03 Optical Internet

7/31/2019 03 Optical Internet

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John Strand1/18/2002

1

Optical NetworkingCS 294-3

2/5/2002

John Strand

The Views Expressed In This Talk Are The Authors. They Do Not Necessarily Represent

The Views Of AT&T Or Any Other Corporation Or Individual.

AT&T Optical Networks Research [email protected]

U. of California - Berkeley - EECS [email protected]


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Outline

Transport - Traditional TDM Networks

Optical Networking

Optical Networking & IP

Concentrate On Intercity Networks Time Constraint Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature


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Basic DS-1 Signal Format

F

Bit

TimeSlot

1

TimeSlot

2

TimeSlot

3

TimeSlot

23

TimeSlot

24

o o o o o o o o o o o

1 bit 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Designed To Carry 24 Full Duplex 64 Kilobit/sec Voice Circuits (DS-0s)

Transmission Rate = 1.55 Megabits/Second (8000 frames/sec * 193 bits/frame)

DS-1 Is A Protocol; T-1 Is A Specific AT&T Implementation Of This ProtocolFor Local Networks

This Is The Traditional Building Block For Transmission Networks In U.S.

193 Bits


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What is SONET?

Synchronous Optical Network standard

Defines a digital hierarchy of synchronous signals

Maps asynchronous signals (DS1, DS3) to synchronous format

Defines electrical and optical connections between equipment

Allows for interconnection of different vendors equipment

Provides overhead channels for interoffice Operations,Administration, Maintenance, & Provisioning (OAM&P)

SONETNetwork

Element

SONETNetwork

ElementDigital

TributariesDigital

Tributaries

SONET Interface


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SONET Structure

Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing

Network OfSynchronizedClocks

PRS: Primary SourceST2: Stratum 2ST3: Stratum 3

Must Be

Synchronized


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Digital Signal HierarchiesMost Common Rates

Capacity

(DS-1 Equiv)

DS: Digital SignalSONET: Synchronous Optical NETwork (US)SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU)STS: Synchronous Transport SignalSTM: Synchronous Transfer ModeVC: Virtual ContainerVT: Virtual Tributary

28 84 336 1344

DS-1(1.544 Mb/s)

Asynchronous

("Plesiochronous")[Non-Standardized]DS-3

(45 Mb/s)

5376

VC-11 SDHSTM-4 STM-16VC-3 STM-1 STM-64

VT1.5(1.7 Mb/s)

SONETSTS-3(156 Mb/s)

STS-12(622 Mb/s)

STS-48(2500 Mb/s)

STS-192(10000 Mb/s)

STS-1(52 Mb/s)

1


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SONET Rates

STS-1 OC-1 51.840

STS-3 OC-3 155.520

STS-12 OC-12 622.080

STS-48 OC-48 2,488.320

STS-192 OC-192 9,953.280

STS-768 OC-768 39,813.120

LevelOptical

DesignationBit Rate(Mb/s)

STS = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALOC = OPTICAL CARRIER

(..result of a direct optical converions of the STS aftersynchronous scrambling - ANSI)

EC (Not Shown) = ELECTRICAL CARRIER


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SONET STS-1 Frame Structure

SynchronousPayloadEnvelope

(SPE)

TOH

Ptr

87

Bytes

3

Bytes

SPE

87 Columns

P

O

H

9

Rows

87

Bytes

3

Bytes

t

t

F

I

xe

d

S

t

uf

f

F

I

xe

d

S

t

uf

f

P

O

H


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STS-N And STS-Nc(N = 3, 12, 48, 192)

STS-N Formed By Byte-Interleaving N STS-1 Signals 3N Columns of Transport Overhead

Frame Aligned Redundant Fields Not Used - eg APS, Datacomm

N Distinct Payloads (87N Bytes) NOT Frame Aligned

N Columns Of Path Overhead - All Used 2N Columns Of Fixed Stuff Bytes 84N Columns Of Information

STS-Nc 3N Columns of Transport Overhead

Frame Aligned Redundant Fields Not Used - eg APS, Datacomm

Single Payload 1 Column Of Path Overhead 3N - 1 Columns Of Fixed Stuff Bytes 87N - N/3 Columns Of Information


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MultiplexerOr Other

PTE

MultiplexerOr Other

PTE

Cross-Connect

Cross-Connect

Regenerator(derived clock)

SONETPath

Line

Section

SDHVirtual Container (VC)

Multiplex Section (MS)

Regenerator Section(RS)

SONET/SDH Layering

Key Feature: Basis Of Fault Management & Restoration Maintenance


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Service Survivability Objectives

Typical Commercial Networks

New trends in IP services: supporting real-time application, e.g. voice and

video, & mission critical data=> Require much faster restoration than traditional IP rerouting

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Standard

Voice

Leased

Lines

Frame

Relay

IP

Services

RestorationTime

Obje

ctives(secs)


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Network Outage AnalysisVoice Services

EquipmentFailure

Route Failure Backhoe, Flood, Train

Wreck ~1/1000 km/year


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Survivability 101

Survivability Requires:

A B

CD

X Y

Spare Inter-Office Capacity

Switch Fabrics To Put Failed Facility On This Capacity

Control Logic To Identify Fault & Reroute Failed Circuits

Fault Detection

Protection: Pre-AllocatedRestoration: Dynamically Allocated


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Effect Of Restoration TopologyRestoration Overbuild

(Protection Capacity/Service Capacity)

100%Degree 2Nodes

50%Degree 3

Nodes

1/(N-1)Degree NNodes

Degree = # Of Physically Diverse Routes

"Ring"

"Mesh"


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Ring Example

F

CB

D

E

A

SONET: Bi-Directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)SDH: Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRING)

S

S

S

S

S

S

S: Service

P

P

P

P

P

P

P: Protection

Original Circuit

Protection Switch

DifferentFibers ButSame Cable


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Ring Example

F

CB

D

E

A

SONET: Bi-Directional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)SDH: Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS-SPRING)

S

S

S

S

S

S

S: Service

P

P

P

P

P

P

P: Protection

Original Circuit

Protection Switch

DifferentFibers ButSame Cable

X

Standardization: Physical Layer &Signaling Standardized

Client State Information

Not Standardized OAM Not Standardized


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Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)

COCO

Toll Network

Toll Connect TrunksInter-Toll Trunks

Switches: Terminate Trunks

Switch Individual Calls

64 Kb/sec FDX Circuits

CustomerPremises

Equipment(CPE)

CentralOffice Central

Office


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CPE

Central

Office

Switch

"POTS"

PBX

Private Line (PL)

Basic Service Types

POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN ~ 100 IntercitySwitches*

* ATT Network

Transport NetworkShared By Many

Services ~10x As Many Offices*


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Entering The Transport Network

1o

o

o

o

28

DS3 O

C192

POTS

POTS: "Plain Old Telephone Service"VG: Voice GradePL: Private Line

1 DS124

OOOO

OO

64 kb/s 1.5 Mb/s 45 - 622Mb/s

2.5 - 10Gb/s

WDM

BackboneFiber

Network

10 Gb WAN Ethernet SONET Framed - 9.953 Gb/s Asynchronous

*

1.5 Mb/s PL

45 - 2500 Mb/s PL1Gb Ethernet

1 - 10 Gb/s PL,10 Gb WAN Ethernet

&VG PL


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Transport Layer

Service Routing

Service Layer(e.g., POTS or PL)


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Outline


Optical Networks



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Intercity Fiber Network

About 50,00 Route Miles Of Fiber Cable


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40 - 120 km(80 km typically)

Up to 10,000 km(600 km in 2001 basic commercial products)

OA OA

l1

l2

l3

lN

WDM

Mux

R

R

R

R

WDM

DeMux

Frequency-registeredtransmitters

Receivers

WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier

All-Optical AmplificationOf Multi-Wavelength Signal!!!

Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution


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26A. Willner


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In Each Direction:

12 Fibers 36 Regenerators

120 km

OAOA120 km 120 km

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48OC-48

OC-48

OC-48OC-48DS3OC3/12

DS3

OC3/12

DS3

Optical Amplifier/WDM Revolution

12 fibers 1 fiber; 36 regenerators 1 optical amplifier

WDM: Wavelength Division MultiplexOA: Optical Amplifier

ConventionalTransmission - 20 Gb/s

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE

40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE

DS3

DS3

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

LTE

LTE1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTE LTE1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

LTELTE

Economic Advantage Is Distance Dependent

Intercity: Compelling

Metro: Depends On Dark Fiber Availability


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320

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

20

80

1280

5120

Gb s

Single Fiber Capacity

Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko, Internet Growth: Is There A Moores Law For Data Traffic? (research.att.com/~amo)

Capacity = (Bits / *Bandwidth(Bandwidth/

Moore's

Law


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1300 1400 1525 1565 1600

LCSS+S

++

Fiber loss

Single Fiber CapacityBandwidth


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(nm)

(THz)199.0

1505 1510

192.0193.0194.0196.0 195.0

15551530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1560 1565

C-Band

4 THz

~ 125 GHz/nm

50 GHz Spacing

(For OC48)

100 GHz Spacing

(For OC192)

(80 ) x (2.5 GHz/ ) = 200 GHz

(40 ) x (10 GHz/ ) = 400 GHzx2

Single Fiber CapacityBandwidth/ C Band


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Proprietary(20-400 Gb/s)

OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS

(OTS: Optical TransportSystem)

Transport Layer Model

Packet

Packet

Packet

Packet

1/0 DCS

1/0 DCS

1/0 DCS

1/0 DCS

4E

4E

4E

4E

3/1 DCS

3/1 DCS

3/1 DCS

3/1 DCS

3/3 DCS

Layer (DACS III)

DACS III DACS III

DACS IIIDACS III

ATM/IP

ATM/IP

ATM/IP

ATM/IP

DS1(1.5 Mb/s)

DS3(45 Mb/s)

DS3(45 Mb/s)

OC48+(2.5+ Gb/s)

ADMADMADM

ADM

ADM

ADMADM

Fiber Conduit/

Sheath

3/1 DCSLayer

SONET ADMLayer

Core ATM/IPLayers

ServiceLayers

MediaLayer

LA

CHCG

LA

LA

LA

LA

LA

LA

PHNX

PHNX

PHNXCHCG

CHCG

CHCG

CHCG

CHCG

Wavelength PathCrossconnect

Wavelength Mux SectionCrossconnect

Hard-

Wired


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DWDM

Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)Alternatives

DWDM

D

WDM

WavelengthPath

Cross-Connect

More Bits Per Port Multivendor & Restoration Issues

Fewer Bits Per Port Compatible With Opaque Architecture Better For Restoration

WIXC

Would Go Here

Could Have Either Optical Or Electrical Fabric

WavelengthMultiplexSection(WMS)Cross-

Connect

ADMs

SDCS

OtherService

Equipment

OC48OC192

OC48OC192

Line Rate(Proprietary)

Line Rate(Proprietary)


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Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect

Optical transport system(1.55 mm) Optical transport system(1.55 mm)

Standard

cross-office optics(1.3 mm)

FibersIn

FibersOut

l-Mux

Add ports Drop ports

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Transparency= node-bypass

Wavelength PathCrossconnect

(Optical orElectronicInterior)


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LineModules

Transparent

Switch Modules(STS-1 Granularity)

Power,Cooling

OpticalModules

ProcessorModule

ProcessorModule

TimingModule

640 Gbps,To 48 Tbps

Opaque Wavelength Path Crossconnect(Electrical Fabric)


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MUX

MUX

TxRx

TxRx

TxRx

LR

SRSR LR

Tx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Rx

MUX

SRLR Tx Tx Tx

Rx Rx Rx

LR SR

TxRx

TxRx

DEMUX

FixedWavelength

FixedWavelength

Todaysswitches aresurroundedwith OEO>

70% of system

cost

Fixed wavelength

transponders arerequired for eachinput and outputfiber

DWDM

DWDM

DWDM

DWDM

Fixed l Lasers in Optical Switches


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Si substrate

Microlens

Free-rotatingswitch-mirror array

Switch reconfigured by actuating selected micromirrors

Input fibers

Siliconsubstrate

L. Y. Lin, E. L. Goldstein, and R. W. Tkach, Free-space micromachined optical switches with

sub-millisecond switching time for large-scale optical crossconnects, IEEE Photonics

Technology Letters, April 1998, pp. 525-528.

An Early MEMS DeviceFree-Space Micromachined Optical Switch (FS-MOS)

Switch Time < 1 ms

8x8 is 1 cm x 1 cm

Opportunities To Extend ToSignificantly Larger ArraysOn A Single Substrate

Measured Switching TimesUnder 1 ms (500 s)

3-D MEMS (2 degrees of

Freedom) seems to be the

Currently preferred architecture


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An 8 x 8 Switch

Chip size: 1 cm x 1 cm

Source: L-Y. Lin


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OTS System Length

560 Km

80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km 80 km80 km

OA OA OA OAOA OA

ADM

ADM

oo

o

DWD

M

ADM

ADM

o

o

o

DWD

M

7 x 25 dB Spacing

Optical Transport System (OTS)

Key Variables:

Distance Between OA's Number of Spans


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Transponder

OpticalAmplifier

Mux/Demux

Fiber (Installed)

Utilization (%) 50 100 50 100# Spans (80 km) 3 3 7 7

Domains Of TransparencyTransponder Costs In Traditional Systems


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Domains Of TransparencyUltra Long-Haul (ULH) Economics

.. ..Standard

DWDM

OA/OADMTransponder

A B C D

OTS Type

1 3 5 7 9

No. Of Standard OTS Systems (5 span) In Series

1.25

1.5

1.75

2

Utilization(%)

0

100

ULH/StandardCost Ratio ULH

Wins

Standard

Wins

~500 km

Typical ULH Technology Enhancements:

Strong Forward Error Correction

Raman Amplification

Dynamic Power Management

More Expensive Terminals & OAs

Fewer Transponders

At Intermediate Locations

~5000 km

Ultra-LongHaul (ULH)


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TDRs TDRs

TDRs

Contained Domain of Transparency

Issues:Transmission Engineering Concerns Especially For Non-Tree Topologies

Fault Detection & Localization

Without Wavelength Conversion Becomes Separate Single- Networks

Single-Vendor For The Forseeable Future

Optical Domain Circuit Switch


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Refs: A. Chiu, J. Strand, R. Tkach, "Issues for Routing In The Optical Layer",

IEEE Communications (2001)

J. Strand (ed.), IETF I-D "Impairments And Other ConstraintsOn Optical Layer Routing", draft-ietf-ipo-impairments-01.txt

Launch

Power

(PL)

Length Of All-Optical Path

Other

System

Parameters

Operating Region

Distance Before OEO RegenLimiting Factors

PL Launch PowerSNRmin Min SNRPMD Polarization Mode DispersionB Bandwidth of DPMD PMD Parameter (fiber dependent)ASE Amplified Spontaneous

Emission

ASE Constraint

~ PL/SNRmin

NonlinearitiesPMD Constraint~ (B * DPMD)

-2

In Large All-Optical Domains Each Vendor Trades Off The

Design Parameters Differently This Makes Routing In Multi-Vendor

Networks Difficult To Standardize


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Outline


Optical Networking


Concentrate On Intercity Networks Time Constraint Metro, Access Optical Networks More Complex, Less Mature


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Voice & Other

TDM-Based Services

Data Services

(Mostly IP-Based)

Optical Layer

Media Layer

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)

DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -STM-4 (622 Mb/Sec)

STM-16c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -STM-64c (10 Gb/Sec)

Proprietary(20 Gb/Sec - 400+ Gb/Sec)

IP Transport

Transport For IP -Defining Functionality

Of These Interfaces

Digital Transmission

Layer

Wideband & Broadband

DCS Layers

IP For Transport -Introducing IP Functionality

Into The Optical Layer


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Voice & Other

TDM-Based Services

Data Services

(Mostly IP-Based)

Optical Layer

Media Layer

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)




IP Transport


Of These Interfaces


Layer


DCS Layers




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Non-IP

Services

IP Router

IP

Services

Non-IP

Services

OXC

OLXCOffice Architecture

Big Fat RouterOffice Architecture

IP For TransportReplacing The OLXC With A Router


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Ports & Assumed CostsOLXC $x Per OC48IP Router $y Per OC48

Through (

Terminating (1

IP Router

OLXC

OLXCOffice Architecture

IP Router

Big Fat RouterOffice Architecture

IP For TransportComparing The Architectures

OLXC Architecture Less Expensive If:

OLXC Cost x

Typical Values:

= 0.8

x/y


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Label Switched Path's (LSP's) Are LOGICAL, NOT PHYSICALNeed Not Occupy Bandwidth

Specific LSPs Change At Each MPLS Node:

z End-to-end connection defined at set-up

Physical Transmission System

SONET (STS-N) OCh

Etc.

LSP

X

LSP

Y

LSP s

LSP t

LSP u

LSP a

LSP s

LSP t

MPLS Transport Hierarchy

IPMPLS

X s


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MPLS Tunneling

LSP 7

LSP 11

LSP 42

LSP 3

LSP 88

POP 3PUSH

77

SWAP 7=>11

PUSH 42

1142

SWAP 42 => 88

1188

POP 88

SWAP 11=>3

3

"Virtual" Muxing - No Utilization Penalty

This Is A Key Driver For Replacing TDM


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TDM Multiplexing

DS1

DS3

STS-48

DS3

DS3STS-48

Tunneling Using MPLS LSP's Is Analogous To TDM Multiplexing


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From MPLS To GMPLS

LSP 7

LSP 11

LSP 42

LSP 3

LSP 88

POP 3PUSH

77

SWAP 7=>11

PUSH 42

1142

SWAP 42 => 88

1188

POP 88

SWAP 11=>3

3

Implicit Label

( 1)

Implicit Label

( 2)

STS-192 ( 1) STS-192 ( 2)

GMPLS: Generalized MPLS


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1. Select source, destination, and service

Label Request Message

Label Mapping Message

2. OSPF determines optimal route3. RSVP-TE/CR-LDP establishes circuit

Source: Sycamore OFC2000

GMPLS In An OXC Network

Vision:

Provisioning Time: Weeks To Milliseconds

Greatly Simplify Process

ISSUE: Standards Lagging Need - Proprietary Control Planes

Are Being Deployed Rapidly


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GMPLS VisionMany Technologies - One Network

FS: Fiber SwitchedLS: Lambda Switched

PS: Packet Switched

FA: Forwarding Adjacency


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GMPLS Overlay Network Model

Overlay Network Optical Network (OXC) computes the path Network Level Abstraction For IP Control Plane

~~~

~~~

~~~

Router Router~~~ ~~~

Connection

Requests, etc.

UNI

OpticalNetwork


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GMPLS Peer Network Model

Peer Network

Router computes the path(Routers have enough information about the characteristics of the opticaldevices/network)

Link-level abstraction For IP Layer Control Plane

Router Router

~~~

~~~

~~~

~~~

~~~

Topology &

Capacity Information

Network

Signalling

OpticalNetwork


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Canarie OBGPCurrent View of Optical Internets

Big Carrier Optical Cloud using MPLS

and IGP for management of wavelengths

for provisioning, restoral and protection

Customers buy managed

service at the edge

Optical VLAN

Customer

ISP

AS 1

AS 2

AS 3

AS 1AS 4

BGP Peering is

done at the

edge

B. St. Arnaud

C i OBGP Vi i


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Canarie OBGP Vision

Dark Fiber

Customer Owned

Dark Fiber

School

University

X

Multi Home Router

Dark Fiber

Mapped to

Dim

Wavelength

ISP A

ISP B

ISP Controlled

Optical Switch

Aggregating Router

ISP Controlled

Optical SwitchCustomer Controlled

Optical Switch

UniversityY

IGP

IGP

IGP

IGP

BGP

OiBGP

OBGP OBGP

OBGP

BGP neighbors

B. St. Arnaud


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Optical Interworking ForumServices Concept

Bandwidth On Demand - Connection Request

Over UNI Specifying QoS Desired - Overlay Model

OVPN - Dedicated Subnet Configured By

Customer - Peer Model

Customers buy managed

service at the edge

Optical VLAN

Customer

ISP

AS 1

AS 2

AS 3

AS 1AS 4

BGP Peering is

done at the

edge


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Examples of Network views View from any domain of the rest of the network via a link state

protocol

Domain 1ReachableAddress list





Protection 1:N, N=3Available BW = SRLG =

Protection 1+1Available BW = SRLG =

Protection 1:N, N=10Available BW = SRLG =

Protection 1:N, N=7Available BW = SRLG = Protection 1+1

Available BW =

SRLG =

Protection 1+1

Available BW = SRLG =

Protection 1+1Available BW = SRLG =


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Initial OIF NNI Target

User controlDomain

Control DomainA

Control DomainCUNI UNI

NNINNI

Control DomainB

firewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

User controlDomainfirewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

Single carriers network

User controlDomain

firewall

firewall

L2/L3

L2/L3

LoadBalancer

LoadBalancer

NNI

Why Single Carrier Multi-Domain First?

Standards Lag Deployment - Vendor Proprietary Control Planes

Rapid & Unpredictable Technological Change Makes It Unlikely

That Standards Will Keep Up

Uncertain Business Model

Initial Multi-Carrier NNI Likely To Be LEC/IXC (JLS Opinion)

oif2001.639 - Application-Driven Assumptions And Requirements


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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported

2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor

3. Proprietary Or Customized IGP's Are Likely

4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources

5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration

6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information AcrossDomains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available

Metro/Core Characteristics

KY J

Metro Metro

Metro

A

X



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1. Significant Differences In Technology, Economic Trade-Offs, & Services Supported

2. Likely To Be Multi-Vendor


4. Significant Operational Autonomy Information Trust, Not Always Policy Trust Domains Likely To Require Control Of The Use Of Their Resources

5. Routing Carrier-Specific NMS May Be Involved High Unit Costs, Long Connection Times Make Economics An Important Consideration

6. Conduit & Fiber Cable Sharing Make SRG Information AcrossDomains Complex - Will Frequently Not Be Available

Metro/Core Characteristics

KY J

MetroY Metro

Metro

A



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ZA J K L

N P Q

S T U

M RB Y

Routing Costs: A(nodes) + B(distance)

Large A Small B

Small A Large B


2. Information & Policy Trust Not Likely To Be An Issue

3. Vendor-Specific Technologies & Constraints Not Captured In Standards Are Likely(E.g., All-Optical, Tunable Lasers, Adaptive Wavebands)

Multi-Vendors In Backbone - Characteristics

A Z

N P Q

S T U

M R

B Y Opaque

Network(Vendor A)

ExpressDomain of

Transparency

(Vendor B)

J K L

N P Q

S T U

M R

LJ K

IP Transport


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Voice & Other

TDM-Based Services

Data Services

(Mostly IP-Based)

Optical Layer

Media Layer

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)




IP Transport


Of These Interfaces


Layer


DCS Layers




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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

EOY 1997 EOY 19991997-99Growth

Private Line

Internet

U.S. Voice

Other PublicData Networks

Traffic On U.S. Long Distance Network1997 1999

Source: K. Coffman & A. Odlyzko


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US Domestic Backbone (Mid-99)

268,794 OC-12 Miles

Transport Layering


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Voice & Other

TDM-Based Services

Data Services

(Mostly IP-Based)

Optical Layer Optical Transport Systems (DWDM, OA,OADM)

"Optical Cross-Connects"

Media Layer

Fiber

Conduit

DS1 (1.5 Mb/Sec)

DS3 (45 Mb/Sec) -OC-12 (622 Mb/Sec)

OC-48c (2.5 Gb/Sec) -OC-192c (10 Gb/Sec)


Transport Layering

Digital Transmission Layer

ADM's

Rings


DCS Layers XXX

XFunctionality& Value Added

Transport For IP


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Price - $/OC48/month

Availability How Quickly Where

Displacement Of Internal ISP Costs Interfaces

Cost Of Reliability Buffer Capacity Peak Loads Traffic Shifts Traffic Growth

Network Management

Differentiators

Availability QoS

Rapid Provisioning

Optical Network InterworkingHeterogeneous Technologies Metro/Core Other Backbone Providers

Flexible Bandwidth

Asymmetric Circuits Concatenated Links Virtual Concatenation Inverse Multiplexing

Additional Customer Restoration Options Re-Provisioning Customer Control

Speed Options

Sub-OC48 Functionality

Layer 1 Interface Enhancements

Customer Drivers Possible Solution Elements

Transport For IP

Restoration Refresher


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OpticalLayer

ServicesLayers

DigitalTransmission

Layer

DCS

Layers

Restoration RefresherKey Trade-OffRestoration Granularity Unit Capacity Cost

Connection

STS-1 => STS-12

STS-48+

l or Fiber

Services Layer (IP) Can Restore Exactly The Right Connections

Optical Layer More Economical If Large Bundles Of Connections Need

To Be Restored

ISP P i R l ti hi


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ISP Peering Relationships

PeerPeer (Frequently) No $$

CustomerProvider EXPENSIVE

T t F IP


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A Z

R

C X

B Y

Toll Switching Hierarchy Internet ISP Hierarchy

Local ISP

Regional ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Transport For IPReducing The BGP Hop Count

Hi-Usage

Trunks Optical

Direct Connects

Typical Transit Cost (Telia): $1K - 10K / Mbps /Year

References


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References T. E. Stern & K. Bala, Multiwavelength Optical Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1999

J. L. Strand, Optical Network Architecture Evolution, chapter in I. Kaminow and T. Li (eds.),

Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV, Academic Press, to appear March 2002 R. Ramaswami and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective,

San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.B. Mukherjee, Optical Communications Networks, New York: McGraw Hill, 1997.

R. H. Cardwell, O. J. Wasem, H. Kobrinski, WDM Architectures and Economics in Metropolitan Areas",Optical Networks, vol. 1 no.3, pp. 41-50

O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami, "Optical Layer Survivability: A Services Perspective",IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38 no. 3, March 2000, pp. 104-113.

R. D. Doverspike, S. Phillips, and Jeffery R. Westbrook, "Future Transport Network Architectures",IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 37 no. 8, August 1999, pp. 96-101.

R. Doverspike and J. Yates, "Challenges for MPLS in Optical Network Restoration", IEEE CommunicationsMagazine, vol. 39 no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 89-96.

M. W. Maeda, "Management and Control of Transparent Optical Networks", IEEE J. on Selected Areas InCommunications, vol. 16, no. 7, Sept. 1998, pp. 1008-1023.

J. L. Strand, J.; A. L. Chiu, , R. Tkach,.Issues For Routing In The Optical Layer, IEEE Communications Magazine,

2/2001, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 8187

John Strand, Robert Doverspike, Guangzhi Li, Importance of Wavelength Conversion In An Optical Network,

Optical Networks Magazine, vol. 2 No. 3 (May/June 2001), pp. 33-44

R. W. Tkach, E. L. Goldstein, J. A. Nagel, J. L. Strand, Fundamental limits of optical transparency,

OFC '98, pp. 161 -162

S R l t U S W b Sit


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Some Relevant U.S. Web Sites

Tier 1 Inter City Service Providers

AT&T http://www.att.com MCI Worldcom http://www.wcom.com

Sprint http://www.sprint.com

New Entrants Qwest http://www.qwest.com

Level3 http://www.Level3.com

Frontier http://www.frontiercorp.com

Williams http://www.williams.com

Major Equipment Providers Lucent http://www.lucent.com

Alcatel http://www.alcatel.com

Nortel http://www.nortel.com

Cisco http://www.cisco.com

NEC http://www.nec.com

New Equipment Vendors Ciena & Lightera http://www.ciena.com

Cisco & Monterey http://www.montereynets.com

Avici http://www.avici.com

Juniper http://www.juniper.net

Sycamore http://www.sycamore.com

Government Sites: FCC http://www.fcc.gov

NTIA http://www.ntia.doc.gov

Standards Organizations

ITU http://www.itu.int T1 http://www.t1.org

OIF http://www.oiforum.com

IETF http://www.ietf.org

ATM Forum http://www.atmforum.com

New Business Models Band-X http://www.band-x.com

Arbinet http://www.arbinet.com

03 Optical Internet

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