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SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST2005 4(3):537–569

Herpetofaunal Species Richness ofSoutheastern National Parks

TRACEY D. TUBERVILLE1,*, JOHN D. WILLSON

1, MICHAEL E. DORCAS2,

AND J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS1

Abstract - The Southeast is the stronghold of US herpetofaunal biodiversity andcomprises approximately half of the nation’s species of amphibians and reptiles, ofwhich about 20% are endemic. However, few areas have been inventoried, thushampering efforts to monitor and protect populations. We conducted 2-year herpeto-logical inventories of 16 parks within the National Park Service’s Southeast CoastNetwork. We used a wide variety of standard field techniques to document speciesoccurrences and augmented our collecting records with historical data from muse-ums, published literature, and personal collections. We documented the presence of123 native species of amphibians and reptiles at the 16 parks, with numbers ofspecies ranging between 6 and 64 per park. Many southeastern parks support richassemblages of herpetofauna.

Introduction

Inventories to develop site-specific lists of species typically precedemonitoring efforts or research on populations and communities. Knowledgeof species present at a specific site can direct conservation efforts and landmanagement initiatives. The determination of species richness is the firststep in evaluating local status and trends of species. In consideration of anationwide effort to conserve native herpetofauna in natural habitats (Gib-bons and Stangel 1999) and assist in a National Park Service (NPS) initiativeto conduct biotic inventories, we recorded the presence of amphibian andreptile species on highly protected federal lands in the southeastern UnitedStates—16 parks that comprise the NPS’s Southeast Coast Network. Com-pared to other taxonomic groups, occurrence of herpetofaunal species hasbeen poorly documented on the majority of NPS lands, and minimal infor-mation is available on the status of populations (Stohlgren et al. 1995). Ourpurpose was to provide the most reliable species lists currently available forthe herpetofauna of the 16 parks examined.

The Target Species: Southeastern Herpetofauna

The southeastern United States is the stronghold of amphibians andreptiles in the United States and Canada. Of the more than 450 USherpetofaunal species, approximately half occur in the Southeast and about20% are endemic to the region (Conant and Collins 1998, Gibbons and

1Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802. 2Davidson College, Depart-ment of Biology, Davidson, NC 28035. *Corresponding author - [email protected].

Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 4, No. 3538

Buhlmann 2001). Amphibians and reptiles are a significant component ofthe native biodiversity in virtually every natural terrestrial and freshwaterhabitat in the southeastern geographic region. Hence, the status of southeast-ern herpetofauna is likely to reveal the well-being of a habitat as well as theconsequences of habitat destruction or other forms of environmental degra-dation (Knutson et al. 1999, Vitt et al. 1990).

Despite being often overlooked, amphibians and reptiles are vital compo-nents of southeastern ecosystems. They can serve important roles as bothpredators and prey (Gibbons and Dorcas 2004, Taylor et al. 1988), thusforming critical trophic links in many ecosystems. Additionally, the biomassof many populations can far exceed that of endotherms (Burton and Likens1975, Godley 1980, Iverson 1982). Because of their biological characteris-tics and their functional roles in natural communities, the herpetofauna cancollectively serve as indicators of environmental integrity (Gibbons et al.2000); hence, comprehensive accounts of regional species composition andrichness are fundamental to initiating meaningful monitoring or researchprograms applicable to conservation issues.

The Study Sites: Southeast Coast Network

Our study was conducted at 16 parks within the NPS’s Southeast CoastNetwork (Fig. 1). The parks were located primarily in the Upper and Lower

Figure 1. Park lands forming the National Park Service’s Southeast Coast Network.Since the completion of this study, Congaree Swamp National Monument wasdesignated Congaree National Park.

T.D. Tuberville, J.D. Willson, M.E. Dorcas, and J.W. Gibbons2005 539

Coastal Plains of the southeastern US, from the Outer Banks of NorthCarolina, south to the Atlantic coast of northern Florida, and west into east-central Alabama. Parks ranged in size from 8.2 ha (Castillo de San MarcosNational Monument) to 14,282 ha (Cape Hatteras National Seashore), andsome consisted of disjunct parcels spanning as much as 112 km (CapeHatteras National Seashore). Three “parks” were actually park groups—theTimucuan Ecological and Historical Preserve group also included FortCaroline National Memorial; the Fort Sumter National Monument groupincluded Fort Moultrie National Monument; and the Cape Hatteras NationalSeashore group included Wright Brothers National Memorial and Fort Ra-leigh National Historical Site.

The Southeast Coast Network includes parks protected for their histori-cal or cultural resources—battlefields, forts, national monuments—as wellas parks established to preserve environmental resources—ecological pre-serves and wilderness areas. As a result, the parks within the networkexhibited a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic habitat diversity as well asrelative proportions of native and anthropogenically altered habitats. Inaddition, the level of formal survey effort for amphibians and reptiles priorto our study varied dramatically among the parks—from no previousherpetofaunal inventory (e.g., Moores Creek National Battlefield, FortSumter National Monument) to extensive or intensive survey (e.g., CapeHatteras National Seashore, Cumberland Island National Seashore, FortMatanzas National Monument).

Methods

We conducted extensive field surveys and supplemented our findingswith literature accounts, museum records, and personal collections andreports (Appendix 1). Field surveys were conducted from May 2001 throughOctober 2003, although survey efforts varied from 11–259 person-days (notincluding assistance by park personnel) among parks, based on park size,habitat diversity within the park, and amount of prior survey work. Oursurvey efforts typically were more intense at larger parks having a greaterdiversity of habitats and at parks where little or no previous inventory hadbeen conducted (i.e., presumably with high numbers of previously undocu-mented species). Additionally, field surveys were concentrated during timeswhen conditions favored amphibian and reptile activity or when targetedspecies were known to be active (e.g., during spring rainy periods).

Evaluating the status of herpetofauna can be difficult because mostspecies are clandestine and many have low activity levels, low abundance, orboth. Therefore, determining species richness requires numerous tech-niques, careful planning, experienced personnel, and a considerableinvestment of time (Gibbons et al. 1997, Heyer et al. 1994). We used a widevariety of standard herpetological sampling techniques at each park includ-ing coverboards, terrestrial drift fences, aquatic dip netting, aquatic traps,automated recording of calling anurans, road-cruising, and opportunistic


visual searches (Fitch 1987, Heyer et al. 1994, Vogt 1980). In addition tocaptures of live animals, we collected and identified turtle shells, shed snakeskins, reptile egg shells, and road kills. Park personnel provided assistancein some instances.

When possible, photographs, specimen vouchers, or both were obtainedfor each species found at each park (i.e., each species-park occurrence).Specimen and photo vouchers from Timucuan Ecological and Historic Pre-serve are housed in the museum at the site, as required by NPS. Specimensand photo vouchers for the remaining 15 parks are deposited in the AuburnUniversity Museum and Charleston Museum.

Results

We recorded 123 of the 147 native species of amphibians (Appendix 2)and reptiles (Appendix 3) within range of or peripheral to the NPS’s South-east Coast Network, plus 8 introduced species. The total number of species(native plus introduced) documented from parks ranged from 6–64 per park,resulting in a total of 642 species-park occurrences (Appendix 4). Speciesrichness was strongly and positively correlated with park size (Fig. 2; linearregression of log-transformed data, R2 = 0.5434, P = 0.001). We documentedat least 26 new county records during the study. Our surveys documented 7federally listed reptile species and 14 reptile and 1 amphibian species havingstate status of special concern (e.g., State Threatened or Endangered) in oneor more of the states where they were found. We found at least one intro-duced amphibian or reptile species in six parks (Appendices 2–4).

Figure 2. Relationship between land area (ha) and species richness among the 16parks we surveyed within the Southeast Coast Network. Note the strong positivelinear relationship between (log-transformed) land area and species richness (P =0.001). Introduced species are not included in species richness values.


In general, reptiles constituted a much greater proportion of the overallherpetofaunal species richness than did amphibians. Among the reptiles,snakes contributed the greatest number of within-range species (Appendix 3)and the greatest proportion of documented species (Appendix 4). Althoughanurans typically represented 20–30% of total species documented within apark, salamander richness was consistently low, particularly for coastal andisland parks (Appendices 1 and 4; Fig. 1).

Several parks had been the focus of previous formal herpetofaunalsurveys, contributing to the high number of species documented throughmuseum collections, records published in the literature or available asreports, or both (Appendices 1 and 4). In addition, several herpetologistsprovided personal observations of amphibians and reptiles for specificparks that previously were unreported (e.g., Horseshoe Bend NationalMilitary Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, OcmulgeeNational Monument; Appendices 2 and 4).

Discussion

For most of the 16 parks, our surveys increased the number of docu-mented herpetofaunal species considerably, and thus provide the mostcomplete list of species present or historically present. Despite variablefield sampling efforts among parks, due in part to differences in habitatcomplexity and extent of historical information available, the species listsare the most accurate yet available for each of the parks. The lists shouldrepresent a high proportion of the herpetofaunal species actually presentand allow relative comparison of species richness among the 16 parks.

In general, parks with high herpetofaunal richness tended to be large insize and have a high diversity of habitats (e.g., Chattahoochee River Na-tional Recreation Area, Congaree Swamp National Monument, TimucuanEcological and Historical Preserve). Parks with a low herpetofaunal richness(e.g., Fort Sumter National Monument, Castillo de San Marcos NationalMonument, Charles Pinckney National Historic Site) typically were small insize, lacked freshwater habitats, and contained a high proportion ofanthropogenically modified habitats. In some small parks containing a highdiversity of habitat types, we found an unusually rich assemblage of am-phibians and reptiles. These included Moores Creek National Battlefield,Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, and Ocmulgee National Monument,all three of which were established solely for their historical resources. BothOcmulgee National Monument and Horseshoe Bend National Military Parkare located near the Fall Line along the boundary between the Piedmont andCoastal Plain, and their resident herpetofauna included species characteristicof both physiographic provinces.

We documented eight species of amphibians and reptiles that presumablyhad been introduced, mostly in parks in Florida or southern Georgia. Thetwo introduced species of turtles documented during our field surveys, thePond Slider (Trachemys scripta) at Timucuan Ecological and Historical


Preserve and the Florida Red-bellied Cooter (Pseudemys nelsoni) atChattahoochee River National Recreation Area, are native to the Southeast,but are not within-range of the parks from which they were documented. Westrongly suspect that the single P. nelsoni captured at Chattahoochee was areleased captive because of plastron abrasions characteristic of captive ani-mals (P. Pritchard, Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, FL, pers. comm.).None of the remaining introduced species (4 lizards and 2 anurans) arenative to the United States.

Twenty-four species within or peripheral to the geographic range of atleast one of the parks were not documented in any park during our study(Appendices 2–3). Several explanations can be given for why these specieswere not documented during our surveys or in previous efforts. Many ormost of the undocumented species listed as “within-range” probably do notactually occur at the park in question. Because we were liberal whenincluding species as “within range,” ranges of some species (e.g., A.mutica, A. texanum, D. ocoee, G. nigrinoda, N. clarkii, N. rhombifer) wereadjacent to or had minimal overlap with the Southeast Coast Network.Thus, if a species is present at all, it may only occur in low numbers or onlyat isolated locations in a region. In addition, the clandestine nature of manyspecies (e.g., R. floridana, H. simus) makes them particularly difficult tosample even in locations where they are known to occur. Therefore, it isnot surprising that some of the species potentially occurring within theSoutheast Coast Network were never documented at any of the parks,either because they are not actually present or are characteristically diffi-cult to detect.

Several herpetologically important habitats were underrepresented inSoutheast Coast Network parks, resulting in the absence of some species thatwould otherwise be expected to be present based on broad scale geographicrange maps. Longleaf pine forests support many species of amphibians andreptiles (Guyer and Bailey 1993) and are habitats of major conservationconcern in the southeastern United States. Longleaf pine ecosystems havebeen severely impacted by humans (Frost 1993), and such habitats within theSoutheast Coast Network parks are limited. Other habitats critical for south-eastern herpetofauna, but that are poorly represented at parks within thenetwork, are isolated wetlands (Kirkman et al. 1999, Semlitsch and Bodie1998). Consequently, amphibians and reptiles (including several federallyprotected species) typically associated with these habitats wereunderrepresented or undocumented during our study. Amphibians includedthe Gopher Frog (R. capito), Flatwoods Salamander (A. cingulatum), TigerSalamander (A. tigrinum), and Striped Newt (N. perstriatus). Reptiles in-cluded the Mole Skink (E. egregius), Pine Snake (P. melanoleucus), South-ern Hognose Snake (H. simus), and Eastern Indigo Snake (D. corais). Futureland acquisition and management decisions by the NPS should considerinclusion of these and other underrepresented habitats to conserve the fullspectrum of southeastern herpetofauna.


Inventory is a critical first step in monitoring and managing biodiversity(Andrewartha and Birch 1954, Krebs 1972). Biodiversity patterns in pro-tected areas can be compared to the surrounding landscape to determine theeffects of specific land-use patterns on biodiversity. For example, a studyconducted in the Piedmont of North Carolina concluded that although somesensitive or rare species may become extirpated in undeveloped areas sur-rounded by extensive regional urbanization, the protected areas can continueto support relatively high numbers of amphibian and reptile species (Rice etal. 2001). Baseline inventories, when combined with subsequent monitoring,also can be used to detect and evaluate temporal trends in species richnessand abundance. Unfortunately, the terms “inventory” and “monitoring” fre-quently are misused or are used interchangeably, even though the goals (andtherefore the techniques and procedures) of one are quite different from theother. The primary goal of inventory is to document the presence of targetspecies in a given area; the purpose of monitoring is to evaluate the statusand population trends of those species that are known to be present. Al-though our multi-pronged survey approach proved to be an effective andefficient tactic for conducting inventories at a large number of sites during arelatively short time period, future monitoring will be required to determinepopulation viability and status of species documented within the parks. Inaddition, active management of some habitats will be necessary to ensure thelong-term persistence of certain amphibian and reptile species within theseprotected areas.

Government-managed lands “encompass 29% of the land area in theUnited States” (Gibbons et al. 1997), mostly in the West, with over 32million ha set aside within the National Park System alone (Stohlgren et al.1995). The National Park System is a major contributor to the protection ofland and biodiversity, and national parks often serve as habitat havens fornumerous species of indigenous amphibians and reptiles. These parks be-come especially important in situations in the Southeast where encroachingurban development (e.g., Ocmulgee National Monument, ChattahoocheeRiver National Recreation Area) or agricultural impacts (e.g., CongareeSwamp National Monument, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park) mayhave resulted in local extirpations in a region. Thus, the potential contribu-tion of protected lands in the National Park System to biodiversity conserva-tion is far-reaching and should be widely recognized and appreciated by landmanagers, conservation biologists, and the general public.

Acknowledgments

We thank the many museum curators, collection managers, and assistants whoprovided us with records from their holdings or under their care. These include:American Museum of Natural History (M. Arnold, D. Frost); Auburn UniversityMuseum (C. Guyer); Cape Hatteras Natural History Collection; Carnegie Museum(S. Rogers, J. Wiens); Charleston Museum (Al Sanders); Cornell University (C.Dardia, H. Greene); Cumberland Island Museum (R. Shoop, C. Ruckdeschel);


National Park Service – Cumberland Island Natural History Collection; North Caro-lina State Museum (S. Busack, A. Braswell); University of Florida Museum ofNatural History (W. King, K. Krysko); and the University of Georgia Museum ofNatural History (L. McGhee).

The following people generously provided us with their personal field notes andobservations: G. Beaton, S. Bennett, H. Berna, A. Braswell, H. Brown, J. Cely, R.Gaul, Jr., H. Hanlin, J. Hightower, J. Jensen, R. Mancke, B. Mansell, J. Mitchell, P.Moler, C. Ruckdeschel, R. Shoop, N. Taylor, and L. Wilson. We thank the followingfor providing valuable assistance in the field: K. Andrews, E. Clark, J. Clark, K.Clark, D. Beamer, K. Buhlmann, L. Fedewa, X. Glaudas, K. Grayson, P. Hill, V.Johnson, S. Lindsay, D. Lyman, P. Mason, B. Metts, A. Rall, H. Scarborough, G.Sorrell, D. Stroupe, L. Wilkinson, C. Winne, and C. Young. We thank the manyNational Park Service employees who assisted in the logistics and support through-out the project and S. McCort for providing the map for Figure 1. J. Jensen, T. Lamb,B. Metts, P. Pritchard, and R. Semlitsch assisted with identification of specimens. J.DeVivo, J. Mitchell, R. Reed, and several anonymous reviewers provided helpfulcomments on the manuscript.

Funding for this project was provided by the National Park Service (CooperativeAgreement #H5028 01 0262). Research and manuscript preparation were aided bythe Environmental Remediation Sciences Division of the Office of Biological andEnvironmental Research, US Department of Energy through Financial AssistanceAward no. DE-FC09-96SR18546 to the University of Georgia Research Foundation.Funding for M.E. Dorcas was partially provided by National Science Foundationgrant #DUE-9980743.

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Appendix 1. List of data sources (by park) documenting reptile and amphibianspecies occurrences reported in Appendix 2–3.

Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA)—Literature records: Beane 1998,Braswell 1988, Braswell 1997, Engels 1942, Gaddy et al. 1999, Gibbons and Coker1978, Lazell and Musick 1973, Quay 1959, Stoneburner and Ehrhart 1981, Woodsonand Webster 1999; Museum records: American Museum of Natural History,Carnegie Museum, Cornell University Museum, Harvard - Museum of ComparativeZoology, North Carolina State Museum; Pers. comm.: A. Braswell, R. Gaul and J.Mitchell, S. O’Neil, N.I. Turner (pers. notes, NPS files).

Cape Lookout National Seashore (CALO)—Literature records: Blaney 1979, Engels1952, Gibbons and Coker 1978, Lazell and Musick 1973, National Park Service1977; Museum records: American Museum of Natural History, Harvard - Museum ofComparative Zoology, North Carolina State Museum. Pers. comm.: NPS personnel.

Castillo de San Marcos (CASA)—none

Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT)—Museum records: Univer-sity of Georgia Museum of Natural History; Pers. comm.: J. Hightower, L. Wilson.

Charles Pinckney National Historic Site (CHPI)—none

Congaree Swamp National Monument (COSW)—Literature records: Cely andBennett 1985, Mancke 1979; Pers. comm.: Cely (1996, to NPS), R. Mancke, NathanTaylor, and NPS personnel.

Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS)—Literature records: Gibbons andCoker 1978, Hillestad et al. 1975, Lenarz et al. 1981, Ruckdeschel et al. 1982, Shoopand Ruckdeschel 1986, Shoop and Ruckdeschel 1997, Shoop and Ruckdeschel 2000;Museum records: Carnegie Museum, Cumberland Island Museum, National ParkService – Cumberland Island Natural History Collection, University of GeorgiaMuseum of Natural History, Williamson and Moulis 1994a, Williamson and Moulis1994b.

Fort Frederica National Monument (FOFR)—Museum records: Williamson andMoulis 1994a, Williamson and Moulis 1994b, University of Georgia Museum ofNatural History.

Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA)—Literature records: King and Krysko1999, Krysko and King 1999, Krysko and King 2000, McCoy and Mushinsky 1992;Museum records: Florida Museum of Natural History.

Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU)—Literature records: Rabolli andEllington 1999, Southeastern Wildlife Services 1981; Museum records: CornellUniversity, Williamson and Moulis 1994a, Williamson and Moulis 1994b; Pers.comm.: NPS files.

Fort Sumter/Fort Moultrie (FOSU)—none


Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE)—Literature records: Hanlin andRussell 1978; Museum records: Auburn University Museum; Pers. comm.: H.Hanlin.

Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO)—Museum records: Univer-sity of Georgia Museum of Natural History, Williamson and Moulis 1994a; Pers.comm.: G. Beaton, L. Wilson.

Moores Creek National Battlefield (MOCR)—Museum records: North CarolinaState Museum; Pers. comm.: NPS personnel.

Ocmulgee National Monument (OCMU)—Literature records: Jensen and Moulis1997; Pers. comm.: H. Berna, NPS personnel.

Timucuan Ecological and Historical Preserve (TIMU)—Museum records: AmericanMuseum of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History; Pers. comm.: B.Mansel, P. Moler.

Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 4, No. 3550A

ppen

dix

2. A

mph

ibia

n sp

ecie

s do

cum

ente

d du

ring

her

peto

faun

al s

urve

ys o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Par

k S

ervi

ce’s

Sou

thea

st C

oast

Net

wor

k: (

o) p

ark

not

wit

hin

geog

raph

ic r

ange

, (S

) do

cum

ente

d by

SR

EL

fie

ld s

urve

ys, (

M)

docu

men

ted

by a

pre

viou

sly

exis

ting

mus

eum

spe

cim

en, (

L)

docu

men

ted

by a

pub

lish

ed li

tera

ture

reco

rd,

(P)

docu

men

ted

by a

rel

iabl

e pe

rson

al c

omm

unic

atio

n. I

ntro

duce

d sp

ecie

s w

ere

not

cons

ider

ed p

oten

tial

spe

cies

unl

ess

they

wer

e do

cum

ente

d. D

ata

sour

ces

for

this

tab

le a

re l

iste

d by

par

k in

App

endi

x 1.

Ful

l na

mes

for

par

ks a

re p

rovi

ded

in F

igur

e 1

and

App

endi

x 1.

TIM

U i

nclu

des

Ft.

Car

olin

e N

atio

nal

Mon

umen

t; F

OS

U i

nclu

des

For

t M

oult

rie

Nat

iona

l M

onum

ent;

CA

HA

inc

lude

s W

righ

t B

roth

ers

Nat

iona

l M

emor

ial

and

For

t R

alei

gh N

atio

nal

His

tori

c S

ite.

Sci

enti

fic

nam

es f

ollo

w C

roth

er (

2000

).

TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Anu

rans

Acr

is c

repi

tans

Bai

rd, 1

854

Nor

ther

n C

rick

et F

rog

οo

oo

Po

So

oo

oS

,PS

,Po

S

Acr

is g

ryll

us(L

e C

onte

, 182

5)S

outh

ern

Cri

cket

Fro

gS

,ML

LP

SS

S,P

Buf

o am

eric

anus

Hol

broo

k, 1

836

Am

eric

an T

oad

oo

oo

S,P

oo

oo

oo

oS

Po

S

Buf

o te

rres

tris

(Bon

nate

rre ,

178

9)S

outh

e rn

Toa

dS

,ML

2S

oS

S,L

S,M

,LS

M,L

S,M

,LS

oS

S,M

,P,L

Buf

o fo

wle

riH

inck

ley,

188

2F

owle

r’s

Toa

do

S,M

,LM

,Lo

S,M

,Po

oo

oo

oS

,PS

,PS

S

Buf

o qu

e rc i

c us

Hol

broo

k, 1

840

Oak

Toa

dM

4o

L6

o

Gas

trop

hryn

e ca

roli

nens

is(H

olbr

ook,

183

6)E

aste

rn N

arro

wm

outh

edT

oad

S,M

S,M

,LS

,M,L

M,P

SS

,M,L

SM

,LS

,M,L

SS

,PS

S,P


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Hyl

a an

ders

onii

(Hol

broo

k, 1

836)

Pin

e B

arre

ns T

reef

rog

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Hyl

a av

ivoc

aV

iosc

a, 1

928

Bir

dvoi

ced

Tre

efro

go

oo

oo

oo

oo

oS

oS

Hyl

a ch

ryso

scel

isC

ope,

188

0 /v

ersi

colo

rL

e C

onte

, 182

5G

ray

Tre

efro

gL

S,P

S,L

L6

S,P

PS

S

Hyl

a ci

nere

aS

chne

ider

, 179

9G

reen

Tre

efro

gS

,MS

,M,L

S,M

,LS

,LM

,LM

,LS

,LS

S,L

,PS

S,M

,P,L

Hyl

a fe

mor

alis

Bos

c in

Dau

din,

180

0P

ine

Woo

ds T

reef

rog

SL

3o

SM

,Lo

S

Hy l

a gr

atio

saL

e C

onte

, 185

6B

a rki

ng T

ree f

rog

Po

S,L

LS

So

S

Hy l

a sq

uire

lla

Bos

c in

Da u

din,

180

0S

quir

rel

Tre

e fro

gS

S,M

,LS

,M,L

So

SM

,LS

S,M

,LS

,Lo

SS

Pse

udac

ris

brac

hyph

ona

(Cop

e , 1

889)

Mou

nta i

n C

horu

s F

rog

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

So

oo

Pse

udac

ris

brim

ley i

Bra

ndt a

nd W

alke

r, 1

933

Bri

mle

y’s

Cho

rus

Fro

go

oo

So

oo

oo

o

Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 4, No. 3552T

IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Pse

udac

ris

cruc

ifer

(Wie

d N

euw

ied,

183

9)S

prin

g P

eepe

rS

PS

,LS

,M,L

S,P

PS

S

Pse

udac

ris

feri

arum

(Bai

rd, 1

854)

Sou

thea

ster

n C

horu

s Fro

go

oo

oS

,M,P

So

SS

,PS

Pse

udac

ris

nigr

ita

(Le

Con

te, 1

825)

Sou

ther

n C

horu

s F

rog

oS

L6

oS

Pse

udac

ris

ocul

aris

(Bos

c an

d D

audi

n in

Son

nini

and

Lat

reil

le,

1801

)L

ittl

e G

rass

Fro

gS

,MM

,L3

M4

oS

,LL

oS

Pse

udac

ris

orna

ta(H

olbr

ook,

183

6)O

rnat

e C

horu

s F

rog

oS

,Lo

SS

Ran

a ca

pito

Le

Con

te, 1

855

Gop

her

Fro

gM

oo

Ran

a c a

tesb

e ian

aS

haw

, 180

2A

me r

ica n

Bul

lfro

gS

S,M

,LS

,PS

,LS

,PS

,PS

S

Ran

a c l

amit

ans

La t

reil

le i

n S

onni

ni a

ndL

a tre

ille

, 180

1G

ree n

Fro

gS

L2

S,M

,PS

,LS

,PS

,M,P

SS

,P

Ran

a pa

lust

ris

Le

Con

te, 1

825

Pic

kere

l F

rog

oo

S,P

So

oo

S,M

PS

o


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Ran

a sy

lvat

ica

Le

Con

te, 1

825

Woo

d F

rog

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

So

oo

Ran

a gr

ylio

Ste

jneg

er, 1

901

Pig

Fro

gS

oo

oo

M,L

oo

oo

Ran

a he

cksc

heri

Wri

ght,

192

4R

iver

Fro

go

oo

Po

oo

Ran

a sp

heno

ceph

ala

Cop

e, 1

889

Sou

ther

n L

eopa

rd F

rog

SS

,M,L

M,L

S,P

SS

,LS

,M,L

M,L

LS

,PS

,PS

S,P

Ran

a vi

rgat

ipes

Cop

e, 1

891

Car

pent

er F

rog

oo

S,L

oo

oo

Scap

hiop

us h

olbr

ook i

i(H

a rla

n, 1

835)

Ea s

tern

Spa

defo

otM

S,M

,LM

,PS

M,L

SM

,LS

PS

Sala

man

der s

Am

byst

oma

c ing

ulat

um(C

ope ,

186

8)F

latw

oods

Sa l

aman

der

oo

oo

oo

oo

Am

byst

oma

opac

umG

rave

nhor

st, 1

807)

Ma r

ble d

Sa l

aman

der

oo

S,M

,PS

,Lo

SP

SS

Am

byst

oma

mab

e ei

Bis

hop,

192

8M

abe e

’s S

a lam

ande

ro

M4

oo

oo

oo

oo


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Am

byst

oma

mac

ulat

um(S

haw

, 180

2)S

pott

ed S

alam

ande

ro

oS

,M,P

oo

oS

Po

Am

byst

oma

talp

oide

um(H

olbr

ook,

183

8)M

ole

Sal

aman

der

S,P

oo

PL

So

Am

byst

oma

texa

num

(Mat

thes

, 185

5)S

mal

lmou

thed

Sal

aman

der

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Am

byst

oma

tigr

inum

(Gre

en, 1

825)

Tig

er S

alam

ande

r

Am

phiu

ma

mea

nsG

arde

n in

Sm

ith,

182

1T

wot

oed

Am

phiu

ma

S,M

,Lo

M,L

oS

S

Des

mog

nath

us a

eneu

sB

row

n a n

d B

isho

p, 1

947

Se e

page

Sa l

aman

der

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

De s

mog

nath

usfu

scus

/con

anti

(Gre

e n, 1

818)

Dus

ky S

a lam

ande

ro

oo

oP

oo

oo

oo

SS

,M,P

oS

Des

mog

nath

us m

onti

cola

Dun

n, 1

916

Se a

l S

a lam

ande

ro

oo

oS

,Po

oo

oo

oo

So

o

De s

mog

nath

us o

c oe e

Nic

holl

s, 1

949

Oco

e e S

a lam

ande

ro

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Des

mog

nath

us a

uric

ulat

us(H

olbr

ook,

183

8)S

outh

ern

Dus

ky S

alam

ande

ro

S,L

M,L

oo

SS

Eur

ycea

cir

rige

ra(H

olbr

ook,

183

8)S

outh

ern

Tw

olin

edS

alam

ande

ro

oS

,M,P

oL

S,P

S,M

,PS

Eur

ycea

gut

toli

neat

a(H

olbr

ook,

183

8)T

hree

line

d S

alam

ande

ro

oo

oS

,PS

,Lo

oo

S,P

SS

Eur

ycea

qua

drid

igit

ata

(Hol

broo

k, 1

842)

Dw

arf

Sal

aman

der

So

Lo

Gyr

inop

hilu

s po

rphy

riti

cus

(Gre

en, 1

827)

Spr

ing

Sal

aman

der

oo

oo

S,M

,Po

oo

oo

oo

SS

oo

Hem

idac

tyli

um s

c uta

tum

(Tem

min

ck a

nd S

chle

gel

in V

on S

iebo

ld, 1

838)

Fou

rtoe

d S

a lam

ande

ro

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Ne c

turu

s pu

ncta

tus

(Gib

bes,

185

0)D

wa r

f W

a te r

dog

oo

oo

oS

oo

o

Ne c

turu

s al

abam

ensi

sV

iosc

a , 1

937

Bla

c kw

a rri

or W

a te r

dog

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Not

opht

halm

us p

erst

riat

us(B

isho

p, 1

941)

Str

ipe d

Ne w

tP

1o

oo

oo

oo

oo

o


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Not

opht

halm

us v

irid

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ns(R

afin

esqu

e, 1

820)

Eas

tern

New

tS

,PM

4S

,PL

S,M

,P

Ple

thod

on g

luti

nosu

sco

mpl

ex(G

reen

, 181

8)S

lim

y S

alam

ande

rM

M,L

3S

,PS

S,L

S,P

S,M

,PS

S,P

Ple

thod

on c

iner

eus

(Gre

en, 1

818)

Eas

tern

Red

back

edS

alam

ande

ro

S,L

2o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Ple

thod

on s

erra

tus

Gro

bman

, 194

4S

outh

ern

Red

back

edS

alam

ande

ro

oo

S,P

oo

oo

oo

oo

S,M

,Po

o

Ple

thod

on w

ebst

eri

Hig

hton

, 197

9W

ebst

e r’s

Sa l

aman

der

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

S,M

,Po

o

Pse

udob

ranc

hus

stri

atus

(Le

Con

te, 1

824

Nor

the r

n D

wa r

f S

ire n

oo

oo

oo

oo

Pse

udot

rito

n m

onta

nus

Ba i

rd, 1

849

Mud

Sa l

aman

der

S,L

P

Pse

udot

rito

n ru

ber

(La t

reil

le i

n S

onni

ni a

ndL

a tre

ille

, 180

1)R

ed S

a lam

ande

ro

oo

oS

,M,P

oo

oo

oo

S,P

S,P

oS


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Sire

n in

term

edia

Bar

nes,

182

6L

esse

r S

iren

oo

M

Sire

n la

cert

ina

Lin

naeu

s, 1

766

Gre

ater

Sir

eno

S,L

oo

S

Ster

eoch

ilus

mar

gina

tus

(Hal

low

ell,

185

6)M

anyl

ined

Sal

aman

der

oo

oo

oo

oo

Intr

oduc

ed a

mph

ibia

ns

Ele

uthe

roda

ctyl

us p

lani

rost

ris

(Cop

e, 1

862)

Gre

enho

use

Fro

gS

SS

M,L

Ost

eopi

lus

sept

entr

iona

lis

Dum

é ril

and

Bib

ron,

184

1C

uban

Tre

e fro

gS

M,L

1 Rep

orte

d hi

stor

ica l

ly, n

ot f

ound

in

c ont

empo

rary

sur

veys

.2 R

epor

ted

only

fro

m W

righ

t B

roth

e rs

Na t

iona

l M

emor

ial,

Kil

l D

e vil

Hil

ls, B

odie

Isl

a nd;

app

a re n

tly

not

e sta

blis

hed

wit

hin

park

bou

nda r

ies

a t o

the r

sit

e s.

3 Rep

orte

d on

ly f

rom

Ft.

Ra l

e igh

Na t

iona

l H

isto

ric

site

on

Roa

noke

Isl

a nd;

app

a re n

tly

not

e sta

blis

hed

wit

hin

park

bou

nda r

ies

on H

a tte

ras,

Bod

ie,

or O

c ra c

oke

Isla

nds.

4 Rep

orte

d on

ly f

rom

NP

S l

a nd

on H

a rke

r’s

Isla

nd;

a ppa

rent

ly n

ot e

sta b

lish

e d o

n S

hac k

lefo

rd o

r C

ore

Ba n

ks.

5 Rep

orte

d by

Hil

lest

a d e

t a l

. (19

75);

not

fou

nd i

n c o

ntem

pora

ry s

urve

ys a

nd b

e lie

ved

to b

e e r

rone

ous

by S

hoop

and

Ruc

kde s

c he l

(20

00).

Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 4, No. 3558A

ppen

dix

3. R

epti

les

docu

men

ted

duri

ng h

erpe

tofa

unal

sur

veys

of

the

Nat

iona

l P

ark

Ser

vice

’s S

outh

east

Coa

st N

etw

ork:

(o)

par

k no

t w

ithi

n ge

ogra

phic

ran

ge,

(S)

docu

men

ted

by S

RE

L f

ield

sur

veys

, (M

) do

cum

ente

d by

a p

revi

ousl

y ex

isti

ng m

useu

m s

peci

men

, (L

) do

cum

ente

d by

a p

ubli

shed

lit

erat

ure

reco

rd,

(P)

docu

men

ted

by a

rel

iabl

e pe

rson

al c

omm

unic

atio

n. I

ntro

duce

d sp

ecie

s an

d m

arin

e tu

rtle

s w

ere

not

cons

ider

ed p

oten

tial

spe

cies

unl

ess

they

wer

e do

cum

ente

d.D

ata

sour

ces

for

this

tabl

e ar

e li

sted

by

park

in A

ppen

dix

1. F

ull n

ames

for

par

ks a

re p

rovi

ded

in F

igur

e 1

and

App

endi

x 1.

TIM

U in

clud

es F

t. C

arol

ine

Nat

iona

lM

onum

ent;

FO

SU

inc

lude

s F

ort

Mou

ltri

e N

atio

nal

Mon

umen

t; C

AH

A i

nclu

des

Wri

ght

Bro

ther

s N

atio

nal

Mem

oria

l an

d F

ort

Ral

eigh

Nat

iona

l H

isto

ric

Sit

e.S

cien

tifi

c na

mes

fol

low

Cro

ther

(20

00).

TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Cro

codi

lian

s

All

igat

or m

issi

ssip

pien

sis

(Dau

din,

180

3)A

mer

ican

All

igat

orS

M,L

6o

SL

P6

S,L

oS

Tur

tles

Apa

lone

mut

ica

LeS

ueur

, 182

7S

moo

th S

ofts

hell

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Apa

lone

fer

oxS

chne

ide r

, 178

3F

lori

da S

ofts

hell

So

oo

oL

oo

oo

Apa

lone

spi

nife

raL

eSue

ur, 1

827

Spi

ny S

ofts

hell

oo

oP

oS

,P

Che

lydr

a se

rpe n

tina

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

758)

Sna

ppin

g T

urtl

eS

S,M

S,L

S,P

S,L

M,L

S,P

PS

,P

Chr

y se m

y s p

icta

(Sc h

neid

e r, 1

783)

Pa i

nte d

Tur

tle

oo

S,M

,Po

oo

oo

oS

oS


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Cle

mm

ys g

utta

ta(S

chne

ider

, 180

1)S

pott

ed T

urtl

eM

,LM

,Lo

Po

o

Dei

roch

elys

ret

icul

aria

(Lat

reil

le i

n S

onni

ni a

ndL

atri

elle

, 180

1)C

hick

en T

urtl

eo

M,L

So

o

Gra

ptem

ys n

igri

noda

Cag

le, 1

954

Bla

ckkn

obbe

d M

ap T

urtl

eo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Gra

ptem

ys p

ulch

raB

aur,

189

3A

laba

ma

Map

Tur

tle

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Gop

heru

s po

lyph

emus

(Dau

din,

180

2)G

ophe

r T

orto

ise

S,P

oo

oo

oL

7S

,M,L

oo

oo

Kin

oste

rnon

bau

rii

(Ga r

man

, 189

1)S

trip

e d M

ud T

urtl

eM

oL

oo

S

Kin

oste

rnon

sub

rubr

um(L

a cé p

è de ,

178

8)E

a ste

rn M

ud T

urtl

eS

,M,L

M,L

PS

,LS

,LS

,PS

S,P

Mac

roc l

e my s

te m

min

c kii

(Tro

ost

in H

a rla

n, 1

835)

All

iga t

or S

napp

ing

Tur

tle

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Mal

acle

my s

te r

rapi

n(S

c hoe

pff,

179

3)D

iam

ondb

a cke

dT

e rra

pin

M,P

M,L

M,L

oo

M,L

SS

S,L

oo

oo


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Pse

udem

ys p

enin

sula

ris

(Car

r, 1

938)

Pen

insu

la C

oote

rS

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Pse

udem

ys c

onci

nna

(Le

Con

te, 1

830)

Riv

er C

oote

ro

oS

,PS

oS

,M,P

SS

,P

Pse

udem

ys r

ubri

vent

ris

(Le

Con

te, 1

830)

Nor

ther

n R

edbe

llie

d C

oote

ro

M,L

3o

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Pse

udem

ys n

elso

niC

arr,

193

8F

lori

da R

edbe

llie

d C

oote

rS

oo

oo

oM

,Lo

oo

oo

o

Ster

noth

erus

min

or(A

gass

iz, 1

857)

Log

gerh

ead

Mus

k T

urtl

eM

oo

Po

oo

So

Ster

noth

erus

odo

ratu

s(L

atre

ille

in

Son

nini

and

Lat

riel

le, 1

801)

Sti

nkpo

tS

S,M

,PS

,LS

S,P

SS

,P

Te r

rape

ne c

arol

ina

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

758)

Ea s

tern

Box

Tur

tle

ML

2S

4S

,PS

,LM

,LS

S,P

S,P

SS

,P

Tra

chem

y s s

c rip

ta(S

c hoe

pf, 1

792)

Pon

d S

lide

ro

S,M

,Lo

S,P

S,L

M,L

oS

,LS

,PS

SS

,P

Mar

ine

Tur

tle s

Car

e tta

car

e tta

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

758)

Log

gerh

e ad

Se a

turt

leM

,LS

,M,L

oo

oM

,LL

oo

oo


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Che

loni

a m

ydas

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

758)

Gre

en S

eatu

rtle

M,L

Mo

oo

M,L

Lo

oo

o

Der

moc

hely

s co

riac

ea(L

inna

eus,

176

6)L

eath

erba

ck S

eatu

rtle

LM

,Lo

oo

M,L

L,S

oo

oo

Ere

tmoc

hely

s im

bric

ata

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

766)

Haw

ksbi

ll S

eatu

rtle

oo

oM

,Lo

oo

o

Lep

idoc

hely

s ke

mpi

i(G

arm

an, 1

880)

Kem

p’s

Rid

ley

Sea

turt

leL

Po

oo

M,L

oo

oo

Liz

ards

Ano

lis

caro

line

nsis

Voi

gt, 1

832

Gre

e n A

nole

S,M

S,M

,LS

,M,L

S,M

,PS

S,L

S,M

,LS

S,M

,LS

,LS

S,P

S,P

SS

,P

Cne

mid

opho

rus

sexl

inea

tus

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

766)

Six

line

d R

a ce r

unne

rS

,MS

,M,L

S,M

,LM

,PM

,LS

S,M

,LS

M,P

SS

Eum

e ce s

egr

e gio

us(B

a ird

, 185

9)M

ole

Ski

nko

oo

oo

M,L

oP

oo

Eum

e ce s

ant

hrac

inus

(Ba i

rd, 1

850)

Coa

l S

kink

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Eum

e ce s

fas

c iat

us(L

inna

e us,

175

8)C

omm

on F

ive l

ine d

Ski

nkS

,M,P

SS

,LL

5S

,PS

,PS

S,P


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Eum

eces

ine

xpec

tatu

sT

aylo

r, 1

932

Sou

thea

ster

n F

ivel

ined

Ski

nkS

S,M

,LS

,M,L

PS

,LM

,LS

,M,L

LP

SP

Eum

eces

lat

icep

s(S

chne

ider

, 180

1)B

road

head

ed S

kink

SM

,L3

S,P

SS

,LM

,LS

S,P

SS

,P

Oph

isau

rus

atte

nuat

usC

ope,

188

0S

lend

er G

lass

Liz

ard

P1

P

Oph

isau

rus

com

pres

sus

Cop

e, 1

900

Isla

nd G

lass

Liz

ard

oo

oo

M,L

oo

oo

Oph

isau

rus

mim

icus

Pal

mer

, 198

7M

imic

Gla

ss L

izar

do

oo

oo

Oph

isau

rus

vent

rali

s(L

inna

e us,

176

6)E

a ste

rn G

lass

Liz

a rd

S,M

S,M

,LS

,M,L

PM

,LS

M,L

S,M

,L

Rhi

neur

a fl

orid

ana

(Ba i

rd, 1

859)

Flo

rida

Wor

m L

iza r

do

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Sce l

opor

us u

ndul

atus

(La t

reil

le i

n S

onni

ni a

ndL

a tri

e lle

, 180

2)E

a ste

rn F

e nc e

Liz

a rd

SS

,PS

,M,L

SS

,M,P

SS

,P

Scin

c ell

a la

tera

lis

(Sa y

in

Jam

e s, 1

823)

Lit

tle

Bro

wn

Ski

nkS

S,M

,LS

,M,L

S,P

SS

,LS

,M,L

S,M

M,L

LS

,PS

,PS

S,P


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Snak

es

Agk

istr

odon

con

tort

rix

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

766)

Cop

perh

ead

oo

S,P

S,L

oS

,PP

SP

Agk

istr

odon

pis

civo

rus

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

766)

Cot

tonm

outh

P1

S,M

,LL

8S

,LM

,LL

1S

SS

Car

phop

his

amoe

nus

(Say

, 182

5)E

aste

rn W

orm

snak

eo

oS

,PL

oo

oM

,LM

,L,P

SS

Cem

opho

ra c

occi

nea

(B

lum

enba

ch, 1

788)

Sca

rlet

snak

eS

,MP

M,L

S

Col

uber

con

stri

ctor

Lin

naeu

s, 1

758

Eas

tern

Rac

erS

S,M

,LS

,M,L

S,M

,PS

,LS

,M,L

SS

,M,L

S,M

,LS

PS

,PS

S,P

Cro

talu

s ad

aman

teus

Pal

isot

de

Bea

uvoi

s, 1

799

Ea s

tern

Dia

mon

dba c

ked

Ra t

tle s

nake

S,M

L9

oo

M,L

S,M

,LS

,M,L

oo

o

Cro

talu

s ho

rrid

usL

inna

e us,

175

8T

imbe

r R

a ttl

e sna

keM

,Lo

S,L

Lo

PP

Dia

doph

is p

unc t

atus

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

766)

Rin

gne c

ked

Sna

keS

M,L

S,M

,PS

,LM

,LS

,PS

,PS

Dry

mar

c hon

cor

ais

(Boi

e , 1

827)

Ea s

tern

Ind

igo

Sna

keP

1o

oo

oo

M,L

oo

oo

o


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Ela

phe

gutt

ata

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

766)

Cor

nsna

keM

S,M

PM

,LM

M,L

M,L

PP

Ela

phe

obso

leta

(Say

in

Jam

es, 1

823)

Eas

tern

Rat

snak

eS

M,L

M,L

S,P

SS

,LM

,LS

M,L

M,L

SP

S,P

SS

,M

Far

anci

a ab

acur

a(H

olbr

ook,

183

6)R

edbe

llie

d M

udsn

ake

oL

M,L

o

Far

anci

a er

ytro

gram

ma

(Pal

isot

De

Bea

uvoi

s in

Son

nini

and

Lat

reil

le, 1

801)

Rai

nbow

Sna

keM

,L3

oo

oS

Het

erod

on p

lati

rhin

osL

atre

ille

in

Son

nini

and

Lat

riel

le, 1

801

Ea s

tern

Hog

nose

d S

nake

M,L

M,L

S,P

L

He t

e rod

on s

imus

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

766)

Sou

ther

n H

ogno

sed

Sna

keo

o

Lam

prop

e lti

s c a

llig

aste

r (

Ha r

lan,

182

7)Y

e llo

wbe

llie

d K

ings

nake

oo

Po

oo

Lam

prop

e lti

s ge

tula

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

766)

Com

mon

Kin

gsna

keP

1M

,LM

,LS

,PS

,LM

,LS

LS

,PS

,PS

,MS

,P


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Lam

prop

elti

s tr

iang

ulum

(Lac

épèd

e, 1

788)

Mil

ksna

keM

,PP

M,L

Mas

tico

phis

fla

gell

um(S

haw

, 180

2)C

oach

whi

pP

S,M

,LM

,LM

Mic

ruru

s fu

lviu

s(L

inna

eus,

176

6)H

arle

quin

Cor

alsn

ake

oo

oo

o

Ner

odia

ery

thro

gast

er(F

orst

er, 1

771)

Pla

inbe

llie

d W

ater

snak

eo

oM

,PS

,Lo

S,P

PS

S,P

Ner

odia

cla

rkii

(Bai

rd a

nd G

irar

d, 1

853)

Sal

tmar

sh S

nake

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Ne r

odia

fas

c iat

a(L

inna

e us,

176

6)S

outh

e rn

Wa t

e rsn

a ke

S,M

M,L

3M

,Lo

S,L

LS

oo

SS

,P

Ne r

odia

rho

mbi

fer

(Ha l

low

e ll,

185

2)D

iam

ondb

a cke

dW

a te r

sna k

eo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

Ne r

odia

sip

e don

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

758)

Nor

the r

n W

a te r

sna k

eo

M,L

M,L

oS

,M,P

oo

oo

oo

S,P

So

Ne r

odia

flo

rida

na(G

off,

193

6)F

lori

da G

reen

Wat

ersn

ake

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o


IMU

CA

HA

CA

LO

CA

SA

CH

AT

CH

PI

CO

SW

CU

ISF

OF

RF

OM

AF

OP

UF

OS

UH

OB

EK

EM

OM

OC

RO

CM

U

Ner

odia

tax

ispi

lota

(Hol

broo

k, 1

838)

Bro

wn

Wat

ersn

ake

Lo

S,L

SS

,P

Oph

eodr

ys a

esti

vus

(Lin

naeu

s, 1

766)

Rou

gh G

reen

snak

eS

M,L

M,L

S,M

,PS

,LM

,LS

,M,L

S,L

S,P

PP

S,P

Pit

uoph

is m

elan

oleu

cus

(Dau

din,

180

3)P

ines

nake

P1

oL

5

Reg

ina

alle

ni(G

arm

an, 1

874)

Str

iped

Cra

yfis

h S

nake

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

oo

o

Reg

ina

rigi

da(S

ay, 1

825)

Glo

ssy

Cra

yfis

h S

nake

oo

oo

o

Reg

ina

sept

emvi

ttat

a(S

a y, 1

825)

Que

e n S

nake

oo

oo

S,P

oo

oo

oo

M,P

oo

Rha

dina

ea f

lav i

lata

(Cop

e , 1

871)

Pin

e W

oods

Lit

ters

nake

SM

,LS

oL

10M

,Lo

oo

Sem

inat

rix

pyga

ea(C

ope ,

187

1)B

lac k

Sw

amps

nake

So

oo

o

Sist

ruru

s m

ilia

rius

(Lin

nae u

s, 1

766)

Pig

my

Ra t

tle s

nake

P1

L8


TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

AS

AC

HA

TC

HP

IC

OS

WC

UIS

FO

FR

FO

MA

FO

PU

FO

SU

HO

BE

KE

MO

MO

CR

OC

MU

Stor

eria

dek

ayi/

vict

a(H

olbr

ook,

183

9)D

eKay

’s/F

lori

daB

row

nsna

keP

1S

,M,L

S,P

SS

,PP

P

Stor

eria

occ

ipit

omac

ulat

a(S

tore

r, 1

839)

Red

bell

ied

Sna

keS

S,P

S,L

M,L

SS

P

Tan

till

a co

rona

taB

aird

and

Gir

ard,

185

3S

outh

east

ern

Cro

wne

dS

nake

oP

oo

o

Tha

mno

phis

sau

ritu

s(L

inna

eus,

176

6)E

aste

rn R

ibbo

nsna

keM

,PS

,M,L

M,L

PL

M,L

LS

,P

Tha

mno

phis

sir

tali

s(L

inna

eus,

175

8)C

omm

on G

a rte

rsna

keS

,PS

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gini

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nae u

s, 1

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gh E

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oo

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and

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oduc

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n, 1

837

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wn

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leS

SS

,M,L

S


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udem

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arr,

193

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llie

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oote

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chem

ys s

crip

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choe

pf, 1

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d S

lide

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idac

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rnot

iiD

umér

il a

nd B

ibro

n, 1

836

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ific

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koM

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idac

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s tu

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inna

eus,

175

8)M

edit

erra

nean

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se G

ecko

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ynos

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corn

utum

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lan,

182

5)T

exas

Hor

ned

Liz

ard

M

1 Rep

orte

d hi

stor

ical

ly, n

ot f

ound

in

cont

empo

rary

sur

veys

.2 R

epor

ted

only

fro

m W

righ

t B

roth

ers

Nat

iona

l M

emor

ial,

Kil

l D

evil

Hil

ls, B

odie

Isl

and;

app

aren

tly

not

esta

blis

hed

wit

hin

park

bo u

ndar

ies

at o

ther

sit

es.

3 Rep

orte

d on

ly f

rom

Ft.

Ra l

e igh

Na t

iona

l H

isto

ric

site

on

Roa

noke

Isl

a nd;

app

a re n

tly

not

e sta

blis

hed

wit

hin

park

bou

nda r

ies

on H

a tte

ras,

Bod

ie,

or O

c ra c

oke

Isla

nds.

4 Rep

orte

d on

ly f

rom

NP

S l

a nd

on H

a rke

r’s

Isla

nd;

a ppa

rent

ly n

ot e

sta b

lish

e d o

n S

hac k

lefo

rd o

r C

ore

Ba n

ks.

5 Rep

orte

d by

Hil

lest

a d e

t a l

. (19

75);

not

fou

nd i

n c o

ntem

pora

ry s

urve

ys a

nd b

e lie

ved

to b

e e r

rone

ous

by S

hoop

and

Ruc

kde s

c he l

(20

00).

6 Indi

vidu

a ls

occ a

sion

a lly

re p

orte

d fr

om t

he p

a rk,

alm

ost

c ert

a inl

y no

t a

resi

dent

pop

ula t

ion.

7 Sus

pec t

e d t

o be

an

intr

oduc

e d s

pec i

e s.

8 His

tori

c all

y re

port

e d, w

e a n

d th

e N

PS

(19

77;

Man

agem

ent

Re p

ort

No.

22)

fin

d no

evi

denc

e th

a t t

hese

spe

c ie s

sti

ll e

xist

wit

hin

park

bou

nda r

ies.

9 Rep

ort

(Qua

y 19

59)

is b

e lie

ved

to b

e e r

rone

ous

by s

e ve r

a l a

utho

riti

e s;

we

foun

d no

evi

denc

e th

a t t

he s

pec i

e s i

s pr

e se n

t w

ithi

n th

e pa

rk t

oday

.10

App

a re n

tly

only

kno

wn

from

Lit

tle

Cum

berl

a nd

Isla

nd (

Sho

op a

nd R

uckd

e sc h

e l 2

000)

.


App

endi

x 4.

Sum

mar

y of

her

peto

faun

al s

urve

ys o

f th

e N

atio

nal

Par

k S

ervi

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Sou

thea

st C

oast

Net

wor

k. F

ull

nam

es f

or p

arks

are

pro

vide

d in

Fig

ure

1 an

dA

ppen

dix

1. T

IMU

inc

lude

s F

t. C

arol

ine

Nat

iona

l M

onum

ent;

FO

SU

inc

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s F

ort

Mou

ltri

e N

atio

nal

Mon

umen

t; C

AH

A i

nclu

des

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ght

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s N

atio

nal

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oria

l an

d F

ort

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eigh

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isto

ric

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e.

TIM

UC

AH

AC

AL

OC

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AC

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TC

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WC

UIS

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FR

FO

MA

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PU

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Par

k si

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ha)

3462

14,2

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818

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7982

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6636

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# na

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ve

spec

ies

docu

men

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61.2

48.5

34.7

3.1

77.5

7.6

59.8

61.0

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55.1

50.5

58.5

# in

trod

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40

03

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00

Her

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e sp

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cum

ente

d)

Anu

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2523

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66

018

1313

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15

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c odi

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s2

20

00

02

25

04

00

00

2

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1723

260

150

1122

1023

130

1312

1213

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iza r

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1314

015

508

1625

1917

2513

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3533

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ber

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me t

hod)

S

RE

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ield

sur

veys

4421

136

438

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158

4828

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use u

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442

267

07

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2

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00

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e rs.

com

mun

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ions

160

10

620

40

10

00

4137

131

025 329 Tuberville 33 - Herpetologysrelherp.uga.edu/jd/jdweb/research/publications... · Specimen...

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