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Table�of�Contents��

ListofTables.........................................................................................................................................................iiListofFigures........................................................................................................................................................iiListofMaps..........................................................................................................................................................iiListofCharts.........................................................................................................................................................iiListofAbbreviations............................................................................................................................................iii

1. Introduction�..................................................................................................................................�1

2. Purpose�and�Contents��of�the�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�Assessment�......................................�2

3. Baseline�for�the�Attractiveness��and�Suitability�Assessment�..........................................................�33.1LegalandStrategicFrameworks.....................................................................................................................33.2TreatmentofAgricultureinSpatialPlans......................................................................................................4

4. State�of�Agriculture�.......................................................................................................................�74.1PlantProduction.............................................................................................................................................74.2LivestockBreeding........................................................................................................................................104.3ConcludingRemarks.....................................................................................................................................10

5. Socio�economic�Significance�of�Agricultural�Sector�......................................................................�125.1ForeignTradeinAgriculturalProducts........................................................................................................125.2InstitutionalSupporttoAgriculturalDevelopment......................................................................................135.3IncentivesandAgriculturalPolicy.................................................................................................................13

6. Spatial�Assessment�.....................................................................................................................�156.1MethodsofWork..........................................................................................................................................156.2OliveGrowing..............................................................................................................................................186.3GrowingofCitrusFruits................................................................................................................................226.4Viticulture.....................................................................................................................................................266.5Beekeeping...................................................................................................................................................306.6LivestockBreeding........................................................................................................................................326.7PriorityAreasforDevelopmentofIndividualCrops.....................................................................................34

7. Spatial�Development�of�Agriculture�............................................................................................�377.1DevelopmentConcept..................................................................................................................................377.2TheLevelofHarmonizationbetweentheResultsoftheAttractivenessandSuitabilityAssessmentof

SpaceforAgriculturewithGuidelinesonAgriculturalDevelopmentintheExistingSpatialPlans...............417.3InstrumentsofImplementation...................................................................................................................50

8. Bibliography�................................................................................................................................�55� �

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List�of�Tables�Table1: Principleforassigningsuitabilityscores....................................................................................................17Table2: Assessmentofattractivenessofthespaceforolivegrowingbyparameters/criteriaandsubX

criteria/categories.....................................................................................................................................19Table3: Assessmentofattractivenessofthespaceforcitrusfruitssectorbyparameters/criteriaandsubX

criteria/categories.....................................................................................................................................23Table4: Assessmentofattractivenessofthespaceforviticulturebyparameters/criteriaandsubXcriteria/

categories..................................................................................................................................................27Table5: Surfaceoftheareasofconflictbetweenundevelopedconstructionareasandareasthatare(either

partlyorentirely)suitableforagriculture.................................................................................................48

List�of�Figures�Figure1: SchematicoverviewoftheAssessmentofAttractivenessandSuitabilityoftheCoastalZoneof

MontenegroforDevelopmentofAgricultureintheframeworkofCAMPMontenegroanditsrelationtootheractivitiesanddocuments.................................................................................................2

Figure2: Typicalexampleofagriculturalareas(Zoganj)whicharenotdefinedasagriculturallandinthelandXusesynthesismap(Source:GoogleEarth,2013),markedwithblueboxintheMap1..............................6

Figure3: Stepsindevelopmentofthemodelofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthespaceforagriculture...........17Figure4: Method(steps)foridentificationofpriorityareas....................................................................................35Figure5: Illustrationofalackofharmonisationbetweenagriculturallandusesasdefinedintheexisting

spatialplans(basedonthelandXusesynthesismapdevelopedforpreparationoftheSPSPCZMNE,July2013)andestablishedactualconditionsofagriculturalsurfacesbasedonorthophotos(Source:GoogleEarth,2013)–exampleofaselectedsectioninLuštica................................................................43

List�of�Maps�Map1: Anoverviewofagriculturalareasaccordingtolanduse(LandXusesynthesismap,RIUDP,July2013)......6Map2: OverviewofagriculturallandaccordingtotheCorinelandcoverclassification.........................................8Map3: Assessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthecoastalzoneforolivegrowing.................................20Map4: Assessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthecoastalzoneforcitrusfruitsgrowing.......................24Map5: AssessmentofAttractivenessandSuitabilityoftheCoastalZoneforViticulture.....................................28Map6: Suitabilityofthecoastalzoneforbeekeeping...........................................................................................31Map7: Overlappingofthemostsuitableareas(grades4and5)forgrowingolives,citrusfruitsandgrape

vine............................................................................................................................................................34Map8: Overviewofpriorityareassuitableforgrowingtheanalysedcrops.........................................................36Map9: Conceptofagriculturaldevelopmentwithbasictypesofagriculturalareas............................................38Map10: Spatialdistributionofthemostimportantagriculturalsectors................................................................40Map11: Overviewofhowtheareasmostsuitableforagriculturecomparetoagriculturalareasdesignated

inthespatialplans(basedonthelandXusesynthesismapdevelopedforthepurposeofpreparationoftheSPSPCZMNE,RIUDP,July2013)......................................................................................................44

Map12: Largerareasofconflictsbetweenundevelopedconstructionareasandareasthatare(eitherentirelyorpartly)suitableforagriculture.................................................................................................46

List�of�Charts�Chart1: Structureofagriculturallandinthecoastalregionin2011.Source:StatisticalYearbook2012,

MONSTAT(www.monstat.org)....................................................................................................................7Chart2: Tradeinagriculturalfoodproducts(inthousandsEUR)2005X2011.........................................................13

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List�of�Abbreviations�CAMP CoastalAreaManagementProgrammeCAP CommonAgriculturalPolicyCARDS CommunityAssistanceforReconstruction,DevelopmentandStabilisationintheBalkans

(EU)CEED CentreforEntrepreneurshipandEconomicDevelopmentCEFTA CentralEuropeanFreeTradeAssociationE EastEU EuropeanUnionGDP GrossDomesticProductGIS GeographicInformationSystemGUP GeneralUrbanPlanICZM IntegratedCoastalZoneManagementIPA InstrumentforPreXaccessionAssistanceIPARD InstrumentforPreXaccessionAssistanceforRuralDevelopment(EU)ISPA InstrumentforStructuralPoliciesforPreXAccession(EU)MAP MediterraneanActionPlanMIPA MontenegrinInvestmentPromotionAgencyMNE MontenegroMONSTAT StatisticalOfficeofMontenegroMonteCEP CentreforUrbanDevelopmentPlanningofMontenegroMSDT MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourismMSP MunicipalSpatialPlanN NorthNE NorthXEastNLS NationalLocationStudyNW NorthXWestPAP/RAC PriorityActionsProgramme/RegionalActivityCentrePHARE PolandandHungary:AssistanceforRestructuringtheirEconomiesPTT Postal,TelegraphandTelephoneServicesRIUDP RepublicInstituteofUrbanDevelopmentandPlanningS SouthSAPARD SpecialAccessionProgrammeforAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(EU)SE SouthXEastSPMNE SpatialPlanofMontenegroSPSPCZMNE SpecialPurposeSpatialPlanoftheCoastalZoneofMontenegroSUP SpatialUrbanPlanSW SouthXWestUN UnitedNationsUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeVAT ValueAddedTaxW WestWTO WorldTradeOrganization

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1. 1.�Introduction�

AgriculturalsectorplaysanimportantroleinMontenegro`seconomy,withagrowingshareingrossdomesticproductwhichreachedthelevelof8%in2011.Eventhoughnowadaysonly1.28%ofthetotalnumberofemployedpersonsinMontenegroworksinagriculturalsector,thereare46,473annuallabourunitsinfamilyagriculturalholdings(eachunitbeingequivalenttoapermanentlyemployedperson)whichleadstoaconclusionthattheactualshareofemploymentinagricultureamountstoalmost30%.Difficultiesencounteredinagriculturaldevelopmentarerelatedtotheexcessiveimportsandanumberofreasonsthathaveledtoeconomicstagnationintheearlierperiod.BalanceddevelopmentofacountrysuchasMontenegrorequiresclearlydefinedroleofagricultureandsupporttoitsdevelopmentsincetherecanbenoregionalandruralwithoutagriculturaldevelopment.

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2. 2.�Purpose�and�Contents��

of�the�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�Assessment�

TheassessmentofattractivenessofthecoastalzoneforagriculturaldevelopmentformsfoundationforpreparationoftheSpecialPurposeSpatialPlanfortheCoastalZoneofMontenegro(SPSPCZMNE),aswellasfortheNationalStrategyforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagementofMontenegroanditsActionPlan.Resultsoftheassessmentmayalsobeusedin

preparationofmunicipalplansandstrategicdocumentsinthefieldofagriculture.Inamethodologicalsensethepurposeofthisstudyistoshowhow(spatial)assessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthecoastalzoneispreparedbyusingGeographicInformationSystem(GIS).

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Figure�1:�Schematic�overview�of�the�Assessment�of�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�of�Montenegro�for�Development�of�Agriculture�in�the�framework�of�CAMP�Montenegro�and�its�relation�to�other�

activities�and�documents�

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3. 3.�Baseline�for�the�Attractiveness��

and�Suitability�Assessment�

Despitelimitedareasusedforagriculturalproduction,Montenegro’sagricultureisdiverseandthesamecanbesaidforthecoastalregion.Themostsuitableandlargestareasforagricultureinthecoastalregionareamelioratedcoastalfields:Ulcinjsko(100ha),Zoganjsko(110ha),Mr~evo(220ha),Tivatsko(80ha)andSutorinsko(120ha),withatotalsurfaceof640ha.Unfortunately,majorityoftheseareasareeithernotusedorareusedtoasmallextent,whilesomeofthemareevenderelict.Štojskagreda,whichislocatedinthehinterlandofVelikaplaža(1,000ha),representsconsiderablepotential.

SuitabilityoftheMediterraneanclimateforgrowingolives,figs,citrusfruits,diversevegetables,flowersandotheragriculturalcropsattractiveforthemarketisoneofthebasicdevelopmentpotentials,primarilyforruralhinterland.Agriculturalpotentialofthecoastalzoneisalsolinkedtoecologicalandorganicfarmingsincelowlevelsofmineralfertilisers(over10timeslowerconsumptioncomparedtotheEUaverage)andplantprotectionproductsarestillappliedinMontenegro.Linkingthetourismsectorwithagriculturerepresentsmajorpotentialforincreasingtheemploymentlevelsandincomeinthecoastalregion,primarilythroughproductionofthefoodforconsumptioninhotels,restaurants,etc.AgriculturealsohasanimportantnationalXculturalfunctionwhichincludespreservationoftraditionandculturalheritageinthecountryside.

Despitetheseopportunities,oneofthemaincharacteristicsoffoodproductioninMontenegroisthattheshareofprimaryagricultureinGrossDomesticProductishigher

thanthatofthefoodprocessingsector.Thisindicateslowleveloffinalisationofagriculturalproducts,considerableshareofselfXsupplyofruralpopulationwithfoodandwidespreadmarketingofagriculturalproductsthroughunregisteredsalechannels.

Sustainableagriculturaldevelopmentmaycreatesuitablestandardoflivingforruralpopulationandensureoverallruraldevelopment,whilepreservingtraditionalvaluesofrurallife.Therefore,itisnecessarytoidentifythescopeofdevelopmentopportunitiesformaintainingagriculturalproductioninthecoastalzoneandtodevelopanintegratedprogrammewithothersectors,tourisminparticular.

3.1�Legal�and�Strategic�Frameworks�TheanalysiscarriedoutbytheCentralBankofMontenegro1concludedthatprogresswasmadewithstrengtheninglegalandstrategicframeworksinagriculturalsector.Duringthepastperiod,theMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopmentworkedintensivelytoadoptkeysystemicdocuments,themostimportantonesbeingtheLawonAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(2009),NationalRuralDevelopmentProgramme(2008),andthedraftIPARDprogrammeforMontenegro(2011and2012)whichatthesametimeconstitutesbasisforreceivingIPARDsupport(VcomponentofIPAprogramme).TheGovernmentofMontenegroalsoadoptedtheActionPlanfortheDevelopmentofOrganicFarming2012X2017

1RecommendationstotheGovernmentofMontenegroconcerningeconomicpolicyin2013

Coastal�Area�Management�Programme�(CAMP)�Montenegro�

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whichsetsoutmeasurestosupportorganicfarming,aswellasmeasuresonprocessingoforganicproductsandtheirconsumptionondomesticmarketandthroughtourismoffer.

Agriculture(especiallyorganicproduction)andavailableforestpotentialareresourcesthatshouldbevalorisedonthemarket.AsemphasisedintheRegionalDevelopmentStrategyofMontenegro2010X2014,thelargestshareofdevelopmentpotentialisinfactlocatedintheleastdevelopedareas.InlinewiththegoalsandinstrumentsoftheEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP),theNationalAgricultureandRuralDevelopmentStrategyofMontenegro2007X2013(Montenegro’sAgricultureandEuropeanUnion–StrategyforFoodProductionandRuralDevelopment)hassetpreparationofagriculturalsectorfortheEUaccessionthroughdevelopmentofsustainableagricultureandruralareasasitsgeneralgoal.TheNationalProgrammeforFoodProductionandRuralDevelopment2009X2013(adoptedinNovember2008)isanoperationaldocumentforimplementingtheStrategyandforharmonisationoftheoverallagriculturalpolicyofMontenegrowiththeEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy.Thenewstrategyfortheperiod2014X2020iscurrentlybeingpreparedinaccordancewiththereformedEUagriculturalpolicy.Moreover,in2012MontenegrobecamefullyXfledgedmemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)whichrepresentsthebroadestforumforconductingnegotiationsonliberalisationofinternationaltradeinallthesegments.

InordertofurtherstrengthenagricultureandbetterharmoniseMontenegrinruraldevelopmentpolicywiththeEUmodel,itisnecessarytouseallthefundsallocatedforstrengtheningofdifferentsegmentsofagriculture–fromadministrativecapacitiestotheproductionandadoptionofstandards.Amongothers,EUfundsfromtheInstrumentforPreXaccessionAssistance(IPA)areavailable,aswellasfundsfromtheIPARDprogrammewhichwassubmittedtotheEuropeanCommissionin2013.

3.2�Treatment�of�Agriculture��in�Spatial�Plans�

3.2.1��Guidelines�of�the�Spatial�Plan�of�Montenegro�for�Agricultural�Development��

TheSpatialPlanofMontenegro(SPMNE)by2020representsastrategicspatialplanningdocumentatthenationallevel.AccordingtotheSPMNE,Montenegroonlyhas741km2or74,000haofagriculturallandofbetterquality(5.4%ofitsterritory),whichindicateshowhighlyimportantitisforthecountry.Themostevidentconflictbetweenvariouslanduses,whichhasbeenidentifiedintheSPMNEaswell,istheconflictbetweenagricultureandurbanisationwhichismanifestedinthetrendofconversionofagriculturalland.LandXusechangeandpermanentlossofsoilcauseharmtoagricultureandatthesametimetheygiveraisetoothernegativeeffectsincludingsoilerosion,environmentalpollution,loweredvaluesofculturalheritageandreducedattractivenessofcertainareas.InadequatesocioXeconomicpositionofagricultureandruralareasstillprevails.Thisisprimarilyreflectedinlowbudgetallocationsandlowtotalinvestmentsinagricultureandruraldevelopment.

Asaresultofslowdevelopmentandmodernisation,competitivenessofMontenegro’sagricultureislow.Exportofagriculturalandfoodproductsisalsolow,whileimportisontherise(exportaccountsformerely12%ofimport)leadingtocontinuousincreaseofhighforeigntradedeficit.Ontheotherhand,asaresultoflowlevelofinvestmentsandinsufficientcareforlandprotectionanddevelopment,considerableareasoffertilelandareexposedtofloods,boggingandsalinization.Thesituationissimilarwhenitcomestoprotectionagainsterosion,torrents,provisionofirrigation,reXcultivationandameliorationofnewareas.

Assessment�of�attractiveness�and�suitability�of�the�coastal�zone�of�Montenegro�for�development�of�agriculture�

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Thebasicprinciples�setbytheSPMNEaredevelopmentofagriculturalactivitiesasthemainand/oradditionalsourceofincomeforruralpopulationinordertoreversethenegativetrendofdecliningnumbersofinhabitants,developmentoforganicfarminginvariousagriculturalareas,anddevelopmentofprocessingcapacitiesintheareaswithprimaryagriculturalproductioninordertostrengthenthevaluechainandgeneratenewaddedvalue.ThemaingoaloftheSPMNEisstrictpreservationoftheexistingpotentialofagriculturalland,particularlyofthatlocatednearbyurbansettlements(periXurbanzones).Themainpotentialsinthecoastalzonerefertolargesectionsoffertileagriculturalland,areaswithtraditionalagriculturalproductionoftheMediterraneantype,zonesthatarenotusedformilitarypurposesanylonger,andzoneswithtraditionalcountrysideambientinthehinterlandwhereagriculturalactivitiesarestillpracticed.

3.2.2�Analysis�of�Municipal�Spatial�Plans��in�the�Coastal�Zone�

Theentireterritoryofthe�municipality�of�Budva�maybeseenasaspecificareainasensethattourismfunctionsinthearrangementofspaceprevailovertheagriculturalones(0.8%ofagriculturalintotalemployment).Nevertheless,theSpatialPlanofthemunicipalityofBudvaenvisagesprotectionofagriculturallandfromunsoundlandtakeforconstruction,recreationalandothernonXagriculturalpurposesbycallingforappropriateprojectdocumentationdevelopment.

TermsofReferencefortheMunicipalSpatialPlan(MSP)andGeneralUrbanPlan(GUP)ofTivatandguidelinesoftheSPMNEidentifyagricultureasapriorityareainthedevelopmentofthismunicipality.However,inthemunicipality�ofTivat�onlylessthan1%ofthetotalnumberoftheemployedworkinagriculturalsectoratthemoment.Intensifyingagriculture,asanactivitywhichiscomplementarytotourism,hasnotoccurredandmajorpartofagriculturallandisnowadaysnonXfunctionalandderelict.

DevelopmentinHerceg�Noviareashouldbebasedonitscomparativeadvantages.Itisnecessarytodevelopagriculturalactivitiesasthemainoradditionalsourceofincomeforruralpopulationinordertoreversenegativetrendofdepopulationofthehinterland.Improvementoforganicfarmingindifferentagriculturalareasanddevelopmentofcapacitiesforprocessingagriculturalproductsarealsoextremelyimportant.

GuidelinesonagriculturaldevelopmentlaiddownintheSpatialPlanofthemunicipalityof�Kotor�areasfollows:“Accordingtothepedologicalanalysis,thesoilfromcategoriesItoIVshouldbefullypreservedandusedforagriculturalpurposes.SincethesoilfromthesequalitycategoriesislocatedmainlyinGrbalj,itisnecessarytomakecorrectiontotheurbanplansandshiftfurtherconstructiontowardsperipheralareasofthefields(particularlyatRadanovi4i).”�

Differentfromothercoastalmunicipalities,Bar�and�Ulcinj�are�recognisedfortheiroutstandingagriculturalpotentials.Threevegetationbeltswereestablishedasaresultoffavourableclimate:thefirstbeltextendingtothealtitudeofupto300mwhereolives,figs,citrusfruits(tangerines,oranges,lemons),almonds,kiwi,etc.prevail.Inthesecondvegetationbeltchestnut,pomegranateandgrapevinegrow,whilevarietiesfoundinthethirdoneincludepears,apples,plums,etc.

Attention�should�be�paid�to�the�fact�that�the�extent�and�distribution�of�agricultural�land�shown�on�the�land�use�synthesis�map�(Map�1)�prepared�for�the�development�of�the�SPSPCZ�MNE�(RIUDP,�July�2013)�does�not�correspond�with�actual�conditions.�A�considerable�number�of�large�sections�of�the�existing�agricultural�areas,�and�particularly�small�coves�and�terraced�agricultural�areas�for�which�this�assessment�also�showed�high�attractiveness�for�agricultural�development,�are�depicted�as�category�of�forests,�makia,�karst�and�other�undeveloped�areas�in�the�synthesis�land�use�map.��


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Thesecondproblemisthewayinwhichruralsettlementsaredefinedinspatialplans.ThelandXusecategoryentitledmixed�use�areas�in�factencompassesalargeshareofthe

surroundingagriculturallandwhichinevitablyleadstofragmentationofagriculturallandandtodispersedconstruction.

Map�1:�An�overview�of�agricultural�areas�according�to�land�use�(Land�use�synthesis�map,�RIUDP,�July�2013)�

Figure�2:�Typical�example�of�agricultural�areas�(Zoganj)�which�are�not�defined�as�agricultural�land�in�the�land�use�synthesis�

map�(Source:�Google�Earth,�2013),�marked�with�blue�box�in�the�Map�1.�

Zoganjskofield

AgriculturalareasaccordingtolandXusesythesismap

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4. 4.�State�of�Agriculture�

Thecoastalregion2coincidesingeneralwiththeextentofthecoastalzoneandcoverstheareaof1,591km2or11.5%oftheterritoryofMontenegro.Itissuitableforfruit(citrusfruitandolives)andvegetableproduction.ItshillyterrainsaresuitableforsmallruminantsbreedingandtheyarealsoabundantwithhoneyXbearing,aromaticandmedicinalherbs,aswellaswithwildfruitspecies(pomegranate,fig,etc.).

ThestructureofagriculturallandofthecoastalregionispresentedintheChart1,whileagriculturalareasarepresentedintheMap2below.

Chart�1:�Structure�of�agricultural�land�in�the�coastal�region�in�2011.�Source:�Statistical�Yearbook�2012,�

MONSTAT�(www.monstat.org)�

2CoastalregionofMontenegrocomprisessixmunicipalitiesandtheirsettlements,themunicipalityofBarbeingthebiggest(withthesurfaceof598km2)andthemuniciplaityofTivatthesmallestone(46km2).Theremainingfourmunicipalitiesofthecoastalregionare:HercegNovi(235km2),Kotor(335km2),Budva(122km2)andUlcinj(255km2).Whenitcomestoterritories,thereisasmalldifferencebetweenthescopeofthecoastalzoneandthatofthecoastalregion.ThecoastalzonedoesnotincludeapartofteritoryoftheNationalParkLakeSkadarwhichbelongstothemunicipalityofBar(andthustothecoastalregion),nordoesitincludeasmallpartofsettlementsPobori,Markovi4iandBraji4iwhichbelongtotheNationalParkLov4enwhileatthesametimebelongingtothegroupofsettlementsofthehillyandmoutaineoushinterlandofthemunicipalityofBudva.

Asmuchas90.5%ofagriculturalholdingsinthecoastalzonearesmallerthan2ha,whilemorethan55%ofthemhavelessthan0.5haofusedagriculturalland.Coastalregionhasjust2.1%ofagriculturalholdingsthesizeofwhichis5haandmore,whileasfewas0.1%(9holdings)ismorethan100hainsize.Thewidespreadpresenceofsmallagriculturalholdingsslowsdowndevelopmentofthecommercialagriculture.

4.1�Plant�Production�Thefollowingactivitiesaredominantinplantproductionsector:vegetableproduction,followedbytheproductionofgrapes,potatoes,fruitsandolives,whilecerealsproductionisatalowlevel.SmallscaleofcerealproductionisoneofthespecificitiesofMontenegrinagriculturethatmakesitdifferentcomparedtoeventheneighbouringcountries.Accordingtothe2012StatisticalYearbook,12%oftotalagriculturallandinMontenegroisusedforplantproduction,whereascerealsandvegetableproductionaccountfor8.8%,andfruitandgrapeproductionfor3.2%ofagriculturalland.Totalsurfaceoflandusedforplantproductiondecreasedbysome4.1%intheperiod2001X2010.

InthecoastalzoneofMontenegro,where5,398haarecoveredwithorchards,itisfigs,lemons,oranges,tangerinesandolivesthataregrownthemost.Fruitproductionsectorisquitefragmented.Considerablefluctuationsinproductionovertheyears,resultingfromlimitedtechnologyofgrowingandfragmentedproductiononfamilyholdingsaresomeofthemainweaknessesinthefruitproductionsubXsector.Exceptforpeaches,raspberries,strawberriesandcitrusfruits,thefruitsarewidelygrowninfamilygardenswithoutapplyingtheagroXtechnicalmeasures.Therefore,theyieldislowandvariesconsiderablyfromoneyeartoanother.


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Map�2:�Overview�of�agricultural�land�according�to�the�Corine�land�cover�classification

Competitivenessinfruitsectormaybeboostedbymodernisationofagriculturalholdings,betteruseofresourcesandlabourforce,introductionofnewtechnologiesandinnovation,whilestrongfocusshouldbeplacedonmarketXorientedproducers.Thisrequiresestablishment

ofmodernorchardsbyusingseedlingsofcontrolledquality.

Olive�istheoldestsubXtropicalvarietyontheMontenegrincoastanditisgrownononethirdofthetotalareascoveredbyorchards.InMontenegro,thereisthepotentialforannual

Olivegroves

Pastures

Complexofcultivationpatterns

Landprincipallyoccupiedbyagriculture,withsignificantareasofnaturalvegetation


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productionwhichexceeds2,000tofoliveoil,whileonly50%ofthisisputtouse.Productionofoliveoilisfarfrommeetingdomesticneeds:totalvalueofoliveoilexportamountstoEUR77,000,whereasthevalueofimportistentimeshigher.Itisinterestingtonotethatnotasinglebusinessisregisteredforolivegrowingonlargerplantationsinthecountry.

Citruses�(citrus�fruits)�–�oranges,tangerines,lemonsandothersgrowninthecoastalregionaccountforasmuchas99.9%ofthetotalproductioninMontenegro(thepercentagereferstoterritoryonwhichcitrusesaregrown).Accordingtothedatafromthe2012StatisticalYearbook,outofthetotalnumberofcitrustrees,98.4%arelocatedinthecoastalregion,whiletheshareofthisregionintotalyieldis98.6%.Atbothnationalandlevelofthecoastalregion,fruitsaregrownonhighlyfragmentedholdings.Itisnecessarytoinvestinnewfacilitiesandrenovationoftheexistingones,aswellasinmodernequipmentandcapacitiesforproductionandprocessingaftertheharvest.

AccordingtotheMONSTATdata,areascoveredbyvineyards�showedthetendencyofgrowthintheperiod2001X2012,particularlyoverthelastfiveyears.Amongthegrownspeciesautochthonousvinevarietiesusedforproductionofred(vranacandkratošija–redwinegrapevarieties)andwhitewines(krsta�–whitewinegrapevariety)prevailandaccountformorethan70%,whilenonXnativevarietiesarepresenttoasmallerextent.Unlikeotheragriculturalsectors,thevalueofexportisfivetimeshigherthanthevalueofimport.Improvementofthecompetitivenessofwinesectorrequiresinnovationandbetteruseofresourcesbymeansofnewvineyardsandcontrolledseedlings,whileitisalsonecessarytoprovidesupporttoproducers`initiativestoestablishassociationsandundertakejointactivitiesthatincludeproductionandsale.Moreover,focusingproductiononspecificandtraditionalhighXqualityproductswouldmakeconsiderablecontributiontothedevelopmentof

horizontalintegrationbetweenwineandtourismsubXsectorswhichwouldmaketourismoffermoreattractive.

InMontenegro,atotalof45,748haarecoveredbyarable�land�and�gardens,ofwhich14%(6,270ha)arelocatedinthecoastalregion.Accordingtothestatisticaldata,theprevioustrendofreductionofarablelandareasisnowmitigatedorevenreversed.Inthecoastalregionitistomatoes,onionsandpepperplantsthatareproducedthemost.Thefollowingarethemainlimitingfactorsinvegetableproduction:nolandimprovementmeasuresandlowfertilityofsoil,inadequatebasicprocessingandpreparationforsowing,inadequateselectionofvarietiesandhybrids,unfavourablestructureofplants,diseasesandpests,unfavourabledistributionofprecipitation,climatestresses,aswellasinadequatelevelofknowledgeamongagriculturalproducers.

Accordingtothedatacollectedinthe2010agriculturalcensus,thetotalirrigatedareainthecoastalregionequals720.8ha(25%oftotalirrigatedlandinMontenegro).Themostfrequentirrigationsourceinthecoastalregionisgroundwater(47.1%)followedbywatersupplysystemandothersources(29.8%).Surfacewaterisusedasanirrigationsourcein19.2%ofcases,whilesurfacewatersfoundontheholdingsthemselvesaretheleastusedsource(4%).Lackofnaturalwaterspringsforirrigationinagriculturemaybepartlyresolvedbydiggingwells.Intherestofthecoastalzone,irrigationwatermaybesuppliedbybuildingreservoirsinwhichnaturalprecipitationwouldbecollectedandusedduringtheseasonofvegetativegrowthofplantsandalsoduringcriticalperiodsoffruitdevelopment.WithinthescopeofthecoastalzoneofMontenegro,irrigationsystemforagriculturallandexistsonlyinTivatskofield.Theirrigationitselfhasunfortunatelystopped,howeverthesystemstillexistseventhoughitisrundown.Developmentofirrigationsystemsisenvisagedfortheareaof14,420hainthecoastalzoneofMontenegroby2021,whichis


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75%oftotallandpotentialsuitableforirrigationinthisameliorationarea.

Futurepriorityinvestments�in�plantproductionsectorshouldbemadeatthelevelsofprimaryproductionandprocessingindustry.Intheprimaryproductionsector,supportshouldbeshiftedtowardsinvestmentsinboostingcompetitivenessandimplementationofstandardsandinparticulartowardstheimprovementoftechnologyandmanagement,restorationoffruitplantations,buildingprotectedareas(polytheneandglassgreenhouses)andsupporttotheestablishmentofproducers’organisationsandgroups.Intermsofprocessingandmarket,supportshouldbegiventotheinvestmentsaimingtoboostcompetitivenessandimplementationoftheEUstandards.Professionaltraining,particularlyintheareaofgrowingnewvarietiesandhybrids,productionofseedlings,introductionofnewtechnologies,etc.shouldplayanimportantroleinfuturesupport.

4.2�Livestock�Breeding�Accordingtotheestimates,economicvalueofthelivestockbreedingsectoraccountsforsome50%oftotalagriculturalproductionofMontenegro.Cattle�breeding�isthemostimportantbranchfollowedby(ineconomicterms)sheepbreeding.Goat�breedingisparticularlyimportantforthekarstareasofMontenegroinwhichnaturalpreconditionsforbreedingothertypesofruminants(cattleandsheep)areconsiderablylessfavourable.Pig�breeding�is�an�industrialsectoroflivestockbreedingwhich,duetothelackofproductionofconcentratedfoodstuff,isnotassignificantasthecattleandsheepbreedingand,morerecently,thepoultrybreeding.Poultry�breedinghasseenpositivechangessuchasopeningofnewfarmsforeggproduction,expansionofbroilerproduction,openingofslaughterhousesandprocessingcapacitieswhichhavenotyetbeenproperlyregisteredinofficialstatistics.In

recentyears,progresshasbeenrecordedineggproductionaswell.

Themilkanddairysectorandthemeatandmeatproductssectoraredirectlylinkedtothelivestockbreeding.Dairy�sector,despitehavingindividuallythelargestshareinvalue,isnotproperlydevelopedsinceonly15%ofprimaryproductionofmilkisprocessedindairyfacilities.DevelopmentofMontenegro’smeatindustryhasbeendynamicoverthepasttenyears,withconsiderableinvestmentsmadeinconstructionofmodernfacilitiesandmodernisationofequipmentforslaughteringandmeatprocessing.Productionoftraditionaldriedham(prosciutto),madefromimportedpigmeatwhichissmokedanddriedintheair,isextremelyimportantpartofMontenegro’smeatprocessingsector.ProsciuttoofNjegušiisproducedintheareaofNjeguši,whichcomprisesasurfaceofaround8km2inCetinjemunicipality,locatedbetweenthetownsofCetinjeandKotor.

Beekeeping�hasalongandrichtraditioninMontenegro.Presenceofseveralclimatezones,extensiveareascoveredbynaturalmeadowsandpasturesandspaciouskarstareawithabundantfloristiccompositionandmanyhoneyXbearingplantscreatedveryfavourablenaturalconditionsforthedevelopmentofthiseconomicactivity.

4.3�Concluding�Remarks�OneofthestructuralcharacteristicsoffoodproductionisthatshareofprimaryagricultureinGDPishigherthanthatofthefoodprocessingsector.Themajorshareofagriculturalproducts,particularlywhenitcomestoplantproduction,issoldongreenmarketsorofferedfororganisedbuyingupofsurpluses,whiletheshareofpreXagreedproductionforaknownbuyerisrelativelysmall.Unfavourablestructure,smallnumberofenterprisesandinsufficienttechnologicalequipmentallhavenegative


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impactoncompetitivenessofthefoodprocessingindustryandachievementoftheinternationalsanitaryXhygienicnormsandstandards.Inadditiontotheshortcomingsidentifiedatthelevelofenterprises,shortcomingshavealsobeenidentifiedattheinstitutionallevelintermsofimplementationofthefoodcontrolsystem.Toboostcompetitivenessofthissector,itisnecessarytoengageintechnologicalupgradewhichwouldresultingreatereconomicefficiencyandhigherqualityproducts.Inaddition,thereareevidentshortcomingswhenitcomestodevelopmentofnewproducts,promotionandmarketing.

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5. 5.�Socio�economic�Significance�of�Agricultural�Sector�

AgricultureisthesecondmostimportantdevelopmentandeconomicpriorityforMontenegro,aftertourism.Highshareofagriculture(togetherwithhunting,forestryandfisheries)intotalGDP–asmuchas7.9%in2011–testifiesofthesector’shighimportanceforthenationaleconomy.Accordingtothe2011MONSTATdata,thecontributionofhuntingandforestrytotheGDPdoesnotexceed1%,whichmeansthattheshareofagriculture,excludinghuntingandforestrysubsectors,exceeds7%.ThisisquitehighespeciallyifcomparedtotheEUaveragewhichislessthan2%.Intheperiod2001X2011,thesectorrecordedsteadygrowthasaresultofwhichgrossaddedvalueduringtheperiodinquestiongrewby83%.

Increaseofpopulation(1.9%)wasrecordedinthecoastalregionintheperiodbetweentwocensuses(2003and2011).AnalysisofpopulationdistributionbythetypeofsettlementsshowsthatthemajorityofinhabitantsinMontenegroareconcentratedintheurbancentresandsurroundingsettlements(63.23%).Inthecoastalregion,itisonlythemunicipalityofBarthathasmoreinhabitantslivinginrural(58.03%)thaninurbanareas.Outofthetotalnumberofagriculturalpopulationinthecountry,7,931personsor8.1%livesinthecoastalregion.Asfortheagestructureonagriculturalholdings,itischaracterisedbyahighshareofolderpersonsworkingontheholdings.Accordingtothedataofthe2011agriculturalcensus,outofthetotalnumberofpersonsworkingonagriculturalholdingsinthecoastalregionthemajorityarethosewithsecondaryschooldegree.Thenumberofthosewithcollegeoruniversitydegreesworkinginagricultureamountstojust1.3%.Itisinterestingtopointoutthataccordingtothedataofthe2010

agriculturalcensus,notasinglepersonwithmaster’sordoctoraldegreesinagricultureorotherscienceswasregisteredasamemberofanyhouseholdworkingonafamilyagriculturalholding.Theproblemsmentionedabovearelinkedtomigrationofruralpopulationtourbanareas,unfavourableagestructure,unfavourableeducationalstructureandinsufficientinvestmentsindevelopmentofruralareasandtheirlivingconditions.

5.1�Foreign�Trade��in�Agricultural�Products�AccordingtotheMONSTATdata,thelargestMontenegrinexportsofagriculturalproductsarewineandotheralcoholicbeverages(aroundEUR22millionin2011).AnnualvalueofwineexportexceedsEUR18million.Thisisfollowedbyexportoffruitsandvegetables(aroundEUR10millionin2011),whileintherecentyearsapositivetrendhasbeenrecordedinexportingmeatandmeatproducts(aroundEUR5millionin2011).Nevertheless,Montenegroisnetimporteroffoodandbeverages,whileexportaccountsformerely12%oftotalimport(inmillionEUR).Thechartbelowshowsnegativetradebalance3basedontheMONSTATdatafortheperiod2005X2011:

3 Balanceoftradereferringtobeverages,foodandliveanimals.


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Chart�2:�Trade�in�agricultural�food�products�(in�thousands�EUR)�2005�2011�

Productionofoliveoilisfarfrommeetingdomesticneedsandthereisdemandandmarketforoliveproducts.In2011,importofoliveoilwas148timeshigherthanitsexport,whiletherevenuegeneratedfromexportsaccountedforonetenthofthevalueofimports.Intermsofquantities,exportofcitrusfruitscoveredonlyoneXtwelfthofimportoftheseproducts,whilethecostofimportoforangesandtangerineswas9.3timeshigherthanthevalueoftheirexport.Unlikeoliveandcitrusgrowingsectors,thevineyardsectorischaracterisedbythesurplusintrade.Montenegro’sexportofwineis2.8timeshigherthanitsimport,i.e.revenueofEUR18millionisgeneratedwhichisfivetimeshigherthantheamountspentonimportsoftheseproducts.

Insufficientquality,uncompetitiveprices,lackofqualitystandards,poormarketing,inadequateconditionsforbuyingupsurpluses,storageandprocessingetc.arethemostimportantreasonsforMontenegronothavingasignificantgroupofcompetitiveproductsatthemoment.Inadditiontoidentificationofproductsthathaverelativecompetitiveadvantagesoverneighbouringcountries,itisimportanttoprovidesectoralanalysisofthepossibilitiesforsellingproductstothecountriesintheregionthroughprofessionalmarketanalysiswhichshouldenablefurtherselectionbetweencompetitiveproducts.

5.2�Institutional�Support�to�Agricultural�Development�TheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopmentisresponsibleforimplementationofthecurrentanddevelopmentagriculturalpoliciesoftheGovernmentofMontenegro,aswellasforpoliciesonsustainableuseofforestsandwaterresources.ThemostimportantinstitutionforeducationinthefieldofagricultureisBiotechnicalFacultywithitstenscientificXresearchcentres,includingtheCentreforSubtropicalCulturesinBar.IntheframeworkoftechnicalXadvisorysegment,thereareServiceforLivestockSelectionandAdvisoryServiceforPlantProductionwhichenableimplementationofagriculturalincentivemeasuresfundedthroughtheagriculturebudget.Moreover,therearefivetechnicalschoolsintheterritoryofMontenegro.ExceptforsecondaryagriculturalschoolinBar,whichistheonlyonespecialisedinthisfield,theotherschoolsareofmixednature.

5.3�Incentives�and�Agricultural�Policy�AlongthelinesofCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP)oftheEuropeanUnion,whichMontenegroisharmonisingitsagriculturalpolicywith,

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incentivestosupportagricultureandruralareasareclassifiedinthreebasicgroupsorpillars4:� thefirstpillarincludessupporttoproducers

andinterventionsinthemarketofagriculturalfoodproducts;

� thesecondpillarcomprisesruraldevelopmentmeasureswhicharefurtherclassifiedunderdifferentsocalledaxes(thefirstoneisrelatedtothecompetitivenessofagriculturalandprocessingindustry,thesecondtosustainableuseofresourcesinagricultureandforestryandthethirdonetodiversificationofeconomicactivitiesandcreatingbetterlivingconditionsinthecountryside);

� thethirdpillarisrelatedtogeneralservicesandservicesinagriculture.

MontenegrohasharmonisedthebasicconceptofitsagriculturalpolicywiththeCAP,butalotofworkremainstobedoneintermsofestablishingafunctionalsystemforimplementationofallthemeasures.Themostimportanttypeofstatesupportfordevelopmentofagricultureisprovidedthroughtheimplementationofagriculturalbudgetmeasuresincludingasetofincentivemeasuresintheformofgrantsawardedforagriculturaldevelopment.Intheframeworkofthefirstpillarofagriculturalpolicy,directpaymentstoproducersarethemostimportantones:subsidiesperhectareoflandusedforgrowingcropsandsupportgivenperanimal(cattle,sheepandgoats)keptforbreeding.Measuresforstabilisationoftheagriculturalproductsmarket(buyingupofseasonalsurplusestointerveneonthemarketandriskmanagementinagriculture)alsobelonghere.

Thescopeofthesemeasureswillexpanddependingontheextenttowhichnational

4Intermsofthefundingsources,themeasuresfromthefirstpillararenowadaysentirelyfundedfromtheEUbudget,whereasforruraldevelopmentmeasurescoXfinancingfromnationalbudgetsisallowedintheamountof¼ofpublicfunds.GeneralservicesarenotfundedfromtheEUbutfromnationalbudgetsintheformofstateaidforwhichconsentisgivenbytheEuropeanCommission.

agriculturalpolicywillbeharmonisedwiththeEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP).Itisexpectedthattheamountsperhectareofthelandorperanimalwillriseintheprocess.From2002onwards,theamountandstructureofagriculturebudgethaschangedasaresultofharmonisationwithrequirementsoftheEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy,whilemorefundshavebeenallocated.TheEUhascontinuouslyprovidedsupporttothedevelopmentofMontenegro’sagricultureandruralareassince1999.Fromthattimeuntil2010,theEUprovidedsupporttoMontenegro’sagriculturewhichtotalledEUR20.6million.

Theruraldevelopmentpolicy(secondpillar)focusesonfinancingactivitiesthatleadtowardsimprovementoflivingandworkingconditionsinthecountrysideinordertoreducemigrationofruralpopulationtourbanareas,aswellastoaddressunfavourableageandeducationalstructuresandqualityoflifeinthecountrysideingeneral.

Thethirdcomponentorpillarofagriculturalpolicyisrelatedtothefinancialsupporttogeneralservicesinagriculturesuchaseducational,researchanddevelopmentprogrammes,extensionservicesandprogrammesforthequalitycontrolofproducts.

Besidestheprogrammesmentionedabove,Montenegroalsoimplementswhatisknownasthefourthpillarofagriculturalpolicythatencompassescertainsocialpolicyaspectsforruralsociety.Socialtransferstoruralpopulationintheformofpensionsaimatensuringproperstandardoflivinginruralareasandaccountforsignificantshareofagriculturebudget(15.6%in2010).

Supporttoagriculturewasalsoprovidedbyincentivisingagriculturalproductionthroughlowertaxratewhichamountsto7%forbasicagriculturalproductsandequipmentforperformingagriculturalactivities.Suchmeasuresdemonstratecommitmenttoalsocontributetoagriculturaldevelopmentthroughthetaxationsystem.

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6. 6.�Spatial�Assessment�

6.1�Methods�of�Work�In�preparing�the�model�of�attractiveness�and�suitability�of�the�coastal�zone�for�the�development�of�selected�agricultural�sectors,�spatial�analysis�was�carried�out�comprising�attractiveness�assessment,�vulnerability�assessment�and�assessment�of�the�suitability�of�space.�Graphical�overview�of�individual�phases�of�the�analysis�is�presented�in�the�Figure�3.�

Thepurposeofthespatialassessmentofattractivenessforagriculturaldevelopmentistodeterminethosepartsofspaceinwhichitwouldbejustifiedtopreservetheexistingagriculturalareasinthelongrunandtoestablish,inthemostefficientmanner,newareaswiththemostimportantcropsforthecoastalzone.Tothisend,itisnecessarytocarryoutvaluationofspaceagainstenvironmentprotectiongoalssetinthevulnerabilityassessmentintheplanningprocess.Protectionanddevelopmentgoalsarecomparedandharmonisedintheassessmentofsuitabilityofspaceforagriculturaldevelopmentbyseekingmoreattractiveandlessvulnerableareasofthespaceandbyusingresultsofthegeneralvulnerabilityassessment.Spatialcoverageistheareaof6coastalmunicipalities:HercegNovi,Kotor,Tivat,Budva,BarandUlcinj.

Twotasksareimportantinspatialmodelling:a)divisionofthespaceintohomogenousspatialunits;andb)assigningvaluestotheseunits.TheassessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthecoastalzoneofMontenegroforthedevelopmentofselectedagriculturalsectorsusesrasterbasedmethodwhichiswhytheunitofdivisionisrepresentedbyarastercell,whiletheassignedvaluesareinformation(data

categories)inthecell.Dimensionsofrastercellsare25x25m.ThemodellingwaspreparedbyusingProVal2000application.

Agriculturalsectorsaddressedinthisanalysiswereselectedonthebasisofanalysisofthecurrentconditionanddevelopmentpotentialofthecoastalzone.Theseareolive,citrusandgrapewinegrowing,livestock(smallruminants)breedingandbeekeeping.

FortheassessmentofattractivenessoftheaboveXmentionedagriculturalsectorsattractivenessmatriceswerepreparedinwhichsoilattractivenesswasevaluatedbyassigningscoresfrom1(unattractive)to5(veryattractive)accordingtothefollowingparameters/criteriaandtheirsubXcriteria:slopeofterrain,altitude,sunexposure/expositionofterrain,soilquality,supplyofirrigationwater,andbasicinfrastructure.Sincenotalltheparametersareequallyimportant,incombining/joiningthemintheoverallattractivenessmodel,eachparameterandtheirsubXcriteriawereattributedascoreofrelevancebasedonexpertjudgement.Data(both,graphicalandanalytical)availablethroughthesourcesofofficialinstitutionswereusedfortheselectedcriteria(forexample:pedologicalmap1:50000,source:UniversityofMontenegro–BiotechnicalInstitute;atlasofpedologicalmaps1:50000(2000Podgorica),source:databaseoftheMontenegrinInstituteforHydroXmeteorologyandSeismology,etc.).Eachindividualscoreisaccompaniedbyaqualitativeexpertassessment.

Graphicalpresentations/overviewsofspatialmodellingforeachoftheanalysedparameterswerepreparedbasedonperformedattractivenessassessmentofspacebyusing


16�

ProVal2000application.Byoverlappingmapsdrawnfordifferentparameters,graphicaloverviewsofjoinedattractivenessmodelsforindividualagriculturalsectorswereobtainedwithdifferentiationbetweenlessandmoreattractivezonesforgrowingthecropinquestion,i.e.forperformingrespectiveagriculturalactivities(accompaniedwithstatisticallysubstantiatedoverviewsofsurfacesineachofthefivecategoriesrangingfromunattractivetohighlyattractiveagriculturalland).Inthenextphase,andinthecontextofdevelopmentofthesuitabilitymodel,vulnerableenvironmentalsegmentswereidentifiedinrelationtoagriculturaldevelopment(overviewofenvironmentalsegmentswastakenfromthestudyGeneralVulnerabilityAssessmentpreparedintheframeworkofCAMPMontenegro).Relatedtothispartofwork,itwasconcludedthatcurrentagriculturalactivitydoesnothavesignificantnegativeimpactsonenvironmentalsegments.Therefore,havinginmindsignificantnegativeimpactsofotheractivitiesonagricultureandconstantreductionofthesizeofagriculturalland,assessment�of�suitability�for�agriculture�was�by�its�concept�defined�as�a�developmental�one.Thismeansthatincomparingandharmonisingprotectionanddevelopmentgoalsinthesuitabilitymodel,prioritywasgiventothedevelopmentgoalsofagriculture,i.e.totheareasthataremoreattractiveforagriculturaldevelopment.Inthisway,larger�scope�of�areas�that�are�considered�highly�attractive�for�agriculture�are�at�the�same�time�considered�as�highly�suitable�for�development�of�agriculture.

Theassessmentofsuitabilityforgrowingolives,citrusesandgrapevinewaspreparedbycombiningattractivenessmodelwiththemodelofvulnerabilityofgroundwater(zonesofsanitaryprotectionandsprings),i.e.withthemodelsettingoutthepossibilitiesforirrigation.Vulnerabilityassessmentsandattractivenessassessmentsarecombinedinsuitability

assessmentbyfollowingtheprincipledemonstratedintheTable1.

Thesuitabilityassessmentforolives,citrusesandgrapevineshowedtherewereseveralareassuitablefortwoorforalltheanalysedcropsatthesametime.Thatiswhyoverlapping�of�suitability�for�several�crops�was�carried�out.�The�results�indicated�possible�flexibility�of�agriculture�(conditions�to�shift�from�one�variety�to�another)�in�certain�areas�and�therefore�their�high�significance,�which�makes�strategic�preservation�of�agricultural�land�within�these�areas�justifiable.�Tothatend,�prioritisation(prioritysetting)wascarriedoutintheareasinwhichthereisoverlappingofsuitabilityfortwoormorecrops.Thepurposeofthisanalysiswastoidentifypriorityareasforcertaincrops.

Onthebasisoftheresultsobtainedthroughattractivenessandsuitabilityassessment,theguidelinesandrecommendationsrelevantforpreparationoftheSPSPCZMNEandNationalStrategyforIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement(NSICZM)weredeveloped.Atthesametime,thesearerelevantforpreparationofthedocumentsinthefieldsofagricultureandeconomy.


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Figure�3:�Steps�in�development�of�the�model�of�attractiveness�and�suitability�of�the�space�for�agriculture�

Table�1:�Principle�for�assigning�suitability�scores�

Suitability�scoreAttractiveness�Assessment�

Unattractive(1) (2) (3)

(4)

Veryattractive(5)

Vulnerability

assessmen

t

Verylowvulnerability(1) 1� 2� 3� 4� 5�

Lowvulnerability(2) 1� 2� 3� 4� 5�

Moderatevulnerability(3) 1� 2� 3� 3� 4�

Highvulnerability(4) 1� 2� 2� 2� 3�

Veryhighvulnerability(5) 1� 1� 1� 1� 1�


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6.2��Olive�Growing�ProductionofolivesandoliveoilisveryimportantagriculturalsectorontheMontenegrincoast.Oliveyardscoveraround3,000haandhave88%ofthetotalnumberofolivetrees(495,920)intheterritoryofMontenegro(MONSTAT,StatisticalYearbook2012).OlivesarethemostwidespreadvarietyinthemunicipalitiesofBarandUlcinj,whileoliveyardsaremainlylocatedontheslopedterrainatthefootofthemountains,i.e.intheareaswhichcouldnotbeusedforintensivecultivationofotheragriculturalcrops.Olderplantationsprevailatthemoment,ofwhichmorethan30%arethreatenedbyexpansionofforests,whiletheyoungeronesaccountforonly10%.Autochthonousspecies(varietyžuticaandothers)prevailandaccountforaround90%ofallthetrees.Theyareusedforproductionofoilandofaverysmallquantityofconservedolives.Eventhoughthereisalargepotentialforproductionofahighqualityoliveoil,some50%ofthecountry’scapacitiesarecurrentlyused.

6.2.1�Assessment�of�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�for�Olive�Growing�Sector�

Attractivenessofthecoastalzoneforolivegrowingwasanalysedprimarilyfromtheperspectiveofcriteriasignificantforavailabilityofnaturalresources(soilquality,slopeofterrain,sunexposureXexpositionandaltitude)afterwhichthesupplyofirrigationwaterandconditionofbasicinfrastructureweretakenintoconsideration.Valuationofattractivenessofthespaceforolivegrowing,havinginmindnaturalandinfrastructuralpreconditions/prerequisitesforitsdevelopment,wascarriedoutonthebasisofthefollowingmatrix.Indoingso,attractivenessintermsofthemarketforolivegrowingproductswasnotconsidered.Inmakingdecisiononestablishmentofnewoliveyardsthe

marketaspectwouldcertainlyhavetobeoneofthecrucialfactorsintotalassessment.

Thespatialpresentationoftheassessmentofcoastalzone’sattractivenessforindividualparametersaswellasofitssuitabilityforolivesgrowingisprovidedinthemap3below.

Remark:�Since�natural�habitat�of�olive�is�the�Montenegrin�coast�and�since�olive�growing�in�Crmnica�area�in�the�municipality�of�Bar�is�limited�due�to�low�temperatures,�the�model�only�considered�the�area�extending�from�the�mountain�range�towards�the�sea�which�means�that�the�area�located�east�of�the�mountain�range,�in�the�direction�towards�Lake�Skadar,�was�excluded.


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Table�2:�Assessment�of�attractiveness�of�the�space�for�olive�growing��by�parameters/criteria�and�sub�criteria/categories�

Parameter/�criterion�

Sub�criterion/Category�� Attractiveness�Assessment�

Slope�of�terrain�

0–6%,flattoslightlyundulatedterrain 4�6–12%,slightlyslopingplateausandgentleslopes� 5�12–25%,moderatelysteepslopesandslightlybrokenterrain� 3�25–45%,steepslopesand/orbrokenterrain� 2�>45%,extremelysteepslopesandextremelyuneven/brokenterrain� 1�

Altitude��

0–50metersASL 3�50–250metersASL� 5�250–400� 4�400–500� 2�500andmoremetersASL� 1�

Sun�exposure�–�exposition��

N 1�NE 2�NW 2�S 5�SE 4�SW 4�E 3�W 3�

Soil�quality��

Karst–dolomiteblacksoil 3�Browneutricsoil 4�Brownacidsoil 2�Redsoil 4�Alluvial–delluvial 5�Marshyandsalinisedsoil 1�

Supply�of�irrigation�water�

Themostfavourableirrigationconditions 5�Favourableirrigationconditions 4�Limitedaccesstoirrigation 3�Insufficientaccesstoirrigation 2�Noaccesstoirrigation 1�

Basic�infrastructure��

Completeinfrastructureandproximitytourbancentres(asphaltroad,stableelectricgrid,watersupplysystem,postalandtelecommunicationservices,internet,facilitiesforgeneraluseetc.)

5�

Somewhatmoreremoteareas,withasphaltroads,stableelectricgrid,watersupplysystem,postalandtelecommunicationservices,nootherfacilities

4�

Somewhatmoreremoteareas,withroadsurface,stableelectricgrid,watersupplysystem,postalandtelecommunicationservices 3�

Remoteareas,withlowerqualityasphaltroads,electricgridwithunstablesupply 2�

Remoteareaswithdifficultaccess,withoutasphaltroadsandotherbasicinfrastructure 1�


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1:Slopeofterrain 2:Altitude 3:Sunexposure/exposition 5:Supplyofirrigationwater4:Soilquality 6:Basicinfrastructure

�Map�3:�Assessment�of�attractiveness�and�suitability�of�the�coastal�zone�for�olive�growing�

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Onthebasisofthecoastalzoneattractivenessmatrixshownaboveandspatialpresentationsofattractivenessandsuitabilityforolivegrowingsector,itcanbeconcludedthatthefollowingareasareattractive,�i.e.�suitable:

� LocalitiesUlcinjXValdanosandUlcinjskofieldinUlcinjarea;

� TheareaofBar:Dobravoda,ZaljevoXStariBarXSustaši,Tu�emiliXZubci,ŠušanjandSutomore;

� TheareaofGrbaljinwhichtherearealsoconditionsforirrigation(constructionofreservoirs)andthecoveBigovoXTrsteno;

� TheareaofHercegXNovi:Sutorina,LušticaandhinterlandofHercegNovi;

� Paštrovi4i.

Less�attractive,�i.e.�suitable�arelocationsoflargerflatfieldsandcoves’edgeswherethereispossibilityofrisinggroundwaterlevels,slowerdrainageofatmosphericprecipitationandpotentiallylowerlevelofaircirculation(draught).

ThelistedareaswhichareattractiveforoliveyardsshouldbepreservedandprotectedagainstlandXusechange.Improvementofolivegrowingbycultivatingnewplantations,includingrevitalisationandreconstructionofoldolivetreesaswellasplantingofnewones,isnecessaryacrosstheentirecoastalzone.

DespitethepotentialforlargerXscaleproductionofolivesandoliveoil,thepotentialisnotadequatelyusedduetothefactsthatlocalproducersarenotorganisedandthatthereisanincreasingcompetitionfromforeignmarkets(Italy,Spain,Greece,etc.).Bycreatingmarketpreconditionsforfullutilisationofthisproduction,improvementofmarketingandintroductionofstandardsintoproduction,thetotalproductionmightincreasebymorethan11times5.Toincreaseproduction,itisnecessarytoestablishconnectionbetweentheholdings

5MontenegrinInvestmentPromotionAgency(2012):Invest�in�Montenegro�–�Analysis�of�Agricultural�Sector,MIPA,Podgorica

engagedinolivegrowingprimarilybydevelopmentofclusters.

Atthemoment,importofoliveoilexceedsitsexportwhichmeansthatthemarketforthisproductexists.Increaseinexportwouldboostcompetitiveness,thusleadingtoimprovementofthestandardoflivingofthepopulationoveralongperiodoftime.Boostingcompetitivenessofolivegrowingsectorandsaleininternationalmarketswillleadtoinvestmentsbeingmadeinequipmentandnewtechnologies,aswellasintheknowXhow.Producersmustacquireknowledgeaboutmarketrulesandmarketoperations,improvetheirknowledgeandaccesstoinformation,adjustinvestmentstotheneedsandimprovecooperationwithprocessorsandotherproducers.


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6.3�Growing�of�Citrus�Fruits�Outofthetotal440,000productivetreesofcitrusfruitsinMontenegro,99.7%arelocatedinthecoastalregion(2012StatisticalYearbook).Aswitholivegrowing,inthisregionthereisalsonosingleregisteredbusinessentitygrowingcitrusfruitsonlargeplantations.Amongvariouscitrusfruits,tangerinehasdominantpositionasitsvarietiesareadaptedtotheagroXenvironmentalconditionsandtheyhavegoodyieldsofexcellentquality.Still,productioncannotmeetownneeds,particularlyfororanges,whichiswhytheyareimported.Thequalityofcitrusfruitsisuneven,whileproductsinthemarketarenotsortedbytheirshapeandsize,noraretheyproperlypackaged.Themajorshareofproducedcitrusfruitsissoldongreenmarketsorissubjecttobuyingupofsurpluses.Pricesofcitrusfruitsarefreelyestablishedonthemarketasaresultofagreementbetweenpurchasersandproducers.Duetohighimpactofclimatefactorsonagriculturalproduction,theyieldofcitrusfruitmayvaryconsiderablyfromoneyeartoanotherwhichdirectlyinfluencesdeterminationofthepurchaseprice.Lackofstorageandprocessingcapacitiesalsohasdirectimpactonthepricesofcitrusfruits.

6.3.1�Assessment�of�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�for�Citrus�Fruits�Sector�

Attractivenessofthecoastalzoneforcitrusfruitsgrowingwasanalysedprimarilyfromtheperspectiveofcriteriasignificantforavailabilityofnaturalresources(soilquality,slopeofterrain,sunexposureXexpositionandaltitude)afterwhichthesupplyofirrigationwaterandconditionofbasicinfrastructureweretakenintoconsideration.Valuationofnaturalandinfrastructuralpreconditionsfordevelopmentofcitrusfruitssectorwascarriedoutonthebasisofthefollowingmatrix.Indoingso,

attractivenessintermsofthemarketforcitruseswasnotconsidered.

Thespatialpresentationoftheassessmentofcoastalzone’sattractivenessforindividualparametersaswellasofitssuitabilityforcitrusfruitsgrowingisprovidedintheMap4below.

Remark:�Since�conditions�for�citrus�fruit�growing�in�Crmnica�area�in�the�municipality�of�Bar�are�limited�due�to�low�temperatures,�the�model�only�considered�the�area�from�the�sea�to�the�mountain�range�which�means�that�the�area�located�east�of�the�mountain�range,�towards�Lake�Skadar,�was�excluded.�


23�

Table�3:�Assessment�of�attractiveness�of�the�space�for�citrus�fruits�sector��by�parameters/criteria�and�sub�criteria/categories�

Parameter�/�Criterion�

Sub�criterion�/�Category�� Attractiveness�Assessment



Altitude��



N 1�NE 2�NW 2�S 5�SE 4�SW 4�E 3�W 3�


Karst–dolomiteblacksoil 2�Browneutricsoil 2�3�Brownacidsoil 3�Redsoil 4�Alluvial–delluvial 5�Marshyandsalinisedsoil 0�1�


Themostfavourableirrigationconditions 5�Favourableirrigationconditions 4�Limitedaccesstoirrigation 3�Insufficientaccesstoirrigation 1�2�Noaccesstoirrigation 0�1�



5�


4�

Somewhatmoreremoteareas,withroadsurface,stableelectricgrid,watersupplysystem,postalandtelecommunicationservices 3�




24�


�Map�4:�Assessment�of�attractiveness�and�suitability�of�the�coastal�zone�for�citrus�fruits�growing�

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25�

Onthebasisoftheabovepresentedmatrixofattractivenessofthecoastalzoneforcitrusfruitsgrowingandspatialpresentationsofattractivenessandsuitability,itmaybeconcludedthatnumeroussitesalongthecoastareattractive�and�suitable.Less�attractive,�i.e.�suitable�arelocationswherefragmentedplotsarefoundonterracesandinfamilygardensofthemajorityofcoastalhouseholdsthatgrowcitrusfruits,regardlessoftheirprimeoccupation.

6.3.2�Guidelines�

Plantationswithcitrusfruitsaswellasattractivesitesmentionedaboveshouldbeprotectedagainstconversionintoconstructionareasfordevelopmentofapartments,tourismandotherinfrastructuralfacilities.ZonesinwhichlargerplantationsmaybegrownwithlargerXscaleproductionformarketwillpresentanopportunityforachievinghigherlevelofemploymentandgoodincomeofemployeesandlocalcommunityinthelongrun.

Resolutionofproblemssuchasinadequatepackagingandlackoftechnologicalorstoragecapacitieswillincreasetheproductionitselfanddecreaseneedsforimport,whilecertainquantitymaybeexportedaswell.Thismaybeachievedbycultivatingnewcitrusfruitsplantations,increasingproductionofcitrusfruitsforthemarket,establishingclustersofcitrusfruitsgrowers,buyingupofmarketsurpluses,improvementofmarketing,encouragingorganicfarming,saleofdomesticproductsthroughtourismandensuringhigherlevelofprocessingofprimaryproducts.

Asaresultoftheincreasedneedforfreshfruits,whichisparticularlypronouncedduringtouristseason,investmentsshouldbemadeinagriculturaldevelopmentinordertomeettheneedsofthedomesticmarket.Increasedcompetitivenessincitrusfruitsgrowingmaybeachievedbymodernisationofagricultural

holdings,betteruseofresourcesandlabourforce,introductionofnewtechnologiesandinnovation,whilestrongfocusshouldbeplacedonmarketXorientedproducers.Thisrequiresmodernorchardstobeestablishedbyusingseedlingsofthecontrolledquality.


26�

6.4�Viticulture�Viticulturehasalongtraditioninthecoastalregion,whereasaccordingtotheMONSTATdataasignificantgrowthtendencywasrecordedintheareascoveredbyvineyardsoverthecourseofrecentyears.Accordingtothe2012StatisticalYearbook,outofthetotalnumberofvineplants(17,014,027)inthecountry,1,800,959or10.6%arelocatedinthecoastalregion.

ViticultureisthemostwidespreadinthemunicipalityofBar(959,500vineplants),i.e.inCrmnicaarea,followedbythemunicipalityofHercegXNoviwith322,734vineplantsandKotorwith261,000vineplants.Despiteitssmallsize,themunicipalityofTivathas124,500vineplantsandisslightlyaheadofthemunicipalityofUlcinj(119,000vineplants),whileintheareaofthemunicipalityofBudvatherearejust14,225vineplants.

Autochthonousspeciesvranacandkratošijathatareusedfortheproductionofwineandbrandyarepredominant.Tablevarietiesandtoasmallerextentvinevarietiesaregrowninfamilygardensonoverheadconstructions.Grapeyieldsarestableandofstandardquality.

6.4.1�Assessment�of�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�for�Viticulture�

Itshouldbepointedoutthatinthematrixofcoastalzone’sattractivenessforviticultureattractivenessofthespacewithregardstotablegrapesandwinemarkethasnotbeenassessed.TakingintoaccountgrapevinegrowinginMontenegro,aswellasthefactthatwineisthemainexportproductoftheentireagriculturalproduction,themarketaspectshouldbeassessedbeforemakingadecisiononvineyardscultivation.

Thespatialpresentationoftheassessmentofcoastalzone’sattractivenessforindividualparametersaswellasofitssuitabilityforgrapevinegrowingispresentedintheMap5below.

Remark:�Unlike�the�approach�applied�for�olives�and�citrus�fruit,�the�whole�coastal�region�was�taken�into�account�in�the�analysis�for�grape�wine,�including�also�areas�to�the�east�from�the�mountain�range�towards�Lake�Skadar.�


27�

Table�4:�Assessment�of�attractiveness�of�the�space�for�viticulture�by�parameters�/�criteria�and�sub�criteria�/�categories�

Parameter�/�Criterion�

Sub�criterion�/�Category��Attractiveness�Assessment�



Altitude��



N 1�NE 2�NW 2�S 5�SE 4�SW 4�E 3�W 3�


Karst–dolomiteblacksoil 3�Browneutricsoil 4�Brownacidsoil 2�Redsoil 5�Alluvial–delluvial 2�3�Marshyandsalinisedsoil 0�1�


Themostfavourableirrigationconditions 5�Favourableirrigationconditions 4�Limitedaccesstoirrigation 3�Insufficientaccesstoirrigation 1�2�Noaccesstoirrigation 0�1�



5�


4�

Somewhatmoreremoteareas,withroadsurface,stableelectricgrid,watersupplysystem,postalandtelecommunicationservices

3�




28�


�Map�5:�Assessment�of�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�for�Viticulture�

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29�

Onthebasisoftheabovepresentedmatrixofattractivenessofthecoastalareaforviticultureandspatialpresentationsofattractivenessandsuitability,itcanbeconcludedthatalargepartofthemunicipalityofBar,andCrmnicaareainparticular,isattractive,�i.e.�suitableforgrapevinegrowing,alsofromtheaspectofcultivatingvineyardsonlargersurfaces.Moreover,alltheareasinthecoastalzonethatareexposedtosunandlocatedongentleslopesareattractiveforviticulture,andtheseincludeUlcinjskofield,Zoganjskofield,ZelenikaandSutjel,Mr~evoandTivatskofieldandSutorina.Less�attractive,�i.e.�suitable�areasarethosefromterracedterrainswithfragmentedplots,aswellasthefamilygardensandyardsinwhichgrapevineisgrownmainlyonoverheadconstructions.


Areasattractiveforgrowinggrapevineshouldbeprotectedagainstconversionintoconstructionland.Sincesmallvineyardsprevailinthecoastalregion,itwouldbedesirabletojoinproducersintoacluster.Thiswouldleadtotheincreasedproductionandcostcutting,aswellastoimprovementofthelevelofspecialisationandattainmentofahigherqualityofproducts,greateryieldsandlargernumberofemployees.

Focusingproductiononspecificandtraditionalproductsofhighqualitywouldmakeconsiderablecontributiontothedevelopmentofhorizontalintegrationbetweenwineandtourismsubsectorsandwouldalsomaketourismoffermoreattractive.Inaddition,itisnecessarytointensivelycultivatevineyardswithadequatevarieties,createsatisfactorydomesticbasesoftherawmaterialforproductionofhighqualitywineandmakeeffortstoincreasethenumberofwineswithgeographicorigin.Inadditiontorecommendationsapplicableforolivesandcitrusesgrowing,inviticultureandwineproductionsupportshouldbealsodirectedtowardsincreasingthesizeofvineyards,

adoptingtheprinciplesofintegratedmanagement,wineproductiontechnologyandmarketing(branding,saleandpromotion).


30�

6.5�Beekeeping�Eventhoughbeekeepingisoftenasideactivity,ithasalongtraditioninalltheregionsofMontenegro,includingthecoastalzone.AlmosttheentirecoastissuitableforbeekeepingsinceithasfloristiccompositionabundantwiththeMediterraneanandmountainherbs.Inadditiontoclimateandothernaturalconditionsfornectarproducing,honeyyieldperbeehivealsodependsontheformofbeekeeping(whetheritisstationaryormobile).Totalannualproductionofhoneyrangesbetween400and700tons6.AccordingtotheestimatesoftheAssociationofBeekeepingOrganisationsofMontenegro,onlyasmallshareofthisproductionismarketedinretail(5%),whilethemajorshareissoldingreenmarketsorthroughwhatisknownasadoorstepsale.

6.5.1�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone��for�Beekeeping�

Unlikeolive,citrusfruitandgrapegrowingsectorswhicharecloselylinkedtoandconditionedbythesoilqualityinthebroadestsense,slopeofterrain,expositionandaltitude,thesefactorshaveconsiderablylowerimpactonbeekeepingdueto,amongstotherthings,thefactthatbeesflyevenforafewkilometresawayfromthebeehive(upto8km)tocollectnectar.Therefore,theattractivenessmatrixisnotapplicabletobeekeeping.Thetextbelowgivesabriefoverviewofsomeoftheanalysedfactorsthataffectattractivenessforbeekeeping.

Intermsoftheslope�of�terrain,gentleslopesof0X6%andslopesof6X12%aresuitableforbothtypesofbeekeeping,i.e.stationaryandmobile.Onsomewhatsteeperslopes,from12to25%,itisstillpossibletoorganisehoneyproductionprovidedthatbasicinfrastructureisinplace.On

6DatatakenfrominternalresearchconductedbytheAssociationofBeekeepingAssociationsofMontenegro.

evensteeperslopes,i.e.thoseexceeding25%,basicinfrastructureisinprincipleinsufficientwhichmakesbeekeepingmoredifficultandalmostimpossibleinsomecases.Altitude�and�sun�exposure�of�terrain�arenotdirectlyimportantforbeekeeping.However,sunexposureisveryimportantforthegrowthofhoneyXbearingplantssinceterrainswithhighersunexposurehavemoreabundanthoneyXbearingflora,whichdetermineshoneyproduction.Availabilityofbasic�infrastructureisveryimportantforbeekeeping.Completeinfrastructureprovidesproducerwithanurbanwayoflifeandenablesaccesstoinformationaswellascommunicationwithadvisoryandothertechnicalservicesconcerningmeasurestobetakenwiththebeehives,etc.

Moreattractiveareasmaybesingledoutiftheintentistoproducecertaintypesofhoney,forinstancewormwoodhoneymaybeproducedbymovingbeestotheareainwhichthereiswormwood,acaciahoneybymovingbeestotheareaswherethereareacacia,meadowhoneybymovingthemtowheretherearemeadowsetc.StatisticaldataleadtowardsconclusionthatthemostattractiveareasforbeekeepingareBarandHercegXNovi,followedbyUlcinjandKotor.

HoneyXbearingplantswereanalysedandareaswereassignedascorefrom1to5intheassessmentofattractiveness,i.e.suitabilityofthecoastalzoneforbeekeepingdependingontheirdistribution.Minimumscorewasassignedintheeventofpresenceoftheleastfavourableplantcommunityintheareasubjecttoobservation,whilethemaximumonewasassignedtotheareaswithpresenceofthemostfavourableplantcommunity.DataonthedistributionoffavourableplantcommunitiesweretakenoverfromtheGeneralVulnerabilityAssessmentoftheCoastalZone–Biodiversity(floraandfauna).BycombiningtheattractivenessandvulnerabilitygradesforparametersselectedinsuchawaysuitabilityofthecoastalzoneforbeekeepingwasderivedandispresentedontheMap6.


31�

��

Map�6:�Suitability�of�the�coastal�zone�for�beekeeping�

�

leastattractive1234highlyattractive5


32�


Siteswithexceptionallygoodbeepastureshouldhaveaspecialtreatmentandbeprotectedfromconversionintoconstructionland.TheyshouldbeturnedintoreservesofcertainsizesdependingonthenumberandqualityofhoneyXbearingplantsinthem.Beekeepingneedstobeimprovedby/through:breedingselectedqueenbeesandbetterhealthprotectionofbees;modernisingtechnology;developmentofmobilebeekeeping;makingsurethathealthconditionsandcompetitivenessofbeekeepingproductsareimproved;creatingclusters;expandingtheassortmentofhoneyproducts;promotingorganicbeekeeping;raisingthelevelofknowledgeandtechnicalcapacitiesofthebeekeepers,aswellasbylinkingbeekeepingandtourism.

Toachievethegoalsmentionedabove,investmentsinthedevelopmentofbeekeepingshouldprimarilyfocusonthefollowing:constructionandequippingoffacilitiesforstorageandprocessingofhoneyandotherhoneyproducts;purchaseofequipmentforlaboratoriesusedtoanalysehoneyandhoneyproducts;purchaseoftechnologicallinesforhoneypackagingandprocessing;puttinginplaceandequippingthebeefertilisationstations;andrenovationandpurchaseofappropriateequipmentforbeekeeping.

6.6�Livestock�Breeding�Livestockbreedingisdifferentcomparedtoplantproductioninasensethatitislessdevelopedsectorinthecoastalregion.AccordingtotheMONSTATdata,therehasbeendeclineinthenumberofanimalsinthecoastalzone.

Giventheavailableresources,breedingofruminantsisofthehighestimportanceforlivestockbreedinginMontenegroincludingits

coastalzone.Breedingofsmallruminant(sheepandgoats)hasadditionalimportancewhichisreflectedintheuseoflowXproductiveandlessaccessibleareas,aswellasinthequalityofproducts(meatandmilkprocessedintotraditionalcheesesfromthisareawhichhavegoodprices).Pigandpoultryproductionismainlyorganisedonagriculturalholdingstomeettheneedsoftheveryhouseholdsengagedintheseactivities.

6.6.1�Suitability�of�the�Coastal�Zone�for�Small�Ruminant�Breeding�

Ingeneraltermsitcanbesaidthatlivestockbreedinghasitsownplaceinallthesystemsoforganisingagriculturetogetherwithplantproduction,regardlessofthetypeofcropsthataregrown.Thestatementisalsovalidforthecoastalzone.Pigandpoultrybreedingareexceptionastheyrepresentindustrialsectorsoflivestockbreedingwhichdonotrelyonavailablelandresourcesbutaredirectlydependantonthemarketintermsofbothprocurementofinputs(primarilyconcentratedfeed)andsellingoffinishedproducts.

Asfortheslope�of�terrain,gentleslopesof0X6%andslopesfrom6to12%aresuitableforbreedingalltypesofruminants,cattle,sheepandgoats.Onsomewhatsteeperslopes,from12to25%,itisstillpossibletoorganiselivestockproductionprovidedthatthebasicinfrastructureisinplace.Onevensteeperslopes,i.e.thoseexceeding25%,basicinfrastructureisasaruleinworseconditionwhichmakesconstructionoffacilitiesdifficult,andthesameappliesforgrowingandmowingofplantsusedasfeedstuffinwinter.Suchterrains,unlesstheyarelocatedinremoteareas,mayserveforgoatandevenforsheepgrazing.Altitude�andsidesoftheearth�whichdeterminesun�exposureof�theterrain�donothavedirectimpactonlivestockbreeding.However,sunexposureisveryimportantforfloralcomposition,yieldandqualityofpasturesandareasinwhichthelivestockgraze.


33�

Availabilityofbasic�infrastructureisevenmoreimportantforlivestockbreedingthanitisforplantproductionsectorssincelivestockbreedingrequireshumanpresenceonadailybasisandaccommodationfacilitieswhichmustbelinkedtotransportinfrastructure.DataontheexistingdistributionoflivestockbreedingandavailableresourcesofagriculturallandshowthatthemoreattractiveareasforlivestockbreedingarelocatedinthemunicipalityofUlcinj,andpartlyinmunicipalitiesofBarandKotor(Grbaljarea).Ruminants–sheepandgoatsinparticular–havetheirplacepracticallyinallthepartsofthecoastalregion/zone.

6.6.2�Guidelines��

Landsuitableforagricultureshouldbeprotectedfromconversionintoconstructionlandandapartofthislandwillalsoservethepurposeoflivestockbreeding.Goalsinthedevelopmentoflivestockbreedinginthecoastalzonearestructuraladjustment,boostingcompetitivenessandproductivity,introductionofinnovationandnewtechnologicalsolutions,improvementofproductqualityandsafety(inaccordancewiththeEUstandards),increasedproductionofmilkandmeatfordomesticmarket,encouragingandpromotingorganicfarmingandspecificautochthonousproducts,joiningproducersinacluster,strengtheningthenetworkforthebuyingupofmilkandestablishingstrongerconnectionwithprocessingindustry,expandingtheassortmentofproductsandimprovementofthelevelofextensionservicesprovidedtoproducers.

ToachievetheaboveXmentionedgoalsforthedevelopmentoflivestockbreeding,investmentsinthesector’sdevelopmentshouldprimarilyfocusonthefollowing:renovationoftheexistingandconstructionofnewbarns,eliminationofbarrierstoexporttotheEUcountries,providingfarmswithnecessarymachinesandequipment,improvementofgeneticpotentialofanimals,enhancementofmeadowsandpasturesand

buildingnecessaryinfrastructure,provisionofbuyingoutandcollectioncentresformilk,procurementofvehiclesformilktransport,promotionoftheconsumptionofmilkandmilkproductsandintroductionoftheunitsforproductionofcheeseandotherdairyproducts,particularlytraditionalonesandthosehavinghighaddedvalue.

Inparallel,workneedstobedoneonproductbranding,protectionofgeographicorigin,improvementofsaleandpromotionofspecificandautochthonousMontenegrinproductsincooperationwithhotelsandrestaurants.Moreover,investmentsshouldbemadeinresearch,whileparticularattentionshouldbedevotedtoupgradingknowledgeandskillsbyprovidingtechnicaltrainingandotherservicestothesustainablelivestockbreedingfarms.

�


34�

6.7�Priority�Areas�for�Development�of�Individual�Crops�Overlappingofthemostsuitableareasforolive,citrusfruitsandgrapevinegrowingisshownontheMap7below.

Prioritisation(determinationofpriorities)wasconductedasanadditionalanalysisfor

overlappingoftheareassuitableforgrowingofoneormorecrops.Thepurposeofthisanalysiswastoidentifypriorityareasforcertaincropsanddeterminewhetherdispersionofagriculturalsectorinthecoastalzoneinaccordancewithrequirementsofoptimalandintegrateddevelopmentwasjustifiable.

Map�7:�Overlapping�of�the�most�suitable�areas�(grades�4�and�5)�for�growing�olives,�citrus�fruits�and�grape�vine�

citrusfruitsolivesviticulture

citrusfruitsandolivescitrusfruitsandviticultureolivesandviticulturecitrusfruits,olivesandviticulture

AREASMOSTSUITABLEFOR


35�

Prioritiesaredeterminedbasedonthefollowingprinciple:

� wherethere�is�nooverlappingofthemostsuitableareas(grades4and5)forgrowingolives,citrusfruitsandgrapevine,thecropwiththesegradesintheareainquestionisconsideredtobethepriority;

� ifthere�isoverlappingofthemostsuitableareasforgrowingolives,citrusfruitsandgrapevine,priorityisdecidedbasedonthefactorsthatdetermineoptimalchoiceofanareaforindividualcrops,suchasaltitude,slopeofterrain,distancefromtheseaandtemperature.

MethodsforidentificationofpriorityareassuitableforgrowingtheanalysedcropsarepresentedinFigure4.SpatialoverviewoftheprioritisationresultsisshownontheMap8below.

Itshouldbeemphasisedthatthedata�presented�above�show�potential�agricultural�surfaces�andthatareaswhicharecurrentlynotusedasagriculturallandarealsoencompassed.DataontheexistingagriculturallandwerenotusedintheanalysissincethereisnogoodqualitydatainGISformat.Theareasidentifiedassuitableforagriculturealsoincludezoneswheresoundreasonsforpreservationofbiodiversityexist(forexample,Buljarica)andwhereestablishmentofagriculturalland,togetherwithameliorationofmarshyterrain,wouldunderminethebiodiversityprotectiongoals.Itisthereforenotrecommendedtodevelopagricultureintheseareas.

Figure�4:�Method�(steps)�for�identification��of�priority�areas�


36�

Map�8:�Overview�of�priority�areas�suitable�for�growing�the�analysed�crops�

GrowingofcitrusfruitsOlivegrowingGrapevinegrowing

�

37�

7. 7.�Spatial�Development�of�Agriculture�

7.1�Development�Concept�AgricultureisanactivityofprioritysignificanceforthecoastalzoneofMontenegro.Theagriculturaldevelopmentconceptshouldbebasedonthefollowing:

� providingconditionsforeconomicallyefficientagriculturewhichentailspromotionandsupporttotheproductsforwhichthereisamarketinterestandareprofitable,aswellasactiveimplementationofmeasurestoimprovecharacteristicsofagriculturalsurfaces(amelioration,irrigation,consolidationofplots,etc.);

� enablingfullmanifestationofthemultifunctionalnatureofagricultureanditsflexibility,whichassumespreservationofareasthatofferconditionsforthedevelopmentofanumberofagriculturalsectorsandadditionalactivities,firstandforemostofruraltourismandothers;

� preservationofnaturalresourceswhichincludesrationallanduseanddirectingurbanisationtowardsareasthatarelessattractiveforagriculturaldevelopment;

� preservationofspeciallandscapesthatareimportantfortheoverallculturalheritageandhaveemergedasaresultoftraditionalagriculture,whosefutureexistenceispossibleonlyiftherearewelldesignedincentivesforsuchagriculture.

Theconceptof�rural�developmentbringstogetheragriculture’smultifunctionality,itspotentials,preservationofenvironmentandofculturallandscapesaswellasbalancingofsocioXeconomicdisparitiesinthedevelopmentofcertainareas,particularlyfromtheperspective

ofpreventingdepopulationofruralareas.Therefore,ruraldevelopmentliesatthecoreoftheconceptofintegrateddevelopmentofthecoastalzoneofMontenegroandisfullycompatiblewithtourismdevelopment.Complementaritybetweenagricultureandtourismbecomesincreasinglyimportant,primarilyduetothefactthatitprovidesabroadrangeoflocalproductsandenrichestourismoffer,whiletourismisastrongdriverofagriculturaldevelopmentasitpromoteslocalcuisineandspecificMontenegrinproducts.Inthisway,ruralareas,i.e.culturallandscapeandthevaluesitoffersbecomeasignificantelementofrecognisabilityofMontenegroasatouristdestination.

InordertopreservenaturalandlandscapevaluesofthecoastalzoneofMontenegroforthepurposeoffurtherimprovingitspositionasatouristdestinationintheglobalmarketandstimulatingruraldevelopmentconceptwithaviewtodiversifyingtourismoffer,itisnecessarytostopthesofarpracticeoffragmentationofagriculturallandandpermanentdestructionofvaluablecoastalforestsbycontrollingexpansionoftheexistingsettlementsandendingdispersedconstruction,includingreductionofconstructionareasanddirectingconstructiontoalreadyurbanisedzones.

Inadditiontotheassessmentsofattractivenessandsuitabilityofspaceforagriculture,resultsofmapping�the�types�of�landscape�character7�werealsousedasabasisforpreparationofthesuitabilityconcept,i.e.foridentificationofagriculturalareas.7Landscapeassessmentstudy:identificationandmappingthetypesoflandscapewhichwasundertakenduringpreparationoftheSPSPCZMNE,PlanplusLtd,October2013


38�

Onthebasisoftheresultsofassessmentsofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthespaceforagriculture,agriculturaldevelopmentmayalsobedefinedastheconcept�based�on�singling�out�the�three�basic�types�of�agricultural�land:areaswiththepotentialfordevelopmentofamoreintensiveagriculture;areaswithlowerpotential

fordevelopmentofmoreintensiveagriculture;andspecialagriculturalareas,withclearlysetgoals,prioritiesandflexibilityintermsofgrowingcropsandimplementationmeasures.TheillustrationofsuchaconceptisgivenintheMap9,whilereasoningbehinditispresentedbelow.

Map�9:�Concept�of�agricultural�development�with�basic�types�of�agricultural�areas�

Areaswithpotentialfordevelopmentofmoreintensiveagriculture

Areaswithlowerpotentialforagriculturaldevelopment

Specialagriculturalareas


39�

Byobservingfactorsthatareimportantforagriculturaldevelopmentinthecoastalarea,itisclearthatthebiggestopportunitiesarelinkedtothefieldsofalluvialandalluvialXcolluviallandextendingfromHercegXNovitoUlcinj8(atotalof8,300ha):Sutorina;Kutskofield;Tivatskofield;Crmnica;Mr~evofield;Barskofield;oliveyardsintheareasofZaljevoXBartulaandDabanovoXKuriloXVelembusi;Mrkovskofield;UlcinjskoandZoganjskofield;Štoj;Šaskofield;andAnamalskofield.

Thefieldsmentionedaboverepresentareas�with�potential�for�development�of�more�intensive�agriculture�since�thereisthepossibilitytodevelopanumberofagriculturalsectorsstartingfromintensivevegetableproductionintheprotectedareaandintheopen,tothecultivationofvariousmultiXyearplantations(ofcitrusfruits,grapevine,olivesandotherfruitspecies)andproductionoffeedstuffsforbreedingdifferenttypesoflivestock.Theseareareasthathavethepossibilityforirrigationwhichadditionallyincreasesagriculturalpotential.Atthesametime,thestrongestpressurefromothersectorsandathreatthattheywillbepermanentlylostforagricultureduetolandXusechangeisevidencedexactlyfortheselargerflatareas.

Conversionofagriculturalintoconstructionlanddoesnotcauseharmonlytoagriculture,butitmayalsocauseothernegativeeffectssuchas:soilerosion,environmentpollution,destructionofculturalheritageandreductionoftheoverallattractivenessofcertainareas.�Asfortheachievementofoneofthefundamentalgoalsofsustainabledevelopmentregardingpreservationofagriculturallandasanaturalresource,theconflictcausedbyconversionofagriculturallandrequiresresponsibleapproachinplanningurbanisationatmunicipalandregionallevels.Suchanapproachrequiresconsistentlimitation

8Thisispotentialsizeofthementionedaraes,whileprecisedeterminationoftheirsizeispossibleonlybyredefininglanduseinspatialplans(Chapter7.2)anddetailedrecordsontheircondition(Chapter7.3).

ofexpansionoftheexistingsettlementsandofdispersedconstruction,includingreductionoftheconstructionareasanddirectingconstructiontowardsalreadyurbanisedzones.

Besidestheareasmentionedabove,theareas�with�lower�potential�for�agricultural�development�or�with�certain�natural�limitations�(Map�9)�areimportantaswell.Theyarelocatedmainlyinperipheralareasoffields,onterracesandplateausontheflyschandkarstterrain.LargersurfacesofsuchterrainsarelocatedintheareabetweenBarandUlcinj(Veljeseloandthesurroundingfields,MalaGoranaandVelikaGorana,Pe~urice),inGrbaljarea(Zagora,Krimovica,Kova~i,Bigova)andLuštica(Klinciandthesurroundingarea,Goši4i,Radovani4i,Merdari).Theseareasarealsospecificfortheirtraditionalorganisationofthelivingandagriculturalspace.Agricultureisstillimportantintheseareasdespitesomewhatmoredifficultconditionsforcultivation,whileitalsooverlapswithotheractivities,i.e.landuses.

Byapplyingtheconceptofassessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofspaceforagriculture,special�agricultural�areasarealsoidentified.Amongotherthings,theyarerecognisableandspecificfortheirimportanceforpreservationoftheoverallculturalheritageandlandscapecharactersincetheyinfactemergedasaresultoftraditionalpracticesincultivatingandmaintainingagriculturalland(arrangedoliveyards,terracedareas,etc.).Thefollowingareasmightfallinthisgroup:oliveyardsinValdanosandLušticaandtraditionalagriculturallandintheareasofKruševice,Ubli,Mirac,Ma~ugeXBukovikXGornjiandDonjiBr~eliXUtrg,andKravariXBojkutXMila.ContinuedexistenceoftheseareasinthefutureispossibleonlyifincentivesforagricultureandruralareasareusedandifthemeasuresthatwillpreventlandXusechangeareconsistentlyimplemented.


40�

Map�10:�Spatial�distribution�of�the�most�important�agricultural�sectors�

Integralpartoftheconceptofdevelopmentofolive,citrusfruitandgrapevinegrowing,beekeepingandsmallruminantbreedingaremeasuresforimprovement�of�characteristics�of�agricultural�land.Theseprimarilyrefertothefollowing:

� buildingirrigationsystemsinordertousewaterfromtheBojanariverandŠaskolake,andalsobuildingwellsandreservoirs;

� preventionoffloodsonthebanksoftheBojanariverbybuildingnewandraisingsomeoftheexistingdikesthatareusedforprotection;

Priorityareasforcitrusfruitsgrowing

Priorityareasforolivegrowing

Priorityareasforvinegrowing

Mixedagriculturalareas


41�

� amelioration,drainageanddryingupofmarshylandnexttotheBojanariverandintheareasofNaluškofieldinBuljarica,drainageofpartsofTivatskofieldandchemicalameliorationofsalinisedpartsofUlcinjsko,NaluškoandTivatskofields.

Whenselectingthetypeofproduction,anextremelyimportantfactor,besidesavailablelandresources,isthemarket.Thesofarpracticesindicatethatfamilyagriculturalholdingswillcontinuetoplayadominantrole,whiletherearealsopossibilitiesofestablishinglarger,commercialplantationsofcitrusfruitsandvineyards.Inthecontextofdevelopmentofcommercialproductionwhichrequiresgreaterquantitiesofagriculturalproducts,itisvegetableproductionintheprotectedareasthatstandsthebestchancessinceitdoesnotrequirelargesurfacesofagriculturallandandprotectedareas(polytheneandglassgreenhouses)maybeinstalledrelativelyclosetothebiggestconsumercentres.Proximityofthecoastlineandneedtoexpandtourismofferwillincreasinglyencourage�numerous�family�agricultural�holdingstocombineagriculturalproductionwithtourismandprovisionofdifferentserviceswhichwillbeanadditionalfactorcontributingtothesustainabilityofagriculturalproductiononrelativelysmallfamilyestates.

7.2�The�Level�of�Harmonization�between�the�Results�of�the�Attractiveness�and�Suitability�Assessment�of�Space�for�Agriculture�with�Guidelines�on�Agricultural�Development�in�the�Existing�Spatial�Plans�Variousdocumentscontainsubstantiallydifferentestimatesoftheexistingagriculturallandthatshouldbepreserved,itspotentialandsize.Moreover,itshouldbekeptinmindthatthelandcategoriesstipulatedinthesedocumentsarenotfullycomparable,especially

havinginminddifferencesinestimatesofexistingandpotentialsurfacesofagriculturalland:

� analysisofthesynthesislandXusemap(RIUDP,2013)showsthat16,089haofagriculturallandareidentifiedintheplansofsixmunicipalitiesofthecoastalzone;comparisonofdata(synthesismap,orthophotosandsuitabilityanalysis)showsthattheseareasdonotcoincidewiththeactualconditionsandpotentials;

� accordingtotheSpatialPlanofMontenegro,11,900hainthecoastalzoneshouldbepreservedasthezonesofintensiveagriculture,ofwhich8,900hainVladimirskoandUlcinjskofieldsandaround3,000hainthepartsofGrbaljsko,Mr~evoandTivatskofields;

� accordingtotheStatisticalYearbook(2012)publishedbyMONSTAT9thereisatotalof51,017haofagriculturallandinthecoastalzone(themajorshareor75.1%iscoveredbymeadowsandpasturesfollowedby12.3%ofgardensandarableland,10.6%oforchards,1.5%vineyardsand0.6%ofponds,fishpondsandreeds)whichmeansthatintensivelyfarmedland(gardens,arableland,orchards,vineyards)totals12,448ha;

� fromthematerialspreparedintheframeworkoftheGeneralVulnerabilityAssessment(Fušti4,2012)basedonofficialdataandanalysescontainedintheexistingscientificandtechnicalpapers,aconclusioncanbedrawnthattheavailablelandpotentialisaround12,000haofalluvialandalluvialXcolluviallandofthecoastalfieldsandcovesandaround15,000haofterraces

9 Dataonsurfaces,fruittrees,vineplants,productionanddomesticprocessingarecollectedthroughregularannualreportsofagriculturalorganisations(agriculturalenterprisesandfarmers`cooperatives),basedonaccountingandothertypesofrecordsoftheseorganisations.Asforprivateagriculturalholdings,dataonsurfacesareestimatesbasedongeneralcadastreevidenceandthusthefiguresonsurfaces,fruittrees,vineplants,productionanddomesticprocessingonprivateholdingsareestimated.


42�

andplateausontheflyschandkarstterrain,totalling27,000ha;

� theresultsofmappingthetypesoflandscapecharacter(Studyonlandscapeanalysis:identificationandmappingthetypesoflandscapesforthepurposeofpreparationoftheSPSPCZMNE,PlanplusLtd,October2013)indicatethatthetotalsurfaceoflandtypesthatmaybeconsideredasagriculturalland(excludingpasturesonthehills)amountsto18,890ha,ofwhichfluvialXglacialplainsspreadon270ha,traditionalfieldsonmoraineswithsettlementsonanother64ha,traditionalagriculturalfieldswithsettlementson10,235ha,traditionalagriculturalterraceswithsettlementson1,142ha,coastalandfloodXalluvialplainson3,607haandtraditionalterraceswitholiveyardson3,572ha(Map9);

� basedontheresultspresentedinthisdocumentwhicharederivedfromtheAssessmentofAttractivenessandSuitabilityoftheCoastalAreaofMontenegroforAgriculturalDevelopment,itmaybeconcludedthatthetotalareaoflandsuitableforagricultureamountsto44,630ha,ofwhichtheareasthataresimultaneouslyhighlysuitableforalltheanalysedcrops(olives,citrusfruitsandgrapevine)amountto21,187ha.Theaboveinformationshowsthatitis,unfortunately,notpossibletodetermineexactquantitative(numerical)indicatorsbasedoncollecteddata.ThelackofgooddataonlanduseinGISposesasignificantproblemforcarryingoutassessmentoftheexistingspatialconditions,monitoringlandXusechanges,monitoringqualityofplanningprocesses,aswellasfortheapplicationoftheinstrumentsproposedbelowtoimplementresultsoftheattractivenessandsuitabilityassessmentforagriculture.To�that�end,�efforts�should�be�made�to�

establish�systematic�records,�registries�and�database�in�GIS�format.

7.2.1�Overview�of�Agricultural�Land�in�the�Existing�Spatial�Plans�

TheoverviewmapofagriculturalsurfacesaccordingtotheirusederivedfromthelandXusesynthesismapdevelopedforthepreparationoftheSPSPCZMNE(RIUDP,July2013)doesnotcorrespondwiththeactualsituation,ascanbeclearlyseenfromtheFigure5.Thereisaconsiderablenumberoflargersectionsofagriculturalland,inparticularsmallcovesandagriculturallandonterraces,forwhichspatialanalysiscarriedoutintheframeworkofthisattractivenessandsuitabilityassessmentshowedtheywereattractive,whileasinthesynthesismaptheyareclassifiedanddepictedasforests,�shrubland�and�other�undeveloped�areas�category.Moreover,somesteep,rockyandforestareashavebeenincludedintheagriculturallandarea.Suchadepictiondistortsanalysisoftheexistingconditionsandmakesitdifficulttoobservechangesinspace,planningprocessesandapplicationoftheproposedinstruments.

Withthisinmind,data�on�agricultural�land�surfaces�presented�below�based�on�the�land�use�synthesis�map�should�be�taken�with�caution�since�they�do�not�reflect�the�actual�scope�of�agricultural�land.

Thesecondproblemisthe�way�in�which�rural�settlements�are�defined.LandXusecategorycalledmixed�use�areasfromthelandXusesynthesismapalsoincludeslargesurfacesofagriculturallandarounddevelopedruralcentres,whileasforsomesmallersettlementsconstructionareasarenotdeterminedatall.Allthisinevitablyleadstodivisionofagriculturallandintoplotsandtodispersedconstruction.

Inthefuturegenerationofspatialplans,designationofagriculturallandmustbe


43�

harmonisedwiththeactualconditionsandpotentials(onthebasisofthisandotherdetailedassessmentsofattractivenessandsuitabilitywhichshouldbecarriedoutatmunicipallevelsduringpreparationofmunicipalspatialplans).Itisalsojustifiedtoincludelesssignificantsectionsofagriculturalareas(coves,

terraces)intotheplanningcategoryofagriculturalland.Considerationshouldbemadetodifferentiatingtheareasthataresignificantfordevelopmentofintensiveagriculture,i.e.themostsignificantagriculturalsurfaces(arableland,vineyards,orchards)frommeadowsandpastures.

Land�use�synthesis�map:

residentialandtourismareas

forests,shrubland,karst,greenareas

agriculturalareas

Mapping�on�the�basis�of�orthophotos� agriculturalareasin

fields

traditionalterraceswitholiveyards

developedareas

Figure�5:�Illustration�of�a�lack�of�harmonisation�between�agricultural�land�uses�as�defined�in�the�existing�spatial�

plans�(based�on�the�land�use�synthesis�map�developed�for�preparation�of�the�SPSPCZ�MNE,�July�2013)�and�established�actual�conditions�of�agricultural�surfaces�based�on�orthophotos�(Source:�Google�Earth,�2013)�–�

example�of�a�selected�section�in�Luštica)�

Klinci�

Mrkovi�

Ti�i�

Klinci�

Mrkovi�

Ti�i�


44�

Map�11:�Overview�of�how�the�areas�most�suitable�for�agriculture�compare�to�agricultural�areas�designated�in�the�spatial�plans�(based�on�the�land�use�synthesis�map�developed�for�the�purpose�of�preparation�of�the�SPSPCZ�

MNE,�RIUDP,�July�2013)�

Agriculturalareasdesignatedinthespatialplans

Areasmostsuitableforagriculture


45�

7.2.2�Conflicts�between�Planned�Urbanisation�and�Potentials�for�Agricultural�Development�

TheassessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityconfirmedconclusionsdrawnintheGeneralVulnerabilityAssessment(CAMPMontenegro,December2012)which�found�out�that�spatial�planning�directions�for�future�urbanisation�were�to�a�significant�extent�in�conflict�with�potentials�for�agricultural�development.Oneofthereasonsistheabovepresentedunrealisticdepictionofagriculturalareasintheexistingspatialplans.Zonesofconflicts(withsurfacesofmorethan50ha)betweenundevelopedconstructionareasandareasthatare(eitherentirelyorpartly)suitableforagriculturearepresentedbelow.OtherconflictareasidentifiedintheGeneralVulnerabilityAssessmentarenotpresentedbutareshowninformativelyintheMap12.NumberingorderofconflictareasforwhichthesourceofconflictislinkedtotheiragriculturaluseistakenoverfromthenumberingorderinthegeneraloverviewofconflictareasintheGeneralVulnerabilityAssessment.

Municipality�of�Herceg�Novi�

2.�Kruševice:�

� areaplannedforresidentialdevelopment;� thezoneistoolarge,itisjustifiedtolimit

constructionareatotheperipheryofthefield,whileleavingcentralpartofthefieldforagriculture;

3.�Kruševice�(south�of�the�settlement)�and��4.�Mokrine�–�Kameno:�

� areasplannedforresidentialbuildings;� thezoneistoolargeandincludesdifferent

spatialentities,i.e.landuses;itisjustifiedtoconcentrateconstructionareastothezonesofexistingsettlementsinawaywhichpreservessectionsofagriculturallandandforestcommunities;

5.�Prijevor�–�Mojdež�and�6.�Ratiševina��Trebišinj:�

� areasplannedforresidentialbuildings;� zonesaretoolargeandincludedifferent

spatialentities,i.e.areasoftheexistinglandusessoitisnotjustifiedtoopennewareaswherethereisnosettlements;constructionareashouldbeconcentratedtothezonesoftheexistingsettlementsinawaywhichpreservessectionsofagriculturallandandforestcommunities;

7.�Sutorina:�

� areaplannedforresidentialbuildingsandmixeduse;

� areaofhighvulnerabilityandconflictwithpotentialsforagriculturesoitisjustifiedtopreserveitforagriculturaluse;constructionareashouldbeconcentratedtothezonesofexistingsettlementsinthewaywhichpreservessectionsofagriculturalland;

9.�Podi��Šašovi�i��Kudi:�

� areaplannedforresidentialbuildings;� thezoneisprimarilyinconflictwith

biodiversitypreservation(presenceofforestcommunityOrno�Quercetum�Ilicis�whichisparticularlyimportantforbiodiversityofthecoastalMediterraneanareas)whichlimitsexpansionofconstructionareasintothehinterlandwithpreservednature,butalsowithpotentialforagriculturesoitisjustifiedtolimitconstructionareastothesmallerunits;

14.�Luštica:�

� areasplannedforresidentialbuildings;� areaplannedforresidentialbuildings

extendsoveralargesurface;constructionareashouldbeconcentratedonthezonesofexistingsettlementsinthewaywhichpreservesagriculturalland;


46�

Map�12:�Larger�areas�of�conflicts�between�undeveloped�construction�areas�and�areas�that�are�(either�entirely�or�partly)�suitable�for�agriculture�

Municipality�of�Tivat�

15.�Mr�evac:�

� areaplannedformixeduse;� areaofagriculturallandofhighimportance

(neverthelesstheareashouldbeconsidered

inthecontextofaverylimitedspaceforthedevelopmentofTivat);

Undevelopedconstructionareas

Undevelopedconstructionareasinconflictwithagriculturalareas

Remainingconflictareas

Areasmostsuitableforagriculture

Numberofconflictarea


47�

Municipality�of�Kotor�

16.�Radanovi�i�and�17.�Gorovi�i�–�Lastva�Grbaljska:�

� areaplannedforresidentialbuildings;mixeduse,tourismandtechnicalinfrastructure;

� areaofagriculturalsurfacesimportantforagriculture;itisjustifiedtopreservecompletenessofTivatskofieldandconcentrateconstructionareasontheperipheryofthefield;

Municipality�of�Budva�

18.�Pobori:�

� areasplannedforresidentialbuildings;� thezoneisinconflictwithbiodiversity

preservation(whichmaylimitexpansionofinterventionsintothehinterlandwithpreservednature)andwithagricultureontraditionalterracessoitisjustifiedtolimitconstructionareatothesmallerunits;

20.�Mr�evo�field:�

� areaplannedfortourism;� areaofmajorinvestmentofnational

importance;� thezoneisinconflictwiththeareaof

agriculturalsurfacesofspecialimportancewhichshouldleadtolimitationofconstructioninthezone;certainimpactofseaXlevelriseintheareaofJazbeachshouldbetakenintoaccount;

21.�Buljarica:�

� areaplannedfortourism;� areaofmajorinvestmentofnational

importance;� thezonehaspotentialforagricultural

developmenttoo,butthelandXuseconflictisprimarilylinkedtopreservationofnatureandprotectionofbiodiversitysincethisisawetlandareaprotectedunderArticle10oftheICZMProtocolandinlinewithRamsarConvention;

� inthatregard,theplannedscopeofinterventionincaseofconstructionofnewtourismcapacitiesisquestionablesincethenecessitytopreservethemostimportantnaturalandlandscapecharacteristicsshouldbekeptinmind;

Municipality�of�Bar�

26.�Spi�ansko�field�(Sutomore):�

� areaplannedfortourismandresidentialbuildings;

� vulnerableareawithpotentialforagriculture(however,theareashouldbealsoconsideredinthecontextofthedevelopmentofSutomore);

28.�Zupci�and�29.�Barsko�field��Dobre�vode:�

� areaofmixeduseandforresidentialbuildings;

� Barskofieldanditsperipheralareasarecharacterisedbydispersedconstructionwhichcompletelyfragmentedagriculturallandofotherwisegoodquality;despitethat,itisjustifiedtoreduceconstructionareasandlimitittoperipheralzonesofBarskofield,especiallyinthedirectiontowardsDobrevode(therearelargereservesfornewconstructionintermsoffillingupandcompletingtheexistingconstructionareas);

Municipality�of�Ulcinj�

30.�Vladimir,�31.�Donja�Klezna,�32.�Zoganje�and�33.�Kodre�–�Kolonza:�

� areasofagriculturallandofoutstandingimportance;

� constructionareasshouldbelimitedinawaywhichpreventsfurtherfragmentationofagriculturallandandconstructionshouldbeconcentratedtoborderareasofcompleteagriculturalsections;

� guidelinesarealsovalidfortheothersettlementsofUlcinjsko,ŠaskoandAnamalskofields;


48�

35.�Velika�plaža:�

� firstandforemost,theareaisimportantfromtheperspectiveofnatureprotectionandbiodiversitypreservation(asithostssandduneswithhalophytevegetation,grasslandandcoastalforesthabitats),whichlimitstheplannedscopeandtypeofinterventions;northernpartofthatareaisalsoattractiveforagriculture;

� inthatregard,plannedscopeandtypeofinterventionincaseofconstructionofnewtouristcapacitiesisquestionablesincenecessitytopreservethemostimportantnaturalandlandscapecharacteristicsshouldbekeptinmind.

Table�5:�Surface�of�the�areas�of�conflict�between�undeveloped�construction�areas�and�areas�that�are�(either�partly�or�entirely)�suitable�for�agriculture�

Conflicted�area� Surface�of�the�area�(ha)�

HERCEG�NOVI� �2.Kruševice 6523.Kruševice 484.Mokrine–Kameno 2635.Prijevor–Mojdež 3326.Ratiševina–Trebišinj 1637.Sutorina 2659.Podi–Šašovi4i–Kudi 334TIVAT� �14.�uri4i 6215.Mr~evac 82KOTOR� �16.Radanovi4i 4917.Gorovi4i–Lastva 114BUDVA� �18.Pobori 17620.Mr~evofield 18221.Prijevor 144BAR� �26.Sutomore 7028.Župci 14429.Barskofield–Dobrevode 651ULCINJ� �30.Vladimir 10631.DonjaKlezna 9833.Žoganj 23034.Kodre–Kolonza 11836.Velikaplaža 453Total� 4.736�

Thetable5givesanoverviewofundevelopedconstructionareas(insixmunicipalitiesofthecoastalzone)thatconflictwithagricultureandthesizeoftheseareasexpressedinhectares.

If�the�construction�takes�place�in�all�the�above�mentioned�conflict�areas,�around�4,700�ha�of�the�existing�agricultural�land�and�land�that�is�potentially�suitable�for�agriculture�would�be�lost.�

Theseanalysesindicatethereisaneedtopreciselyidentifyagriculturallandinspatialplanningdocumentsinorderto,amongstotherthings,avoidplanningofconstructionareasinthezonesthathavevaluablenatureandattractiveresources.Planningofconstructionareasthatareseveraltimeslargerthanwhatisactuallyneededhasnumerousnegativeconsequenceswhich,amongstotherthings,includeunnecessaryconsumptionofparticularlyvaluableagriculturalandforestland,dispersedconstructionthatrequiresconsiderablylongertransportationnetworkandmoreexpensiveprovisionofutilities,lossoftraditionalphysiognomyofsettlementsanddisturbanceoforiginallandscapevalues.TheSPSPCZMNEshouldthereforeenablerationaluseofthespaceinthecoastalzoneprimarilybyconsideringpossibilitiestoreducethescopeofconstructionareas,particularlyintheconflictzones.

7.2.3�Valuation�of�Rural�Open�Areas�within�the�Coastal�Zone�

Asapartoffurtherelaborationoftheareassuitableforagricultureinthecoastalzone,detailedanalysisandidentificationofasystemofvaluablerural,openandpredominantlynaturalareaswereperformed;fortheseareasitisrecommendedthattheyarenotincludedintheintensiveurbanandtouristdevelopmentflows.


49�

Ruralareashaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatmakethemexceptionallyvaluable.Ineconomicterms,thesearetheareaswherealmosttheentireproductionoffoodandotherrenewableresourcesthatmeettheneedsofentirepopulationislocated.Inenvironmentalterms,ruralareasareareaswithvaluableecosystems.Ifobservedfromsocialandculturalaspects,ruralareaspreservetraditionofcoXexistencebetweenhumansandnature(UNDP,2013).

Dataonatleast10,000haofuncultivatedarableland,morethan10,000officiallyunemployedinthecoastalzoneandonimportofagriculturalproductstoMontenegroinwhicholiveoilandcitrusfruitimportsaloneaccountforsomeEUR3million,speakofthepotentialforruraldevelopmentinthecoastalzone.Accordingtoperformedanalyses,thereisarealisticpotentialforcreatingaround2,000newjobsandgeneratingrevenueofaroundEUR50millionperannuminecologicalandtraditionalfarming,ruralandadventuretourismandaccompanyingservicesectoralone.Unlockingthispotentialwouldresultinemploymentgrowthofaround4%inthecoastalzoneandwouldalsocontributetotheGDPgrowthof3X4%.

Theseprojectionsincludeonlyagriculturalproductionandtourismcapacitiesofpredominantlyfamilytype,whileintensiveagriculturalproductioninthefieldssuchasAnamalsko,Ulcinjsko,Zoganjsko,Tivatsko,Barsko,Mr~evo,etc.isnotincluded.Moreover,itshouldbeemphasisedthatitisonlythetourismregionwithdevelopedtraditionalruralofferthatmayprovideautochthonousexperienceandadventures(gastronomic,enologic,cultural,educational,adventurous...)expectedbyamoderntourist.Therefore,ruralareasandruraleconomymakeanimportantpartoftheattractivenessbasisaswellasanimportantsegmentofthehighqualitytourismofferonthecoast.

ItisparticularlyimportanttouseavailablefundingfromthepreXaccessionfunds(IPARD)for

majorshareofthisruraldevelopmentcomponent(diversificationofruraleconomythroughmultifunctionalruraldevelopment).FinancialallocationfromthesefundsforMontenegroin2012and2013wasaroundEUR11million.TheamountwillincreaseinthecomingperiodandaftertheEUaccessionitwillbeseveraltimeshigher.

Throughvaluationofruralareas,theareasandspaceofoutstandingimportancewereidentifiedforthepurposeoftheirpreservationandsustainableruralandtourismdevelopment.AreaswithlimitedandnonXrenewableresourcessuchasvaluablearablelandorlimitedecologicallysignificantnaturalresourcessuchasforestsandwatersweretargeted.Equallyimportanttreatmentwasgiventoareaswithoutstandinglandscapevaluesandareasofvaluablebiodiversity(alreadyprotectedonesorthosewiththestatusofpotentialprotection).

Inordertousetheobtaineddatainthesimplestpossiblemanner,andhavinginmindprescribedcontentsofthespatialplan,alltheoutputdataarestructuredaccordingtothetypesofcartographicrepresentationsforpreparationofwhichtheymaybeused.Thefirstgroupcompriseslayersthatresultedfromidentificationofareascharacterisedbyvaluablearablelandorvaluableforestcover.SincethesecategoriesareshowninlandXusemaps,theirgroupingwasconductedinthatway.Thesamereferstowatersurfaces,whileothernaturalareasdonothavepronouncedvaluesandpotentialsuchasagriculturallandorforest.

Thesecondgroupcomprisesareasthatareidentifiedasvaluablelandscapesorbreaksindevelopedareasthatareimportantfromlandscapeperspective,includingvaluableecosystemsandprotectedareas(theexistingandpotentialones).Theseareasalsohavepronouncedvalueaswellasresourcedimension.Theyareusuallyrepresentedinmapswhichsetconditionsforprotectionanduseofthespace(regimes).


50�

Thethirdgroupcomprisesareaswhosespecificcharacteristicsposerestrictionsfordevelopmentinspaceandtheyalsousuallypresentedonmapswhichsetconditionsforprotectionanduseofthespace.

Oneofthegoalsofvaluationandidentificationofvaluableopenareasistooptimiselanduse,particularlyinordertoavoidhavingconstructionareasinthezoneswithoutstandingvalueswhichshouldbeprotected(exceptionallyvaluableareasintermsofbiodiversityandlandscape)orusedinaccordancewiththeirfundamentalvalueasanaturalresource(agriculture,forestry).Finalsynthesisspatiallayerenablesidentificationofvaluableopenareasthatliewithinconstructionareas.Inthiswayitispossibletoidentifyconcretepotentialconflictsbetweentheidentifiedspatialvaluesandvalidplanningguidelines.

Takingtheapproachdescribedaboveenablesexclusionofcertainareasfromurbandevelopmentwhenthereareclearandconvincingargumentstothatend.ItisevidentfromtheprocessthattheseargumentsservelongXterminterestofsustainabledevelopmentofthecoastalzone.

7.3�Instruments�of�Implementation�Instrumentstoimplementresultsoftheassessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthespaceforagriculturaldevelopmentincludeasetofdiversemeasuresandactivitiesrelatedto:

� spatialarrangements(inthesenseofspatialplanning);

� agriculturaldevelopment;� implementationofcertainnationallevel

policies:agriculturalpolicyandagriculturaldevelopmentplanning,measuresinvolvingregulationofuseandprotectionofagriculturalland,planningandperformingagriculturaloperations,harmonisationofruraldevelopmentpolicymeasureswithgreendevelopment,etc.;

� localgovernmentmeasures.

Data�on�the�existing�conditions�

LackofreliabledataonlanduseinGISposesseriousproblemwhencarryingoutanalysisofthecurrentsituation,monitoringchangesinspace,andmonitoringqualityofplanningprocesses,butalsowhenitcomestoapplicationofinstrumentsproposedbelowforimplementingtheresultsoftheassessmentofattractivenessandsuitabilityofspaceforagriculture.Therefore,itisnecessarytostartwithsystematicpreparationofrecords,registriesanddatabaseinGISformatandinparticularto:

� analyseexistingsituationandactualproblems;

� establishdigitalrecordsonplannedandactuallanduses,whereclassificationshouldincludeinformationaboutthelandusesrelevantforagriculturalactivities(meadows,pastures,yards,familygardens,vineyards);

� establishdigitalrecordsonthequalityofagriculturalland.

Integration�of�agriculture�into�the�Special�Purpose�Spatial�Plan�of�the�Coastal�Zone�of�Montenegro��

IntegrationofagricultureintotheSpecialPurposeSpatialPlanfortheCoastalZoneofMontenegroshouldprimarilyencompassthefollowing:

� supporttoruraldevelopmentandstimulatingagriculturaldevelopmentasfundamentalstartingpoints,alongwiththecommitmentforfurtherdevelopmentoftourismasafoundationforintegrateddevelopmentofthecoastalzoneofMontenegro;

� depictionofareaswithpotentialformoreintensiveagriculture,lessintensiveandextensiveagricultureaswellasofspecialagriculturalareasinthegraphicpartoftheSpatialPlan;

� planningdevelopmentandindividualactivitiesattheregionallevelinawaywhichpreservessignificantagriculturalareas;


51�

� directingurbanisationtowardsareasthatarelessattractiveforagriculturaldevelopmentandinawayastorounduptheexistingsettlements.

Agricultural�areas�in�Municipal�Plans��

Identificationofagriculturalareasinmunicipalplansshouldincludethefollowing:

� overviewofagriculturallandwhichisharmonisedwiththeactualconditionsandpotentials(onthebasisofthisandotherdetailedassessmentsofattractivenessandsuitabilityofthespaceforagriculturecarriedoutatmunicipallevels);itisjustifiedtoincludesmallerandlesssignificantsectionsofagriculturalland(coves,terraces)intheplanningcategoryofagriculturalareas.Separationofareasofintensiveagricultureandthemostimportantagriculturalland(arablefields,vineyards,orchards)frommeadowsandpasturesshouldbeconsidered;

� directingurbanisationtowardsareasthatarelessattractiveforagriculturaldevelopmentandinawayastorounduptheexistingsettlements;

� consistentimplementationoftheRulebook�on�more�detailed�form�and�content�of�a�planning�document,�land�use�criteria,�elements�of�urban�regulation�and�unique�graphic�symbols,andparticularlyofArticle76underwhichidentificationofoptimalconstructionareasshouldbebasedontheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment,protectionofnaturalpotentialandlandscapecharacteristicsaswellasonexpertargumentsandquantifiedsurfacesofdevelopedandundevelopedpartsofsettlements,whilerecognising,amongstotherthings,thefollowingguidelines:

� possibilityofconstructionwithintheexistingconstructionareas(reservesofspace)shouldbeexaminedupfront,especiallyincasetherearepartsthatarenotcompleted;capacitiesoftheexisting

infrastructureandbuildingsservingpublicfunctionsshouldbekeptinmindintheassessment;

� housingandpopulationdensitiesshouldbeadjustedaccordingtothetypeofsettlements;

� constructionareasshouldbeshapedaccordingtogeoXmorphologicalandhydrologicalpreconditionstoformseparateunitsofthesettlements;

� introductionofthestrictmoratoriumonnewurbanisationinareashavingpotentialformoreintensiveagricultureoutsideofsettlements;

� identificationofagriculturalareasinwhichconversionofagriculturallandispossibleonlyinexceptionalcasesinthesenseofmorerestrictivepreservationofsomeareas.

Atthesametime,activelandadministrationpolicyshouldbeimplementedatthelocallevel.Thisincludesconsolidationoflandplots(reXarrangementoftheexistingdistributionofplotsincludingredistributionofownership),directingconstructiontowardsconstructionareasequippedwithutilitiesandinfrastructure,establishingstockoflandownedbyamunicipalityandtaxmeasuresforwhichcompetentauthoritiesaremunicipalities(forinstance,taxonundevelopedconstructionareas).

Rural�areas�and�their�development�

VeryimportantaspectforsustainabledevelopmentofthecoastalzoneofMontenegroisintegrationofvaluablepartsofthecoast(forwhichadaptationofthesetbackisnotproposed)withtheneighbouringareasintheirhinterlandwhichshould,duetolandscape,naturalandothervalues,remainintheirnaturalconditionandbecomepartoftheopenspacesysteminwhichintensiveurbanisationisnotplanned.Asmentionedearlier,theseareareaswithpredominantlyruralcharacteristicsinwhichfutureconstructionwouldbepredominantlylinkedtothetraditionalsettlementsoractivitiesofagriculturalhouseholdsandprocessingof


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agriculturalproducts.Partofthesystemofopenspacesareareaswithfertilesoilandvaluabletraditionalculturallandscapewhosepreservationrepresentsabasisformultifunctionalruraldevelopmentinwhichagriculturalproductioniscombinedwithtourismoffer(agroXtourism)anddifferentformsofoutdoorrecreation.Potentialofrural,openareasandtheirresourcespresentsdevelopmentopportunitythatopensuppossibilitiesfordevelopmentofdiversifiedeconomyinthecoastalzone.

Optimisationoflandusesforpredominantlyruralareasshouldbeachievedby:settingspecificrequirementsforspatialdevelopmentwiththeaimofpreservingruralvalues,reducingorputtinganendtodispersedandunrealisticallyplannedconstructionareas,whileobservinginheritedrights;andincreasingthelevelofefficiencyincarryingouttheinvestmentsinthesingledoutzonesoutsideofsettlementsbyapplyinginstrumentswhichsetdeadlines(toaspecificperiodoftime)forinvestors’rightsstemmingfromtheadoptedspatialplans.

Incentives�for�agriculture�and�rural�development�

Importantmeasuresthathaveeffectsonagriculturefirstandforemostincludetaxpolicy,creditandsocialpoliciesandregionaldevelopmentpolicy.FollowingexampleoftheEUCommonAgriculturePolicy,incentivesareimplementeduniformlyacrosstheentireMontenegroinaccordancewiththelegislation.Still,itisimportanttoemphasisethatalotofworkremainstobedonetoestablishafunctionalsystemforimplementationofallthemeasures.

Inadditiontonumerousmeasuresofdirectsupporttoproducersatthenationallevel,effortsshouldbecontinuedtofindopportunitiesforfavourableagriculturalloansfromresourcesoftheInvestmentDevelopmentFund.Alleviationsshouldbealsoofferedfor

employmentinagriculturethroughtheEmploymentOffice.

IntheimplementationofruraldevelopmentmeasuresmunicipalcoXfundingisallowedandevendesirable(whichisdifferentfromdirectsupportmeasures)andshouldbeusedbycoastalmunicipalitiestoenablepreservationanddevelopmentoftheirruralareas.AgriculturalholdingsandlocalcommunitieswillbealsoabletousefundsfromthefifthcomponentoftheEUaccessionassistance(IPA)forruraldevelopmentunderIPARDprogramme(supporttoinvestmentsinprimaryagriculturalandprocessingindustryandfordiversificationofruraleconomicactivities).

Themajorityofmeasuresareadoptedandimplementedatthenationallevel.However,considerableshareofruraldevelopmentmeasures(coXfundingthemajorityofmeasuresandparticularlycreationandimprovementoflivingconditionsinthecountrysidebybuildinglocalinfrastructure)actuallyfallswithinthecompetenceoflocalcommunitiesthroughactivitiesandactionsundertakenbylocalactiongroupsandmunicipaladministration.Therefore,localcommunitiesshouldbuildandstrengthenlocalimplementationcapacities,buttheyshouldalsoadvocateforconsistentimplementationofmeasuresatthenationallevel.

ThenoveltyintroducedintheEUCAPfortheprogrammingperiod2014X2020referstopossibilitiesforagriculture�intheareas�facing�any�kind�of�limitations(worseconditionsforagricultureduetoaltitudeand/orlowersoilquality,areasincludedinprotectionprogrammes–nationalparks,natureparks,etc.)tobefinancedalsofromthefirstpillarintheframeworkofwhatisknownasthegreening�payments�(fundsallocatedtofarmersforthepurposeof”greening”agriculturalsector,i.e.asacompensationforthepreservationofagriculturallandwhileundertakingagriculturalactivities)inadditiontosupportthroughruraldevelopmentmeasures.ThenewconceptinCAP


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(2014X2020)recognisesandappreciateslocalspecificitiestoagreaterextent.ThiswillbefavourableforMontenegro’sagricultureasawholeandalsoforfarmersinthecoastalzone.AnimportantchallengewillbeunderstandingandspeedoftranspositionoftheEUconcepts,harmonisationofdomesticlegislationandconsistentapplicationofmeasureswhichwillbesuitableforawiderangeoffarmers,butalsoforentrepreneursfromothersectorswhoorganisetheirbusinessactivitiesinruralareas.

Programme�of�performing�agricultural�operations�(improvement�of�the�characteristics�of�agricultural�land)�

Inordertoimprovelandcharacteristics,whicharefundamentalprerequisitesforagriculture,thefollowingoperationsshouldbeperformed:soilamelioration,dryingupanddrainageofswampswherethatdoesnotconflictwiththebiodiversitypreservationgoals,chemicalameliorationofsalinisedpartsoffields,aswellaslandconsolidationintheareaswherefragmentationofplotsmakesefficientproductionimpossible.

Establishing�stock�of�land�owned�by�state�or�by�municipality�

Urbanisationandconstructionofinfrastructuralfacilitiesresultinaconsiderablelossofagriculturalland.Someholdings,andparticularlythosewhereagricultureisthemainsourceofincome,canbeseriouslyaffectedbysuchchanges.Incasethereisaneedtoprovidelandasaformofcompensationforlostsurfaces(iftheownersofaffectedholdingsintendtocontinuewithagriculturalactivitiesinthefuture),securingastockofstateofmunicipallyownedlandisareasonablesolution.Suchlandcanbeleasedtothehouseholdswhichdonothavesufficientlandoftheirown,andalsoforthepurposeofdislocatinghouseholdswhichbecome"trapped”withinurbanisedareasthusfindingthemselvesinconflictwiththeuseofthesurroundingspace.

Inspection�

Consistentenforcementandinspectionsupervisionhaveanimportantplaceintheoverallpolicyofpreservationofagriculturallandandagriculturaldevelopment.Thefollowingareparticularlyimportant:harmonised/jointsupervisionbyagricultural,inspectionfortheprotectionofspace,constructionandenvironmentalprotectioninspections;controlofinterventionscarriedoutonagriculturallandXillegalconstruction,illegalprocessing,i.e.environmentalimpactsofagriculture(useofphytoXpharmaceuticals,toleranceofinvasiveplantspecies,useofprohibitedplantspecies,etc.).

Tax�Policy�

Besidetaxbreaksinagriculture,considerationshouldbealsogiventotheintroductionoftaxesonconversionofagriculturalintoconstructionland,whilefundsgeneratedinthiswaywouldbeallocatedforprogrammesdesignedexclusivelyfortheimprovementofagriculturallandcharacteristics.

Soil�Management�

AprerequisiteforsustainablesoilmanagementisdevelopmentoftheRulebookonlandmanagementatthelocallevelandmandatorydevelopmentoftheLandManagementStudyinthecourseofdevelopmentofNationalLocationStudies(NLS).Themainobjectiveofsuchanapproachistopreventuncontrolleduseanddegradationofthefertilepartofsoilofthebestquality(humus).Thesurplusofsuchsoilthatresultsfromtheconstructionofnewbuildingsshouldbeusedforremediationofareaswithdegradedsoil,improvementoflowerqualityagriculturallandanddifferentdevelopmentsatthenationallevel.

Operational�programmes�and�target�oriented�projects�

Developmentofoperationalprogrammesfordifferentcrops(forinstance:operational


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programmesforolivegrowing,citrusfruitsgrowingandgrowingofothercrops,developmentoforganicfarming,etc.)shouldbestimulated.

Education�and�awareness�raising�on�the�importance�of�agriculture�

Inadditiontotheexistingregularandoccasionaleducationprogrammesinagriculture,itisalsonecessarytointensifyprogrammesrelatedtospecificitiesofcropsgrowninthecoastalzone.Moreover,havinginmindlimitedagriculturalresources,particularlyinthecoastalzone,itisnecessarytoworkonawarenessraisingofpopulationfromtheearliestage.

Market�development�mechanisms�

Sustainabledevelopmentofagricultureinthecoastalzoneshouldbebasedontransitionfromthecentrallyplannedtomarketeconomywhereresponsibilityofindividualsisinfocus.Newintegrationprocesseswillhaveevengreaterinfluenceonthechangeofeconomicconditionswhichwillbereflectedinfurthermarketliberalisationwhichrequireshigherlevelofcompetitiveness.InordertoboostcompetitivenessofMontenegro`sagricultureitisnecessarytoworkonimprovementsofthestructureofenterprises,qualitystandards,marketingofagriculturalproductsandfoodstuffs,capitalandlandmarkets,educationandprofessionaladvancementoffarmers.

Developmentofmodernmarketchannelsrequiresinvolvementofsmallproducersandengagementinboostingcompetitivenessofprocessingcapacitieswhichwillbeabletoincreaseproductionbyfindingnewmarkets.ThereisahighlevelofcompetitioninMontenegrowhichis,amongstotherthings,duetounattractiveinvestmentarea.However,accessiontotheEUandEUmembership,aswellasexistenceofajointregionalandruraldevelopmentsystembasedondecentralisationandincreasedpossibilityofusingEUandothertypesoffundsmaycontributetoeliminationof

thesebarriersanddevelopmentofmodernmarketchains.

OpeningoftheEuropeanUnionmarketforagriculturalproductsandfoodstuffsfromMontenegroandentirenetworkofbilateraltradeagreements(CEFTA,WTO,etc.)wouldcreateconditionsforthetransformationofMontenegrointonetexporterofcertainproducts(wine,oliveoil,citrusfruit,vegetables,etc.).Olive,wineandcitrusfruitsgrowingmaybeextremelyprofitablesectorswithsignificantexportpotentialwhichmeansthatmeasuresshouldbeundertakentointensifyproductionofthesecrops,moderniseandspecialiseprocessingcapacities,whileensuringgoodmarketingandlogisticsupport.

Sustainabilityofagriculturalsectormayhaveconsiderableimpactonexpandingthetourismsectoroffer.Infact,touristsvisitingMontenegroexpressincreasedinterestinauthenticagriculturalproductswhichiswhyeffortsshouldbemadetoestablishconnectionbetweenfarmersandhotels,restaurants,tourismorganisations,etc.Furthermore,tourisminruralareashasunbreakabletieswithagriculturesinceinterestinorganisingvisitstoruralareasisincreasing.Thisgivespeopleinruralareasthepossibilityofgeneratingadditionalincome.Securedsalesofagriculturalproductswouldalsohaveimpactoncostcuttinginruraltourismsectorandwouldenablerevitalisationandstabilityinthedevelopmentofruralareas.

Stimulatingdevelopmentofthefinancialmarketandbetteraccesstoloanswouldcontributetothereductionofspecificrisksrelatedtoavailabilityofcreditforfarmers,sothebankswouldincreasinglyfindtheirmarketamongownersofagriculturalholdings.Supportofthebankingsectorwouldcontributetothereductionofriskfactorsinagriculturewhichcouldhavedirectimpactonlevellingupofyieldsandproductquality,whichcouldinturndirectlyimpactthepurchasepriceofproducts.

�

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8. 8.�Bibliography�

Agriculturalcensus2010,MONSTAT,Montenegro,2010

AgroXmonetarystatistics2011,MONSTAT,Montenegro,2011

Censusofpopulation,householdsandwellings2003and2011,MONSTAT,Montenegro,2011

ForeignTradeofMontenegro2005X2011,MONSTAT,Montenegro,2011

GeneralUrbanPlanofBarby2020,InstituteofArchitectureandUrbanPlanningofSerbia,Serbia,2007MontenegrointheTwentyXfirstCentury–intheEraofCompetitiveness,MontenegrinAcademyofSciencesandArts,2009–2010

MunicipalityofHercegXNovi,SpatialPlanby2020,MonteCEP–CentreforUrbanDevelopmentPlanning,Kotor,2006

NationalProgrammeforFoodProductionandRuralAreasDevelopment2009X2013,MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement,Montenegro,2008

ProgrammeforDevelopmentofAgricultureandRuralAreasofMontenegrointheframeworkofIPARD2013,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,Montenegro,2013

RegionalDevelopmentStrategyofMontenegro,2010X2014,MinistryofEconomy,Montenegro,2010

SpatialPlanofMontenegro2010X2014,MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism,Montenegro,2010

SpatialPlanofthemunicipalityofKotor,UrbanPlanningInstituteofCroatia,1987

SpatialPlanofthemunicipalityofBudva,InstituteofArchitectureandUrbanPlanningofSerbia,Serbia,1987

SpatialPlanofthemunicipalityofUlcinj,1999

SpatialUrbanPlanofTivatby2020(SUPTivat),UrbanPlanningInstituteoftheRepublicofSlovenia,Ljubljana,2010

StatisticalYearbook2012,MONSTAT,Montenegro,2012


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CAMP Montenegro is a programme implemented jointly by United Nations Environment Programme

Mediterranean Action Plan (UNEP/MAP) and the Montenegrin Ministry of Sustainable Development

and Tourism (MSDT), with the involvement of local governments from the project area and of other

relevant institutions.

The main objectives of the CAMP Montenegro include:

reation of necessary mechanisms that can help achieve sustainable development of the coastal

area;

The main output of the programme is the ICZM Strategy and the Plan for Montenegro.

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▪

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support for the implementation of national policies and the ICZM Protocol of the Barcelona

Convention;

promotion of integrated and participatory planning and management in the coastal area;

development of national and local capacities for ICZM and raising awareness of the importance of

the coastal area, complexity and fragility of its ecosystems and of the need for integrated

approaches in managing them;

facilitation of the transfer of knowledge on ICZM tools and approaches.

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