03 Value Stream Costing -...

8
3. Value Stream Costing Page 1 3. Value Stream Costing Objectives In this module we’re going to cover one of the more radical lean accounting concepts known as value stream costing which is an accounting system of tracking costs and revenues for the entire value stream, as opposed to attributing costs and revenue to individual products as is done in standard costing. Specifically, by the end of this module you’ll understand the motivation for value stream costing including the steps to design and use a value stream income statement. Additionally, by the end of this module, you’ll be able to evaluate the benefits of value stream costing. Now, we’re going to make the assumption that your organization has already identified its value streams. As such, feel free to review our Transforming Your Value Streams course prior to watching this video which you can find in our School of Lean. Why Value Stream Costing? OK, let’s get things started by discussing why lean thinking organizations transition to value stream costing instead of a more traditional standard costing system. This is important because traditional standard costing has been around for a long time and many people in your organization may argue to stick with it because it’s used to determine selling price, analyze costs, evaluate product mix, and provide valuation for cost of goods sold and inventory. Now, we’ll address each of these concerns in future lessons… but for this module we’d like to introduce two reasons for making the change. The first reason is that your organization should now be structured around value streams instead of the traditional silo’d organizational structures that are typically vertical and focused on functional departments. This change in structure often helps an organization see immediate benefits, but as the low hanging fruit of simple waste reduction is gone, it becomes much more important to have changes in the accounting

Transcript of 03 Value Stream Costing -...

3. Value Stream Costing Page 1  

     

3.  Value  Stream  Costing        

Objectives    

In  this  module  we’re  going  to  cover  one  of  the  more  radical  lean  accounting  concepts  known  as  value  stream  costing  which  is  an  accounting  system  of  tracking  costs  and  revenues  for  the  entire  value  stream,  as  opposed  to  attributing  costs  and  revenue  to  individual  products  as  is  done  in  standard  costing.        Specifically,  by  the  end  of  this  module  you’ll  understand  the  motivation  for  value  stream  costing  including  the  steps  to  design  and  use  a  value  stream  income  statement.        Additionally,  by  the  end  of  this  module,  you’ll  be  able  to  evaluate  the  benefits  of  value  stream  costing.        Now,  we’re  going  to  make  the  assumption  that  your  organization  has  already  identified  its  value  streams.        As  such,  feel  free  to  review  our  Transforming  Your  Value  Streams  course  prior  to  watching  this  video  which  you  can  find  in  our  School  of  Lean.        

Why  Value  Stream  Costing?    OK,  let’s  get  things  started  by  discussing  why  lean  thinking  organizations  transition  to  value  stream  costing  instead  of  a  more  traditional  standard  costing  system.        This  is  important  because  traditional  standard  costing  has  been  around  for  a  long  time  and  many  people  in  your  organization  may  argue  to  stick  with  it  because  it’s  used  to  determine  selling  price,  analyze  costs,  evaluate  product  mix,  and  provide  valuation  for  cost  of  goods  sold  and  inventory.        Now,  we’ll  address  each  of  these  concerns  in  future  lessons…  but  for  this  module  we’d  like  to  introduce  two  reasons  for  making  the  change.        The  first  reason  is  that  your  organization  should  now  be  structured  around  value  streams  instead  of  the  traditional  silo’d  organizational  structures  that  are  typically  vertical  and  focused  on  functional  departments.        This  change  in  structure  often  helps  an  organization  see  immediate  benefits,  but  as  the  low  hanging  fruit  of  simple  waste  reduction  is  gone,  it  becomes  much  more  important  to  have  changes  in  the  accounting  

3. Value Stream Costing Page 2  

information  used  to  evaluate  and  improve  organizational  performance.        The  second  reason  for  transitioning  to  Value  Stream  Costing  is  that  traditional  accounting  information  is  usually  confusing  and  too  late  to  be  helpful.        In  fact,  a  tremendous  amount  of  time  and  energy  is  spent  collecting  data  throughout  the  month,  pulling  it  together  in  reports  for  managers,  and  comparing  this  information  to  predictions  that  are  no  longer    relevant.        Some  even  liken  managing  a  business  by  end  of  month  reports  to  attempting  to  drive  a  car  while  only  looking  into  the  rear  mirror…  you  may  get  away  with  this  for  awhile  but  eventually  you’re  in  for  some  serious  trouble.        Conversely,  in  a  lean  organization,  the  focus  is  on  process  improvement  where  financial  information  is  needed  quickly  which  is  exactly  where  Value  Stream  Costing  shines.      With  this  said,  your  organization  might  have  recently  started  practicing  lean  or  perhaps  you’ve  been  on  the  journey  for  a  while.    No  matter  the  situation,  if  you’re  still  using  standard  cost  accounting  and  reporting  variances  each  month,  you’re  not  going  to  see  the  full  benefits  lean  offers.        

Preparing  for  Value  Stream  Costing      OK,  so  those  are  some  reasons  why  value  stream  costing  can  add  value…  now,  let’s  turn  our  attention  to  how  we  can  implement  it  within  our  organization.        Now,  we’re  sharing  an  8-­‐step  process  throughout  this  module,  but  we  want  to  make  it  clear  that  there’s  no  cookie  cutter  approach  to  value  stream  costing.        You’ll  need  to  make  decisions  that  work  best  for  your  organization…  but  if  you  take  the  time  and  follow  this  8  step  approach  you’ll  be  on  your  way  to  designing  a  value  stream  

costing  system  that  eliminates  wasteful  transactions  and  is  more  cost  effective  than  a  traditional  standard  costing  system.        And,  to  be  clear,  it  will  meet  external  GAAP  reporting  requirements  while  providing  timely  and  useful  information  to  the  value  stream.    But,  again,  please  remember  to  keep  your  auditors  informed  as  you’re  making  changes  and  moving  away  from  standard  cost  accounting  as  this  will  save  you  a  lot  of  time  trying  to  explain  things  later  during  an  annual  audit!        With  that  said,  the  first  step  is  to  identify  the  resources  consumed  by  each  value  stream,  and  because  

3. Value Stream Costing Page 3  

this  involves  evaluating  all  resources  within  the  organization  this  step  is  implemented  at  the  facility  level.        We’ll  talk  about  a  few  questions  to  ask…  but  first,  we’ll  talk  about  the  things  that  need  to  be  in  place  for  value  stream  costing  to  be  effective.        For  value  stream  costing  to  be  effective,  people  should  be  assigned  to  value  streams  with  as  little  overlap  as  possible.        Shared  service  departments  such  as  quality,  maintenance,  engineering,  and,  in  some  cases,  sales  should  be  minimized  and  moved  to  within  the  value  streams  whenever  possible.    In  fact,  you  should  try  to  get  each  value  stream  to  be  a  stand-­‐alone  business…  and  while  this  isn’t  always  practical,  it  should  be  the  goal.        Next,  production  monuments,  such  as  a  large  shared  paint  booth  in  the  middle  of  the  factory,  should  also  be  minimized  and  your  processes  should  be  stable.    Now  this  doesn’t  mean  your  processes  are  no  longer  being  improved  because  perfection  will  never  be  achieved  but  a  basic  level  of  stability  should  be  in  place.        And,  finally,  inventory  levels  should  be  relatively  stable.    Assigning  costs  to  value  streams  and  holding  allocations  to  a  minimum  is  very  important  and  will  likely  require  significant  changes  to  your  organization’s  chart  of  accounts;  but  the  value  of  having  relevant,  timely,  and  easy  to  understand  information  that  helps  your  value  streams  continuously  improve  the  value  they  deliver  to  customers  will  be  well  worth  the  effort  required  to  make  the  changes.        

1.  Identify  Resources  Consumed  in  the  Value  Stream    Now,  a  good  place  to  start  is  with  your  most  valuable  resources:  your  people.    Where  do  your  employees  perform  most  of  their  duties?        If  an  employee  works  in  more  than  one  value  stream,  how  should  their  costs  be  shared  across  values  steams?    For  example,  if  4  engineers  are  all  helping  with  2  value  streams,  it  might  makes  sense  to  assign  the  costs  of  two  engineers  to  each  value  stream;  but  you  should  also  consider  the  lost  productivity  inherent  in  "sharing”  a  resource  such  as  an  engineer  between  two  value  streams.        Put  another  way,  two  value  streams  might  have  conflicting  priorities  that  will  require  time  and  effort  to  sort  things  out…  as  such,  reducing  the  need  for  sharing  will  often  improve  productivity  and  can  thereby  justify  adding  people  like  engineers  so  they  don't  have  to  be  split  and  can  truly  become  dedicated  to  a  specific  value  stream.        Similar  consideration  must  be  given  to  functional  leaders  who  oversee  multiple  value  streams.        

2.  Design  Value  Stream  Statement  Format    Once  resources  are  assigned  to  value  streams,  it’s  time  to  design  the  value  stream  statement  format.        As  with  any  good  design  process,  the  first  steps  are  to  understand  who  is  going  to  use  the  value  stream  

3. Value Stream Costing Page 4  

statements,  what  actions  and  decisions  do  they  make,  and  what  information  do  they  need  to  take  action?    A  primary  user  of  the  value  stream  statement  will  be  the  cross-­‐functional  value  stream  team.        Now,  the  different  pieces  of  the  Value  stream  statement  will  vary  depending  on  the  type  of  business  you’re  in,  but  here  are  some  examples  of  those  used  by  a  typical  production  facility…  value  stream  revenue,  value  stream  costs,  material  cost,  conversion  costs,  and  facility  costs.    Again,  these  are  just  examples  so  you’ll  need  to  fine-­‐tune  these  for  your  business.        Now,  before  we  move  on,  we’d  like  to  explain  what  conversion  costs  are  in  the  context  of  value  stream  costing.    They’re  simply  the  costs  of  transforming,  or  converting,  raw  materials  into  finished  goods,  and  they  include  things  such  as  direct  labor.        In  the  next  module  on  inventory  management,  we’ll  discuss  how  and  why  your  organization  can  use  conversion  costs  and  stop  using  standard  cost  and  variance  information  for  labor  and  overhead  eliminating  a  tremendous  amount  of  wasteful  transactions  while  also  providing  “plain  English”  information  that’s  more  useful,  timely,  and  understandable  while  also  remaining  GAAP  compliant.        While  value  stream  costing  tries  to  avoid  allocating  costs  whenever  possible,  if  costs  must  be  allocated,  as  is  the  case  with  some  facility  costs,  it’s  important  to  allocate  these  costs  in  a  manner  that  motivates  the  types  of  improvements  a  lean  organization  seeks.        One  way  to  do  this  is  to  assign  them  by  the  square  footage  of  a  particular  value  stream.    This  will  motivate  the  value  steam  team  to  seek  ways  to  reduce  their  footprint  and  free  up  space  capacity  for  other  value  adding  activities;  but  remember,  when  making  allocations  you’re  using  your  best  judgment,  so  be  mindful  that  these  allocations  shouldn’t  be  treated  as  if  they  are  precise;  in  other  words,  don’t  track  these  down  to  the  penny  if  it’s  not  reasonable  to  do  so.        

3.  Standardize  Collection  of  Weekly  Data      OK,  the  third  Value  Stream  Costing  step  is  to  standardize  collection  of  weekly  data.        It’s  very  important  to  have  standards  for  collecting  the  weekly  value  stream  data,  as  this  data  is  going  to  eventually  be  compiled  into  a  statement  for  the  entire  facility.    You  might  consider  assigning  one  person  the  responsibility  of  ensuring  the  standards  are  followed  and  the  data  is  collected.        Some  of  the  things  to  consider  are  What  data  are  we  collecting?,  Why  are  we  collecting  it?,  How  is  the  data  collected?,  and  Who  is  responsible  for  the  data?    With  this  said,  when  you’re  first  getting  started  with  Lean  Accounting  it  may  be  difficult  to  measure  certain  things  on  a  weekly  basis  due  to  the  existing  systems  you  have  access  to.    So  do  the  best  you  can  and  continuously  strive  to  improve  your  data  collection  systems.        Here’s  an  example  of  standardized  weekly  data  collection.  For  example,  manufacturing  companies  may  want  to  monitor  units  shipped  which,  in  this  example,  would  be  obtained  from  the  “Units  by  Week”  file  located  in  the  Value  Stream  metrics  folder  by  the  value  stream  leaders.            

3. Value Stream Costing Page 5  

 Here’s  an  example  of  what  a  weekly  value  stream  costing  template  may  look  like.        

   Keep  in  mind  each  value  stream  typically  maintains  their  own  weekly  records  which  are  then  consolidated  with  the  other  value  streams  at  the  end  of  the  month.        Collecting  information  frequently  like  this  makes  the  information  available  in  a  more  timely  manner  meaning  the  internal  customer  gets  the  information  quickly  allowing  them  take  immediate  action.        Like  we  just  mentioned,  it  may  be  challenging  to  get  some  cost  information,  like  personnel  costs,  on  a  weekly  basis  so  don’t  get  discouraged  if  you’re  only  able  to  report  some  items  monthly  at  the  beginning  of  your  Lean  Accounting  journey.        With  this  said,  to  make  the  weekly  information  collected  even  more  useful,  the  categories  can  be  broken  down  even  further  as  we  see  here.    We’re  showing  just  a  portion  of  the  statement  so  you  can  get  the  idea.    Again,  you’ll  want  to  customize  these  statements  for  your  organization.        

4.  Compile  the  Value  Stream  Statements    OK,  now  it’s  time  to  compile  the  individual  Value  Stream  statements  which  is  the  4th  step.    A  simple  spreadsheet  will  work  to  compile  all  of  the  data  into  the  value  stream  statement  format.        While  compiling  the  data  into  value  stream  statements,  remember,  when  we  reach  the  7th  step  in  this  process,  all  statements  are  rolled  up  to  a  facility-­‐wide  statement,  which  means  that  total  facility  revenues  should  equal  the  sum  of  the  total  revenues  for  each  value  stream  and  the  total  facility  costs  should  equal  the  sum  of  the  total  costs  for  each  value  stream  plus  the  sustaining  costs  and  any  other  applicable  items  such  as  inventories  and  corporate  allocations.        

   

3. Value Stream Costing Page 6  

5.  Select  the  Reporting  Mechanism    Next,  the  5th  step  is  to  select  the  reporting  mechanism.        The  whole  purpose  of  collecting  and  compiling  data  is  so  the  information  can  be  used  to  guide  future  decisions,  which  means  creating  reports.        But,  these  reports  must  be  of  value  to  whomever  needs  the  information.    So,  the  reports  need  to  consider  the  statement  users,  the  frequency  of  reporting,  and  where  the  reported  information  should  be  located  so  users  can  access  it.        Often,  the  weekly  value  stream  statements  are  provided  to  the  core  value  stream  teams  and  other  plant-­‐level  managers;  but,  they’re  also  placed  on  value  stream  metric  boards  for  everyone  to  view.        

6.  Test  It!    This  level  of  transparency  is  an  important  aspect  of  a  lean  culture  that  respects  and  empowers  people.    And  as  with  every  process  and  outcome  in  a  lean  organization,  there’s  always  room  to  improve  which  is  why  step  6  has  us  testing  the  format!          In  other  words,  we  need  to  make  sure  to  schedule  time  with  statement  users  to  test  how  well  the  value  stream  metrics  are  working,  as  well  as  the  process  of  collecting  the  necessary  data.        

7.  Roll  Up  to  Facility  Statement    All  right,  once  we’re  comfortable  with  the  individual  value  stream  statements,  it’s  time  to  roll  them  up  into  one  plant  or  facility  statement.        And  as  we  mentioned  earlier,  when  all  the  value  stream  statements  are  rolled  up  to  a  facility-­‐wide  statement,  total  facility  revenues  should  equal  the  sum  of  the  value  stream  revenues  and  total  facility  costs  should  equal  the  sum  of  the  value  stream  costs  plus  sustaining  costs,  changes  in  inventories,  corporate  allocations  and  any  other  items  not  identified  specifically  with  a  value  stream.        

8.  Obtain  Feedback  From  All  Statement  Users    And  last,  but  certainly  not  least,  as  with  the  individual  value  stream  statements,  we’ll  want  to  obtain  feedback  from  all  statement  users  which  is  the  8th  step.        It’s  important  to  ensure  we  seek  user  feedback  at  all  levels  of  the  organization.        

       

3. Value Stream Costing Page 7  

Value  Stream  Costing  Example    OK,  to  wrap  this  module  up  let’s  walk  through  a  Value  Stream  Costing  example.    Here’s  an  example  value  stream  income  statement  for  an  entire  facility.        

   The  revenue  and  costs  from  each  of  the  value  streams,  along  with  costs  that  are  not  specific  to  a  particular  value  stream,  which  we’ll  call  sustaining  costs,  are  rolled  up  onto  this  one  statement,  making  it  easy  to  see  what’s  going  on  in  the  facility.        Let’s  have  a  closer  look  at  how  this  is  done  by  examining  value  stream  1.        Monthly  sales  for  value  stream  1  were  155,350.        The  various  costs  and  expenses  assigned  to  this  value  stream  totaled  76,214  resulting  in  a  profit  of  79,136  resulting  in  a  value  stream  1  return  on  sales  of  50.94%.        Value  streams  2  and  3  are  done  the  same  way  and  then  totaled  up  for  a  total  facility  perspective.        Now,  we’d  like  to  stress  that  the  costs  in  each  value  stream  are  directly  related  to  activities  in  that  value  stream.    Allocations  such  as  corporate  overhead  are  added  at  the  facility  level  in  order  to  avoid  distorting  direct  product-­‐related  costs  in  the  value  stream,  which  can  lead  to  incorrect  decisions.    Inventory  changes  are  also  accounted  for  at  the  facility  level.        One  of  the  key  problems  with  a  traditional  income  statement  is  that  a  reduction  in  inventory  represents  a  cost,  while  in  the  lean  world  it’s  a  desirable  reduction  of  a  key  waste.    Therefore,  once  again,  we  want  to  separate  this  inventory  figure  from  the  value  stream  analysis  since  it  will,  in  fact,  reduce  profit.        

3. Value Stream Costing Page 8  

As  a  lean  transformation  becomes  more  mature,  inventory  becomes  a  small  part  of  most  operations,  and  this  potential  distortion  is  minimized.        Now,  in  our  example,  once  the  final  facility  profit  has  been  calculated  the  overall  facility  return  on  sales  figure  of  24.3%  can  be  calculated.        Lastly,  while  the  facility-­‐wide  statement  is  typically  done  and  reported  monthly  individual  value  streams  may  choose  to  track  their  revenue  and  costs  weekly  and  then  total  the  month  and  carry  those  monthly  totals  over  to  the  facility  wide  statement.        Collecting  and  reporting  more  frequently  makes  the  information  available  in  a  more  timely  manner;  in  other  words,  the  internal  customer  will  be  getting  the  information  they  want  quickly,  which  makes  the  information  more  valuable.        So,  as  an  example,  here’s  the  weekly  statement  for  Value  Stream  1.      

   As  you  can  see,  the  same  principles  of  keeping  manufacturing  products  flowing  at  the  rate  of  customer  demand  can  be  applied  to  internal  reporting.        Collecting  data  at  more  frequent  intervals  can  help  efforts  to  create  stability  and  even  flow,  however;  remember  that  one  core  concept  in  lean  accounting  is  to  reduce  transaction  burden.    So,  make  sure  that  the  effort  to  collect  this  data  is  offset  by  the  value  it  creates.        OK,  obviously  this  was  an  intense  module  with  lots  of  numbers  and  figures.    Please  feel  free  to  review  this  module  as  many  times  as  you  need…  after  all,  the  ability  to  watch  and  review  videos  as  many  times  as  you’d  like  is  what  makes  video  based  training  so  effective.        With  this  said,  once  you’re  comfortable  with  Value  Stream  Costing  it’s  time  to  turn  our  attention  to  Inventory  management  which  is  exactly  what  we’ll  discuss  in  the  next  module…  so,  we’ll  speak  to  you  soon.