Map Projections

and

Coordinate Systems

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Defination4if;tjyif? awmif?ajrmuf0if&dk;wGifvnfaeaompufvHk;\ yHko@mefjzpfonfh Oblate ellipsoid wckuJhokd hvnf; ocsFmynm&Sifrsm;rSawG;ac:arsmfjrif cJhMuygonf/okd hjzpf urmajrjyif\tpdyftykdif;wae&mtm; tdvpfwck\rsufESmjyif ay: rS ocFsmyHkaoenf; rsm;jzifh wGufcsuf &&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;jzifh yHkaz: xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/A map projection is a mathematical formula which transforms (projects) the ellipsoidal surface onto a developable surface, one that can be laid out flat without stretching or tearing.

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Type of ProjectionCylindrical ProjectionConical ProjectionAzimuthal Projection

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Selected Map Projections Cylindrical Projections Cylindrical Equal Area Mercator Miller Cylindrical Oblique Mercator Transverse Mercator Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Conic Projections Albers Equal Area Conic Equidistant Conic Lambert Conformal Conic Polyconic Azimuthal Projections Azimuthal Equidistant Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Orthographic Stereographic Coordinate Systems1. Geographical Coordinate System2. Projected Coordinate System3. Local Coordinate System

1.Geographical Coordinate SystemGeographical Coordinate System is latitude and longitude system which expressed angular units such as degree, minute and secondsWGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEMThe WGS 84 Coordinate System is geocentric, the center of mass being defined for the whole Earth including oceans and atmosphereThe WGS 84 Coordinate System is a right-handed, Earth-fixed orthogonal coordinate system.

2.Projecetd Coordinate SystemProjected Coordinate System is a planar rectangular grid systems.A grid system (such as the Universal Transverse Mercator Grid) has two perpendicular axes intersecting at an origin. The location of a point thus can be designated by its coordinates on the axes (in feet or meters). The axes are typically aligned with north and east directions, so these coordinates are usually called northing and easting.To avoid negative values, the origin coordinates may be given non zero values, known as false easting and false northingA projected or planar coordinate system can represent only a limited part of the Earth's surface without introducing unacceptable distortion and scale variation.Therefore a projected coordinate systems are divided into zones, each of which has its own origin and coordinate system.

There are two projected coordinate system in myanmar.Lambert Conic Orthomorphic or Lambert Comformal Conic Projected Coordinate SystemUniversal Transverse Mercator Projected Coordinate System Lambert Conformal Conic Projected Coordinate System

Universal Transverse Mercator Projected Coordinate System

3. Local Coordinate SystemPlane Orthogonal Coordinates One of the most convenient way of locating points is to use plane orthogonal coordinates with x (horizontal) and y (vertical) axis Polar Coordinates A polar coordinate system with the angle (q ) measured from the polar axis (x axis) and distance (r) from the pole is used in some cases.

The following definitions are required to geographic reference systems:Geoid Datum Zone Graticule Standard Parallel Scale Factor Azimuth Central Meridian True Scale Easting and Northing Ellipsoid Geoid The shape of the Earth as represented by an equipotential surface corresponding to mean sea level, such that the surface is everywhere normal to the local direction of gravity.The geoid is an undulating surface that departs from an ideal ellipsoidal shape by no more than about a hundred meters. Map projections are designed to fit some mathematically-defined reference ellipsoid which approximates the shape of the geoid.

Ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a geometric reference surface that closely approximates the geoid. Some official ellipsoids in use throughout the world WGS 84 1984 6,378,137.0 6,356,752.314245 1/298.257223563 GPS

h = H + NN = h - Hh = geodetic height (height relative to the ellipsoid)N = geoid undulation or geoid separationsH = orthometric height (height relative to the geoid)H = h - NWorldwide WGS 84 EGM96 Geoid Undulation Contour Chart

Datum A mathematical description of a smooth reference mapping surface that is particular to a limited extent of the Earth's surface. A datum is derived from an ellipsoid (a global geometric reference surface), and closely approximates the mean sea-level surface for an area of interest. A datum provides the surface to which the system refers ground control measurements. Standard Parallel A parallel of latitude used to compute a map projection. A projection has true scale along its standard parallel(s). Some projections are defined with one standard parallel; others are defined with two. Scale Factor Establishes the relationship between distances on the map and distances on the Earth's surface.Central Meridian The meridian of longitude around which a projection is centered.

Datum Shift

Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Grid Parameters

Projection Lambert conformal conic or Lambert conical orthomorphicSpheriod (Datum)Everest 1830, a=6377276.345m,b=6356075.4131m, 1/f=300.8017( 1 yd = 0.914398799 m )Scale factor = 0.998786408

Y False Northing1000000 yd , 914398.799mX False Easting3000000 yd, 2743196.397 m

Grid IIBLatitute of Origin26NLongitute of Origin90EStandard Parallel 128 49' 08.17810, 28.818938degStandard Parallel 223 09' 28.17152, 23.157825deg

Grid IIIBLatitute of Origin19NLongitude of Origin100EStandard Parallel 121 49' 23.46365,21.82318437degStandard Parallel 216 09' 37.31715",16.16036587deg

Grid IVBLatitute of Origin12NLongitude of Origin104EStandard Parallel 114 49' 36.97408",14.826937degStandard Parallel 2 9 09' 46.39555",9.162888deg

UTM ajryHkrsm;twGufatmufygtwkdif;toHk;jyK&efvkdygonf/Zone 46 twGuf Longitude of origin = E 093Scale = 0.9996 False Easting = 500000 False Northing = 0

Zone 47 twGuf Longitude of origin = E 099Scale = 0.9996 False Easting = 500000 False Northing = 0

1. Co-ordinate System Myanmar Datum 2000 Datum nameMyanmar Datum 2000Spheroid nameEverest 1830Semi-major axis (a)6377276.345 mSemi-minor axis (b)6356075.4133 mInverse flattening (1/f)300.8017 2. Datum Transformations Transformation Parameters From Myanmar Datum2000 to WGS 84.Origin shift Dx-246.632 mOrigin shift Dy-784.833mOrigin shift Dz-276.923 mRotation Rx-0Rotation Ry-0Rotation Rz-0Scale k0 ppm 1. Co-ordinate System Myanmar Datum 2000Datum nameMyanmar Datum 2000Spheroid nameEverest 1830Semi-major axis (a)6377276.345 mSemi-minor axis (b)6356075.4133 mInverse flattening (1/f)300.8017

U Sein WinConcordia International