029 NRB ATLAS 14 Informal Dr A3

Heritage in Hong Kong - Declared Monuments

14

Hong KongIsland

Kowloon

New Territories

Outlying Islands

01 Rock Carving at Big Wave Bay ? 08 Gas Lamps 1875 15 Tin Hau Temple 1810 25 Old Stanley Police Station 1859 26 Old Supreme Court 1912 27 Main Building HKU 1910 28 Rock Inscription at Wong Chuk Hang ? 36 Flagstaff House 1846 37 Former French Mission Building 1917

38 Law Uk Hakka House ~1700 40 Old Wanchai Post Office 1912 41 Old Pathological Institute 1905 42 Western Market 1858 46 Main Building St. Stephen’s Coll. 1923 49 The Helena May main building 1914 52 Gate Lodge 1884 53 Central Police Station Compound 1864 54 Former Central Magistracy 1913 55 Victoria Prison Compound 1841

56 The Exterior of University Hall 1861 57 Hung Hing Ying Building 1919 58 Tang Chi Ngong Building 1929 59 Government House 1851 60 St. John’s Cathedral 1847 70 St. Joseph’s College 1864 80 Cape D’Aguilar Lighthouse 1875

43 Clock Tower 1913 45 Former Kowloon British School 1900 51 Former M+P Headquart. Comp. 1884 62 Remnants of South Gate of KWC 1847 63 Former Yamen Building of KWC 1847 02 Rock Carving on Kau Sai Chau ? 03 Rock Carving on Tung Lung Island ? 04 Rock Inscription, Joss House Bay ~1274 09 Tung Lung Fort ~1700

10 Sam Tung Uk Village 1786 12 Old District Office North 1907 13 Sheung Yiu Village ~1860 16 Rock Carving at Lung Ha Wan ? 17 Island House 1905 18 Site of Chinese Customs Station 1868 19 Man Wun Fung Ancestral Hall ~1800 20 Remains of Ancient Kiln 1674 23 Man Mo Temple ~1900 29 Old Tai Po Market Railway Station 1913

30 Liu Man Chek Tong Ancestral Hall 1751 31 Old House 1904 32 Tai Fu Tai Mansion 1865 33 Kun Lung Gate Tower 1744 34 Yeung Hau Temple ~1800 39 Old House ~1900 44 Kang Yung Study Hall 1736 47 Yi Tai Study Hall ~1850 48 Walls + Towers of Kun Lung Wai ~1700 50 Entrance Tower of Ma Wat Wai ~1770

61 I Shing Temple 1718 64 Tower + WallsLung Yeuk Tau ~1300 65 Tang Chung Ling Ancestral Hall 1525 66 Cheung Shan Monastery 1789 67 King Law Ka Shuk ? 68 Cheung Ancestral Hall 1851 69 Fan Sin Temple ~1750 72 Tang Lung Chau Lighthouse 1912 73 Tang Ancestral Hall ~1300 74 Yu Kiu Ancestral Hall ~1500

75 Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda ~1350 76 Hung Shing Temple 1899 77 Tin Hau Temple ? 78 Hau Ku Shek Ancestral Hall 1762 79 The Morrisson Building 1936 81 Leung Ancestral Hall ~1800 82 Chik Kwai Study Hall 1899 83 Tang Ancestral Hall 1749 05 Rock Carving at Shek Pik ~1000 B.C.

06 Rock Carving on Po Toi Island ? 07 Tung Chung Fort 1832 11 Fan Lau Fort 1729 14 Rock Carving on Cheung Chau ? 21 Stone Circle ? 22 Tung Chung Battery 1817 71 Waglan Lighthouse 1898

24 Hong Kong Observatory 1883 35 Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb 25-200

proposed

84 Kin Yin Lei 1937

?DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Heritage in Hong Kong, Matthias Baer15

Hong KongIsland

Kowloon

New Territories

Outlying Islands











proposed

84 Kin Yin Lei 1937


05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Heritage in Hong Kong, Matthias Baer15

Hong KongIsland

Kowloon

New Territories

Outlying Islands











proposed

84 Kin Yin Lei 1937


Heritage in Hong Kong - Declared Monuments

14

Hong KongIsland

Kowloon

New Territories

Outlying Islands











proposed

84 Kin Yin Lei 1937


Population, migrations and minorities in Hong Kong

32

Immigration Control Points

Japan

13'887 persons 50,3% 49,7% age 40-44 first degree course shintoism, buddhism 54,8% managers globalization

China

6'522'148 persons 49% 51% age 65+ first degree course

all kind of jobs establishment PRD

Nepal

15'845 persons 50% 50% age 30-34 upper secondary hinduism, buddhism 43,5% elementary work economic reasons

Indonesia

110'576 persons 8,4% 91,6 age 25-29 sixth form islam 92,9% elementary work economic reasons

Vietnam

502 persons

impact: vietnam war

Phillipines

115'349 persons 6,2% 93,8% age 35-39 first degree course catholicism, islam 93% elementary work economic reasonsIndia

17'782 persons 50,7% 49,3% age 30-34 first degree course hinduism, islam 30% managers economic reasons, globalization

United Kingdom

24'990 persons 60% 40% age 35-39 first degree course christianism 39,7 % managers colonialism

Switzerland

1'500 persons managers globalization, missionary work

Hongkongnese Emigration

Hong Kong

Natives

05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Jacob Jansen, Marcel Jäggi

Migration Overview Basically, Hong Kong is a society of migrants. Within the population, about 5% are non-Chinese who came from various places in Asia, Europe and North America. They have their own social groups, and they turn Hong Kong into an international city. 95% of the population is of Chinese descent, and they speak Cantonese, Jiaozhou, Hakka, Fujian, Shanghai and other Chinese dialects, creating a diversified society. Still, the f a c t i s t h a t 9 5 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n understands Chinese and more than 60% can use English. In the past, there were large numbers of immigrants from mainland China and a small number of foreigners also moved he re . More r ecen t ly , cons ide rab le numbers of Hong Kong persons have emigra ted overseas . The cont inual m o v e m e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s a characteristic of Hong Kong.

Since the 1980's, people began to move out of Hong Kong. As the future of Hong Kong was unc lear to many, t h e r e w a s a d e c a d e o f e m i g r a t i o n , principally to the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. In the early 1980's, it was about 20,000 per year; 30,000 in 1987; 60,000 in 1991; a peak of 66,000 in 1992. Thereafter, it s lowed down a bit . In the year of the return, 1997, it was still 30,000. Over that ten-year period, more than 400,000 people moved away from Hong Kong, or more than 5% of the popu la t ion . In many foreign cities, there are now Hong Kong migrant communities. Fortunately, the capital did not f low out , because Hong Kong was s t i l l e conomica l l y productive.

sourceswww.zonaeuropa.com, 03. March 2008www.immd.gov.hk, 26. February 2008

DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

1. Formal

2. Informal

Tenements -hand-me-downs -built for poorPublic housing hostels, flophouses, etc.

Squatters (Hausbesetzer) -authorized -unauthorizedPavement-dwellers (clochard)

Matrix 1993Mike Davis

2. Informal

UN-HABITAT

2. Informal

Merriam-Webster dictionary2. Informal

Substandard housing and squalor


Cities Alliance Action Plan

2. Informal

2. Informal

Hari Srinivas

2. Informal

a) physical

b) social

c) legal characteristics

University of Witwaterand

2. Informal

1. Formal

Encyclopedia Britannica2. Informal

Different names for informal settlements

OECD

2. Informal

Developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the building authorities concerned; as a result their status is illegal or semi-legal.

Infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.

"Non-legal" status, services and infrastructure belowthe "adequate" or minimum levels. Such services areboth network and social infrastructure, like water supply, sanitation, electricity, roads and drainage; schools, health centres, market places etc.

Informal networks for the supply of water may also be in place.

Most belong to the lower income group, either working as wage labourers or in various informal sector enterprises.

On average, most earn wages at or near the minimum wage level. But household income levels can also be high due to many income earners and part-time jobs. Squatters are predominantly migrants, either rural-urban or urban-urban.

Lack of ownership of the land parcels on which houses have been built. Plots could be found on vacant government or public land or on marginal land parcels like railway setbacks or "undesirable" marshy land. Thus when the land is not under "productive" use by the owner, it is appropriated by a squatter for building a house.

A contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services.

Often not recognized and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal part of the city.

Permanent structure on invaded land,

formal house in an official subdivision.

The land use is unauthorised;

the settlement pattern is unauthorised, or not approved. Residential density is often high.The construction of houses is unauthorised and not meeting prescribed standards;

the occupation originates from a land invasion (there are many different processes of invasion).

Physically and socially deteriorated, making satisfactory family life impossible.

Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions. Bad housing means dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad repair and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use.

* Low-income settlements * Semi-permanent settlements * Shanty towns * Spontaneous settlements * Unauthorized settlements * Unplanned settlements * Uncontrolled settlements

Structure owners -have either a quasi-legal right of occupation -or no rights at all

Structures are constructed largely of temporary materials and do not conform to minimum standards.

Lack of basic services, lack of access to sanitation facilities andwater are the most important characteristics;

Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures; buildings constructed are not meeting building standards.

Overcrowding and high density;unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations.

Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements.

Poverty and social exclusion due to income or capability. Poverty is considered a central characteristic of a slum.

Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are appallingly poor. Slums range from high-density, squalid central-city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities.

Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally;

unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing).

Poverty and social exclusion

High density

Low density

Illegal and unautorizied

Not adequate infrastructure

Socially deteriorated

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT - EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS (METRO CORE)

1

12

1

1

12

1

1

12

1

1

12

1

National & local governments

06.03.2008 | © ETH Studio Basel | Informal settlements in Nairobi | Jens Jaschek


City comparsions: Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Macau

36DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel 37

05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel,City comparisons: Hong Kong, Macau, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen, Lea Rüfenacht, Jeronimo MejiaDRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

City comparsions: Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Macau

36DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

1. Formal

2. Informal

Tenements -hand-me-downs -built for poorPublic housing hostels, flophouses, etc.

Squatters (Hausbesetzer) -authorized -unauthorizedPavement-dwellers (clochard)

Matrix 1993Mike Davis

2. Informal

UN-HABITAT

2. Informal

Merriam-Webster dictionary2. Informal



Cities Alliance Action Plan

2. Informal

2. Informal

Hari Srinivas

2. Informal

a) physical

b) social

c) legal characteristics

University of Witwaterand

2. Informal

1. Formal

Encyclopedia Britannica2. Informal

Different names for informal settlements

OECD

2. Informal

Developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the building authorities concerned; as a result their status is illegal or semi-legal.

Infrastructure and services are usually inadequate.

"Non-legal" status, services and infrastructure belowthe "adequate" or minimum levels. Such services areboth network and social infrastructure, like water supply, sanitation, electricity, roads and drainage; schools, health centres, market places etc.

Informal networks for the supply of water may also be in place.

Most belong to the lower income group, either working as wage labourers or in various informal sector enterprises.

On average, most earn wages at or near the minimum wage level. But household income levels can also be high due to many income earners and part-time jobs. Squatters are predominantly migrants, either rural-urban or urban-urban.

Lack of ownership of the land parcels on which houses have been built. Plots could be found on vacant government or public land or on marginal land parcels like railway setbacks or "undesirable" marshy land. Thus when the land is not under "productive" use by the owner, it is appropriated by a squatter for building a house.

A contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services.

Often not recognized and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal part of the city.

Permanent structure on invaded land,

formal house in an official subdivision.

The land use is unauthorised;

the settlement pattern is unauthorised, or not approved. Residential density is often high.The construction of houses is unauthorised and not meeting prescribed standards;

the occupation originates from a land invasion (there are many different processes of invasion).

Physically and socially deteriorated, making satisfactory family life impossible.

Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions. Bad housing means dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad repair and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use.

* Low-income settlements * Semi-permanent settlements * Shanty towns * Spontaneous settlements * Unauthorized settlements * Unplanned settlements * Uncontrolled settlements

Structure owners -have either a quasi-legal right of occupation -or no rights at all

Structures are constructed largely of temporary materials and do not conform to minimum standards.

Lack of basic services, lack of access to sanitation facilities andwater are the most important characteristics;

Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures; buildings constructed are not meeting building standards.

Overcrowding and high density;unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations.

Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements.

Poverty and social exclusion due to income or capability. Poverty is considered a central characteristic of a slum.

Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are appallingly poor. Slums range from high-density, squalid central-city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities.

Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally;

unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing).

Poverty and social exclusion

High density

Low density

Illegal and unautorizied

Not adequate infrastructure

Socially deteriorated

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT - EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS (METRO CORE)

1

12

1

1

12

1

1

12

1

1

12

1

National & local governments



Antiquities and Monuments Office archaeology historical buildings planning and management education and publicity

Antiquities Autorothy BoardExperts and Professionals evaluate, recom-mend historical and architectual merit and how to deal with it

Public

Home Affairs Secretary Antiquities Authority

Home Affairs Bureau Home Affairs Department Information Services Department Legal Aid Department Leisure and Cultural Service Department

Antiquities and Monuments Ordinancesince 1976 (Cap. 53) Monuments: Control or prevent alterationsHistoric: Preservation, maintenance

Gazette

Friends of Heritage

Heritage Trail

Hong Kong Heritage Discovery CenterExhibition, Education, Library

Chief ExecutiveDonald Tsang

Executive Council30 Members

Government Historic Sites Identified by AMO

Declared Monuments

Graded Historic Buildings and SitesGrade I, II, III

Heritage Impact AssessmentAssessment Criteria for Public Programme ProposalConcept and ideas - in line with the vision and missions of the Antiquities and Monuments OfficeHeritage preservation / historical and cultural meritsEducational valueSubject uniquenessPublic appealAcademic contribution to knowledge on the subjectTechnical and financial feasibilitiesApplicant's ability to organize the proposed programme and to communicate with the public

consu

lt

if site or building is listed

asks, if controversial

how to declare a new

document

Advi

se a

nd In

put

Heritage in Hong Kong - Declaring a Monument

Hierarchy Hong Kong has a complex system of responsibilities dealing with heritage. Chief executive Donald Tsan is the CEO of the bureaus and their secretary. “Antiq-uities and Monuments” as well as “ Antiq-uities Autorothy Board” are part of “Leisure and Cultural Service Depart-ment” belonging to “Home Affairs Bureau”. Antiquities an Monuments Office AMO was established when the “Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance” was enforced in 1976. Its responsibilities reachs from identifying recording and researching buildings and items of histori-cal interest to organizing and coordinating the surveys and excavations of areas of archaeological significance. The adaptive reuse of some historical buildings are also organized by “the Office” as well as foster-ing public awareness of Hong Kong's heritage. Antiquities Advisory Board AAB advises the Antiquities Authority which historical items can be declared as monument or a proposed monument under of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, how to restore and conserve the historical items, and to promote the conservation of Hong Kong's heritage.

Sources http://www.amo.gov.hkwww.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govchart/index.htmhttp://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco


16

Hierarchy Hong Kong has a complex system of responsibilities dealing with heritage. Chief executive Donald Tsan is the CEO of the bu-reaus and their secretary -Antiquities and Monuments- as wll as -Antiquities Authoroty Board- are part of -Leisure and Cultural Ser-vice Department- belonging to -Home Affairs Bureau-.

Antiquities and Monu-ments Office AMO was established when the -Antiquities and Monunemts Ordinance- was enforced in 1976. Its responsibilities reachs from identifying recording and researching builidings and items of historical interest to organizing an d coordinating the surveys and excavations of areas of archeological signifi-cance. The adaptive reuse of some historical buildings are also organizes by the -the Office- as well as fostering public awareness of Hong Kong‘s heritage.

Antiquites Advisory Board AAB advises the Antiquities Authori-ty which historical item can be declared as mo-nument or a proposed monument under of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, how to restore and conserve the historical items, and to promote the conservation of Hong Kong‘s heritage.

Sourceshttp://www.amo.gov.hkwww.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govchart/index.htmhttp://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco




Public




Gazette

Friends of Heritage

Heritage Trail





Declared Monuments



consu

lt




document

Advi

se a

nd In

put




1705.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Heritage of Monument, Matthias BaerDRAFT

© ETH Studio Basel



Public




Gazette

Friends of Heritage

Heritage Trail





Declared Monuments



consu

lt




document

Advi

se a

nd In

put




1705.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Heritage of Monument, Matthias BaerDRAFT

© ETH Studio Basel



Public




Gazette

Friends of Heritage

Heritage Trail





Declared Monuments



consu

lt




document

Advi

se a

nd In

put





16

Hierarchy Hong Kong has a complex system of responsibilities dealing with heritage. Chief executive Donald Tsan is the CEO of the bu-reaus and their secretary -Antiquities and Monuments- as wll as -Antiquities Authoroty Board- are part of -Leisure and Cultural Ser-vice Department- belonging to -Home Affairs Bureau-.

Antiquities and Monu-ments Office AMO was established when the -Antiquities and Monunemts Ordinance- was enforced in 1976. Its responsibilities reachs from identifying recording and researching builidings and items of historical interest to organizing an d coordinating the surveys and excavations of areas of archeological signifi-cance. The adaptive reuse of some historical buildings are also organizes by the -the Office- as well as fostering public awareness of Hong Kong‘s heritage.

Antiquites Advisory Board AAB advises the Antiquities Authori-ty which historical item can be declared as mo-nument or a proposed monument under of the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, how to restore and conserve the historical items, and to promote the conservation of Hong Kong‘s heritage.

Sourceshttp://www.amo.gov.hkwww.gov.hk/en/about/govdirectory/govchart/index.htmhttp://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco


City comparisons: Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Macau

38DRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel, Hong Kong, Macau, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen, Lea Rüfenacht, Jeronimo Mejia39

05.03.2008, © ETH Studio Basel,City comparisons: Hong Kong, Macau, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen, Lea Rüfenacht, Jeronimo MejiaDRAFT© ETH Studio Basel

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN NAIROBI

1930

1920

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

MORORU

MUSLIMVILLAGE

KAWANGWARE

KARANDINI

KAYABA

KAYOLE

KOROGOCHO

MATHARE

PUMWANICENTRAL

MAKADARA

PROVINCECENTRAL

DAGORETTI

LANGATA

EMBAKASI

RIFT VALLEYPROVINCE

KASARANI

PARKLANDS

EASTERN PROVINCEKIBERA

SOWELO

Mombasa RdMITUMBA

Nairobi NationalPark

0 5 10km

N

RUNDAKitisuru Rd Thika Rd

To Kiambu

THOME

KAHLAWAKAMAE

To Nanyuki

GARBA

NATHINI

GLUE KOLA

MAIRU SABA

GUHURAI

Informal Settlements

Divisional Boundary

Name of Divisional Boundary

Name of informal settlement

KANGEMI

WAITHAKARIRUTA

NGONGO

Langata Rd

MITUNI

To Ngong

To Naivasha

DAGORETTI

Mukuru

Njiru

source: http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/CYEPhotos/Fig5%20NairobiSchoolMap.jpg date 2005

KIBERA

LANGATA

Name of mainroadsMombasa Rd

Makadara

Mak

adar

a

0.854 155 943 182 600

2.292 382 006 166 700Langata

Lang

ata

2.150 217 383 101 300Kasarani

Kasar

ani

3.735 283 416 75 900Dagoretti

Dagor

etti

0.730 48 527 66 500Embakasi

Emba

kasi

0.145 18 093 124 800Pumwani

Pumwan

i

0.244 11 148 45 700Parklands Parkla

nds

Informal Settlements in Nairobi -Estimated Population and Population Densities

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Population % of Population

1971 50 167 000 33

78 500 000 40-501990

36 748 991 551993

134 1 886 000 601995

Growth of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Area covered by Informal Settlements (hectares)Informal Settlements Population

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

1975

1970

1965

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

No. of Informal Settlement Villages

Area covered by Informal Settle-

ments (hectares)

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999 SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

1975

1970

1965

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Informal SettlementsPopulation

Density (Persons per km²)


No. of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

50

0

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

SOURCE: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/campaigns/tenure/cws.asp

SOURCE: www.wits.ac.za/informalsettlements/Cassius%20Kusienya.pdf

SOURCE: Winnie Mitullah-UN Report 2003

The history of slums and informal settlements in Kenya can be traced through three essential periods; namely the colonial period, the post independence period up to 1974, and the time from the mid 1970s up to now. The evolution of policies and interventions dealing with informal settlements in Kenya can be divided into five stages:· Clearance and forced migration,· Clearance and public housing,· Provision of minimum services,· Extension of tenure security and physical upgrading,· Recognition of the legitimate role of low income settlers and other stakeholders in urban development.These periods and interventions have introdu-ced shifts in the housing policy that have in turn immensely contributed to the nature and extent of informal settlements today.

Independence

Independence, with the consequent relaxation in policies and laws that prohibited movement of Africans to Nairobi, resulted in an increasing shift in population in Nairobi, without a conco-mitant rise in housing provision. In fact, as Shihembetsa (1989) pointed out, the independence government allowed new immigrants to put up shacks within the city as long as they were not located near the Central Business District (CBD). This was accompa-nied by state action that protected some settlements while demolishing others (Syagga et. al. 2001:34).

Situation today

As shown in tables, the informal settlements in Nairobi have continued to grow in number as well as in population due to rural-urban migrati-on and urban population growth without corresponding housing provision, resettlement due to new developments, upgrading or reloca-ting, and the extension of city boundaries.



INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN NAIROBI

1930

1920

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

MORORU

MUSLIMVILLAGE

KAWANGWARE

KARANDINI

KAYABA

KAYOLE

KOROGOCHO

MATHARE

PUMWANICENTRAL

MAKADARA

PROVINCECENTRAL

DAGORETTI

LANGATA

EMBAKASI

RIFT VALLEYPROVINCE

KASARANI

PARKLANDS

EASTERN PROVINCEKIBERA

SOWELO

Mombasa RdMITUMBA

Nairobi NationalPark

0 5 10km

N

RUNDAKitisuru Rd Thika Rd

To Kiambu

THOME

KAHLAWAKAMAE

To Nanyuki

GARBA

NATHINI

GLUE KOLA

MAIRU SABA

GUHURAI

Informal Settlements

Divisional Boundary

Name of Divisional Boundary

Name of informal settlement

KANGEMI

WAITHAKARIRUTA

NGONGO

Langata Rd

MITUNI

To Ngong

To Naivasha

DAGORETTI

Mukuru

Njiru

source: http://www.colorado.edu/journals/cye/CYEPhotos/Fig5%20NairobiSchoolMap.jpg date 2005

KIBERA

LANGATA

Name of mainroadsMombasa Rd

Makadara

Mak

adar

a

0.854 155 943 182 600

2.292 382 006 166 700Langata

Lang

ata

2.150 217 383 101 300Kasarani

Kasar

ani

3.735 283 416 75 900Dagoretti

Dagor

etti

0.730 48 527 66 500Embakasi

Emba

kasi

0.145 18 093 124 800Pumwani

Pumwan

i

0.244 11 148 45 700Parklands Parkla

nds

Informal Settlements in Nairobi -Estimated Population and Population Densities

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Population % of Population

1971 50 167 000 33

78 500 000 40-501990

36 748 991 551993

134 1 886 000 601995


SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

Area covered by Informal Settlements (hectares)Informal Settlements Population

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

1975

1970

1965

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

No. of Informal Settlement Villages

Area covered by Informal Settle-

ments (hectares)

SOURCE: NGAU, 1999 SOURCE: NGAU, 1999

1975

1970

1965

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Informal SettlementsPopulation

Density (Persons per km²)


No. of Informal Settlements in Nairobi

50

0

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

SOURCE: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/campaigns/tenure/cws.asp

SOURCE: www.wits.ac.za/informalsettlements/Cassius%20Kusienya.pdf

SOURCE: Winnie Mitullah-UN Report 2003

The history of slums and informal settlements in Kenya can be traced through three essential periods; namely the colonial period, the post independence period up to 1974, and the time from the mid 1970s up to now. The evolution of policies and interventions dealing with informal settlements in Kenya can be divided into five stages:· Clearance and forced migration,· Clearance and public housing,· Provision of minimum services,· Extension of tenure security and physical upgrading,· Recognition of the legitimate role of low income settlers and other stakeholders in urban development.These periods and interventions have introdu-ced shifts in the housing policy that have in turn immensely contributed to the nature and extent of informal settlements today.

Independence

Independence, with the consequent relaxation in policies and laws that prohibited movement of Africans to Nairobi, resulted in an increasing shift in population in Nairobi, without a conco-mitant rise in housing provision. In fact, as Shihembetsa (1989) pointed out, the independence government allowed new immigrants to put up shacks within the city as long as they were not located near the Central Business District (CBD). This was accompa-nied by state action that protected some settlements while demolishing others (Syagga et. al. 2001:34).

Situation today

As shown in tables, the informal settlements in Nairobi have continued to grow in number as well as in population due to rural-urban migrati-on and urban population growth without corresponding housing provision, resettlement due to new developments, upgrading or reloca-ting, and the extension of city boundaries.



029 NRB ATLAS 14 Informal Dr A3

Documents

Transcript of 029 NRB ATLAS 14 Informal Dr A3