04 Types of Variables
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Types of VariablesConceptual Variables
Operational Variables
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Ways to measure highway safety
Option A:
Total number of car crashes
in a calendar year.
e.g., Crashes in Utah droppedfrom 59K to 57K in 2011.
Option B:
% of Alcohol related deaths
in a calendar year.
e.g., Alcohol related deaths
dropped from 27% to 25% in
2011.
These are just two ways to measure highway safety.
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Operationalizing your variables
Defining a fuzzy(abstract) concept
to make it clearly
distinguishable or
measurable.
Understand it in
terms of concreteobservations.
Aggression
Liking
There are numerous ways
to operationalize your
variables.
Degree of shockadministered
# of smiles duringinteraction
Abstract
concepts
Concrete
measurements
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From abstract to concrete measurement
To formally test our research questions, weneed to move from conceptual definitions to
specific definitions of our variables/measures.
(psych word: operationalize)
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Correlational Example
V ariable A V ariable B
Self Data:
How satisfied are you with
your job? (5-pt scale)
Life Data:
Recording sales or
commissions in a month.
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Conceptual vs. Operational IVs
Conceptual Definition
Abstract description of variable
Gender (subject variable)
Threat Condition (highvs. low)
Operational definition
Concrete measurement of variable
Male, female
High threat = speakingin front of a largecrowded auditorium
Low threat = speakingalone in an empty
auditorium
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Different ways to
operationalize aggression?
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Self-report for Aggression
Aggression
PROMPT: I see myself assomeone who
0 = never true
1 = sometimes true
2 = often true
Higher numbers indicategreater aggression.
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Informant report for Aggression
Aggression
Teachers report of childs aggressive
behaviors during class.
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Informant report of Aggression
Aggression
Clinicians report onclients levels of:
Verbal aggression Physical aggression
against self
Physical aggressionagainst other objects
Physical aggressionagainst other people.
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Behavioral measurement of Aggression
Aggression
Physiological measure of hormone associated with
aggression.
Changes in testosteronein relation to aggression.
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Archival (records) measurement of Aggression
Aggression
Crime rates in the UnitedStates across a variety of
crimes.
Indicator of culturalaggression.
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Other examples of Operational variables
Laboratory Behaviors Time spent working on a task
How close the participant sits to a confederate
Performance on a test
PhysiologicalMeasures
Heart rate; blood pressure
Cortisol (stress) levels
State-level changes
Change in self-esteem (pre- & post-manipulation)
Changes in values (beliefs about Obama
before/after clip)
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Practice!
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Practice!
Conceptual V ariables
Employee Satisfaction
Attraction
Operational Definitions
# of days to work showing up
on time (B data)
# of years working for a
company (L data)
Employers rating (I data)
Employees rating (S data)
# of inches a person places
their chair next to anotherperson (B data)
# of millimeters of pupil
dilation (B data)
Persons rating (S data)
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Practice:
Conceptual vs. Operational Variables Practice: Each group will be given one CONCEPTUAL variable.
Operationalize the conceptual variable using at least
3 of the 4 types. Self-report Data
Peer-report Data
Life Data (records)
Behavior data (observations)