRI demonstrationsin Zhejiang 35. Yield and location of SRI demonstrations in Zhejiang province (2004) Location Variety Area (ha) Yield(t/ha) Tiantai Nei2you 6 6.8 12.1 Tiantai Liangyoupeijiu 10.0 11.7 Chengzhou Zhongzheyou 1 7.5 12.3 Lingan Zhongzheyou 17.6 10.7 Kaihua Zhongzheyou 1 7.2 12.2 36. SRI practice in South China (hybrid)

1) Transplant seedlings with 4-5 leaves

2) Sparse planting, 12-15 hills/m 2with 1 plant/hill for large panicle/strong tillering CV; or 15-18hills/m 2with 1 plant for medium panicle/tillering CV

3) Shallow-moisture-dry irrigation system

37. Seedling raisingin tray 38. 3 DAS 39. 16 DAS 40. Land preparation in moist soil 41. Transplanting in shallow water layer 42. 25 DAS After rainfall or irrigation 43. 33 DAS 44. 45 DAS Without water layer 45. 65 DAS 53 DAS 46. 47. 48. Heavy panicle 49. 2)SRI Demonstrationsin Northeast Region 50. SRI (3-S) practice in Northeast China (Japonica)

1) 5-leaf seedling (about 45 days age) because of cold conditions at planting time

2) Sparse planting, 14-18 hills/m 2with 1-2 plants for large panicle/strong tillering CV

3) Shallow-moisture-dry irrigation system

51. Normal 3-S 52. Seedling raising in tray 53. Seedling raising in upland seedbed 54. Seedlings are started at the end of winter in plastic greenhouses 55. 56. Sparse sowing check 57. Wide row planting 58. Moist soil 59. 60. Conclusions

Rice management technology that matches new varieties/hybrids is needed to further increase yield

SRI principles match the current trends inthe advance of rice cultivation technology

Site-specific SRI technology is needed to for raising the yields of Super-Rice and for greater water productivity

61. THANKYOU