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INDEX

Index Terms Links

A

AC four pin soil/water box resistivity test 295 304–306 314–315

AC four pin resistivity test 294 298–300 311–312

AC stray current, corrosion and 202

AC supply, rectifier transformer taps 6 153–157

AC two pin soil/water box resistivity test 295 306–307 314–315

AC voltage gradient grid 284–285

Adjustive survey

AC voltage 140 

criteria 140–142 

current interrupter installations 133

DC power source 131–133 148

DC stray current (interference) 137–138 146–148

depolarization 135  141–142 

interrupted (ON/OFF) potentials 135–136

investigation 138–139 

 IR drop 140–141 

overview 129 

 pipeline current measurements 140  148 

 precautions 130 

 pretest information 131 

rectifiers 131–133  148 

safety equipment 130 

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Adjustive survey (Cont .)

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 133–137  142–146 

sub-criterion potentials, causes 142

tools/equipment 129 

troubleshooting 135–139  143–145 

Alternating current (AC) voltage testing

AC voltage gradient grid 284–285

capacitive couplings 273 

chart recorders 277–278 

conductive (resistive) couplings 274 

data loggers 279 

DC decouplers 281–284 

digital AC voltmeters 278–279 

discontinuities 274  276 

electrical grounds 281  282 

electrolytic decouplers 283 

electronic decouplers 283  284 

inductive couplings 273–274 

overview 273–275 

 pipe-to-earth voltage measurements 279–281 290–291

 precautions 276 

safety equipment 275–276 

step voltage 275  285–288 

tools/equipment 275 

touch voltage 275  285  288–290 

voltmeters 277–279 

Ammeters

DC 75–77  81–82 

described 77 

 precautions 74–75 

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Analog voltmeters 52–55 277 278

See also Voltmeters

Annulus resistance 258

Anode testing 23 30–33

See also Sacrificial

anode systems

B

Back-of-the-hand method 22

Barnes layer analysis 125 126 315–318

Bench testing isolation 243–244 252

C

Calibration factor calculations 82 120 121

Capacitive couplings 273

Casing calibration 264–266

Casing depolarization test 263–264 268 269

Cathodic protection (CP) systems, purpose of 228

Chart recorders 277–278

Chloride contamination, of reference

electrodes 46–47 

Circuit breakers, in rectifiers 6–7 34–35

Circuit resistance, external calculation 155

CIS. See Close interval structure-to-electrolyte

 potential survey (CIS)

Clamp-on ammeter millivolt to amperes

conversion 81 

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Close interval structure-to-electrolyte

 potential survey (CIS)

anodic interference 211 

cathodic interference 212 

copper-copper sulfate (CSE) reference

electrodes 178 

criteria 197–198 

data logger method 176

data logger/single reference electrode/ON 180–182 192

data logger/single reference

electrode/ON/OFF 185–187  193 

data logger/walking reference

electrode/ON 182–184  192 

data logger/walking reference

electrode/ ON/ OFF 187–189  193–194 

depolarization 198 

diagnostic testing 98–99  117  118 

dynamic (telluric) DC stray current 190–191 196

interruption cycles 189–190  194–195 

 IR drop 182 185  187 

overview 175 

 polarization 198 

 precautions 177–178 

safety equipment 177 

synchronization loss 195 

tools/equipment 175–177 

voltmeter connection 176 

voltmeter/single reference electrode/ON 178–180 191–192

voltmeter/single reference

electrode/ON/OFF 184–185  192–193 

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Coating conductance test 105–106 122–124

Commissioning survey

AC structure-to-ground voltage 163 

cause investigation 162–163 

criteria 164–166 

data loggers 170–171 

DC power source 153–157 172

depolarization 160–161  165–166 

dynamic DC stray current 161–162 170–171

interrupted (ON/OFF) potentials 159–160

 IR drop 164–165 

overview 151 

 pipeline current measurement 158  163  164

  172–173 

 precautions 152–153 

 pretest information 153 

sacrificial anode systems 156 167

safety equipment 152 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 157–161  166–170 

tools/equipment 151–152 

troubleshooting 166–169 

Conductive (resistive) couplings 274

Constant voltage rectifiers 11–15 20

See also Rectifiers

Copper-copper sulfate (CSE) reference

electrodes

calibration 68–70  95 

CIS 178 

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Copper-copper sulfate (CSE) reference

electrodes (Cont .)

electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings 260 

maintenance 67–68 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 46–48  55  62

  95  134  157 

Copper corrosion 201

Corrosion issues

AC stray current 202

DC stray current 201–202

rectifiers 10 

CP Corrosion Technician/Technologist/

Specialist 2 

CP Specialist 2 202 258

CP Technician/Technologist 2 202 258

CP Tester 2 61 202

  258 

Current attenuation 258

Current interrupter installations 97–98 133 157

Current mapping 215–216 222–226 241–243

  252 

D

D’Arsonval voltmeter movement 43 52

See also Voltmeters

Data loggersalternating current (AC) voltage testing 279

CIS 180–189  192–194 

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Data loggers (Cont .)

commissioning survey 170–171 

DC stray currents 115–117 147–148 216

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 135 

DC ammeters 74–77 81–82

See also Ammeters

DC decouplers 281–284

DC four-pin/equal spacing resistivity test 293–294 296–298 309–311

DC four-pin/unequal spacing resistivity test 294 300–302 312–313

DC soil/water box resistivity testing 295 302–304 313–314

DC stray current (interference)

additional isolation 220 

adjustive survey 137–138  146–148 

anodic 204  210–211  220–221 

 bonds 217–218 

cathodic 203  212–215  222 

corrosion issues 201–202 

current mapping 215–216  222–226  241–243 

dynamic (See Dynamic (telluric) DC stray

current)

forced current bonds 220 

ICCP, use of 219

initial detection 207 

internal 217 

overview 201–205 

 post-mitigation testing 217–220 

 precautions 206 

recoating 219 

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DC stray current (interference) (Cont .)

sacrificial anode systems 218–219

safety equipment 205–206 

soil voltage gradients 207–210  220  221 

sources 202–204 

tools/equipment 205 

Depolarization

adjustive survey 141–142 

casing test 263–264  268  269 

CIS 198 

commissioning survey 160–161  165–166 

criteria 165–166 

diagnostic testing 101–102 

 potentials 137  160–161 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 141–142  160–161  165–166 

Diagnostic testing (DT). See also

Troubleshooting

 baseline survey 99–102  118 

cause investigation 93–94 

CIS 98–99  117  118 

coating conductance 105–106  122–124 

criteria 109–111 

current drain tests, auxiliary 102–104 118–119

DC power supply/interrupter installation 97–98

depolarization 101–102 

design information 108–109  126–127 

dynamic DC stray current 96–97 115–117

interrupted (ON/OFF) potentials 100–101 118

 IR drop 99 100  110 

overview 91  112–114 

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Diagnostic testing (DT). See also

Troubleshooting (Cont .)

 pipeline current measurements 104–106  119–122 

 polarity 103 

 precautions 92–93 

 pretest information 93 

rectifiers 92 

safety equipment 92 

soil resistivity 107–108  126–126  293 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials

analysis 111–115 

criteria 109–111 

dynamic stray current 117  118 

interrupted (on/off) 57–58  65  100–101

  118 

 procedure 94–96  98–99 

tools/equipment 91–92 

Digital voltmeters 43 51–52 54–57

  135  278–279 

See also Voltmeters

Diode bridge circuit, in rectifiers 36–37

Direct current (DC) measurements

adjustive survey 131–133  143–145 

current interrupter installations 133

DC ammeters 76  81 

DC clamp-on ammeter 77 81

overview 73 

 pipeline current span 75–76  79–81  85–89 

 polarity determination 78  82 

 precautions 74–76 

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Direct current (DC) measurements (Cont .)

safety equipment 74 

shunt calibration factor 82–83

Shunt Ratio Method 82

Shunt Resistance Method 83–85

shunts 77–79 

tools/equipment 73–74 

troubleshooting 27–29  112–113  143–145

  167–169 

Direct potential method, isolation 230–232  247–248 

Direct potential method, road casings 261 262 267

Discontinuities 274  276 

Dynamic (telluric) DC stray current

adjustive survey 137–138  146–148 

CIS 190–191  196 

commissioning survey 161–162  170–171 

corrosion issues 201–202 

data loggers 115–117  147–148  216 

diagnostic testing 96–97  115–117 

interrupted (ON/OFF) potentials 65

overview 203–205 

source determination 216  223–226 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 58–60  65–67  137–138 

E

Electrical current, human resistance to 291

Electrical grounds 281 282

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Electrical isolation

 bench testing 243–244  252 

 bypasses 229 

current tests 235–236  249–250  252 

decision tree 255 

direct potential method 230–232  247–248 

interrupted potential test 232–233  248 

isolation checker 233–235  249 

isolator resistance 243–247  252–254 

overview 227 

 precautions 228–230 

resistance testing/post-installation 245–247  252–254 

safety equipment 228 

sonic signal tracing 236–241 250–252

tools/equipment 227 

underground contacts 240–243  251–252 

Electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings

casing calibration 264–266 

casing depolarization test 263–264 268 269

current attenuation 258 

decision tree 271 

direct potential method 261  262  267 

electrolytic couple 257–260 

electrolytic short 257  260 

ON/OFF (interrupted) potentials method 261–262 267–268

overview 257–259 

 pipe-to-casing contact location, predicting 264–267 268–270

 potential attenuation 258 

 precautions 259–260 

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Electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings (Cont .)

road casing annulus resistance 258

safety equipment 259 

tools/equipment 259 

Electrolytic couple 257–260

Electrolytic decouplers 283

Electrolytic short 257 260

Electromotive force (EMF)

effects, determination of 131  154 

in rectifier energizing 12

Electronic decouplers 283 284

EMF. See Electromotive force (EMF)

F

Faraday’s law 201

H

Hazard identification 3

HVAC precautions 152 178 206

  276 

Hydrogen electrodes 47

I

Impedance in structure-to-electrolyte

 potential measurement 44  95  134 

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Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP)

adjustive survey of 129–149

commissioning of 157–173 

diagnostic testing of 91–127

DC stray current interference from 201–226

rectifiers 1–40 

Inductive couplings 273–274

Interference. See DC stray current

(interference)

Interrupted (ON/OFF) potentials

adjustive survey 135–136 

commissioning survey 159–160 

diagnostic testing 100–101  118 

dynamic stray current 65

electrical isolation 232–233  248 

electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings 261–262  267–268 

 IR drop and 60–64

 procedure 57–58 

underground contacts 240  248 

 IR drop

adjustive survey 140–141 

anodic interference 221 

CIS 182  185  187 

commissioning survey 164–165 

diagnostic testing 99  100  110 

interruption cycles 189–190  194–195 

overview 48–50 

 pipeline crossing 213 

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 IR drop (Cont .)

 polarity and 62–64  110–111  141

  165 

 prediction, soil coupon test 60–61

reference electrodes 62 

Iron corrosion 201

Isolating joints 214 246

Isolation checker 233–235 249

L

Lead corrosion 201

Liquids, current resistance in 253

M

Millivolt to amperes conversion 81

O

Ohm’s law 48 75 84

  120 

P

Pipe current connections, four-wire 80

Pipeline crossing positions, reference

electrodes 135  213 

Pipeline current span

adjustive survey 140  148 calibration factor calculations 120 121

commissioning survey 158  163  164

  172–173 

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Pipeline current span (Cont .)

current calculations 122 

DC measurements 75–76  79–81  85–89 

diagnostic testing 104–106  119–122 

four-wire 119–120 

resistance calculation 120 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 158 

two-wire 121 

Pipe-to-casing contact location, predicting 264–267 268–270

Pipe-to-earth voltage measurements 279–281 290–291

Polarity

calculations 103  110–111  141

  165 

CIS 198 

current mapping 215–216 

diagnostic testing 103 

 IR drop and 62–64 110–111 141

  165 

soil voltage gradients 207–210 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 54–55  62  101–102 

voltmeters 54–55 

Potential attenuation 258

Power line precautions 152 178 206

  276 

Prevention 3 

Q

Qualifications for procedures 2 61 202

  258 

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R

Rectifiers

AC fuses 7–8  20  35–36 

AC tap setting, predicting 15

adjustive survey 131–133  148 

adjustment

constant current 17–18 

constant potential 18–19 

single-phase tap type 15–16 

three-phase tap type 16–17 

air-cooled 5  20  23 

ammeter accuracy determination 22

anode bed resistance 23

 back EMF in 12 23

 bridge circuits 9 

circuit breakers 6–7  34–35 

components 1  5–7 

constant voltage 11–15  20 

corrosion issues 10 

DC fuses 9  20  38 

DC load resistance, calculation of 14

DC output terminals 10

DC voltage output, calculation of 15

diagnostic testing precautions 92

diode bridge circuit 36–37 

dual-AC-voltage input 6  34 

efficiency, calculation of 23–25 

EMF in 12 

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Rectifiers (Cont .)

energizing /re-energizing tap-type constant

voltage 11–15 

inspection 19–25 

meterdshunt 9–10  38–39 

monitoring, routine 21 

offline time, calculation of 25

oil-cooled 5  20  22 

overview 1–3 

 personnel qualifications 2  202 

 polarity connections 10  37  39

  132  154 

 potential controlled 18–19 

 precautions 4 – 5  10  130

  152 

rectifying elements 8–9  36–38 

safety equipment 4 

shunts 9–10  38–39 

structure-to-electrolyte potential in 10 11 18

  19  25  29

  39

surge protection 7  10  34

  39

taps, changing 12–13 

tap setting, calculation of 14

three-phase 7  14  16–17 

tools/equipment 3–4 

transformers, windings in 7 35

transformer secondary tap survey 153–157

transformer taps 6–8  34–35 

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Rectifiers (Cont .)

troubleshooting

AC fuses 35–36 

anodes, failing 33 

cable resistance measurement 31–32 

cable tracing 33 

DC fuses 38 

DC power supply 27–29 

meters 38–39 

one-half method 33 

overview 25–30 

rectifying elements 36–38 

structure-anode circuit 30–32 

transformer-rectifier 34–35 

Reference electrodes

calibration 68–70 

chloride contamination 46–47 

conversion 64–65 

CSE (See Copper-copper sulfate (CSE)

reference electrodes)

electrical isolation 228 

electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings 260 

 IR drop 62 

isolating joints 214  246 

maintenance 67–68 

overview 46–48 

 pipeline crossing positions 213 

 precautions 98 

SCE 47 

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Reference electrodes (Cont .)

SSC 46  48  70–72

  134 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 54  95  134 

temperature, potential and 48 

Resistance testing/post-installation 245–247 252–254

Resistive (conductive) couplings 274

Resistivity probe testing 295 307–308 315

Risk assessment 3

S

Sacrificial anode systems

AC voltage gradient grid 285

adjustive survey 133  143–145 

commissioning survey 156  167 

DC stray current (interference) 218–219

soil resistivity measurement 107–108 

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 218–219 

troubleshooting 112  143  167 

Saturated calomel electrodes (SCE) 47

Sea water electrode 46 48 70–72

  134 

Shunt Ratio Method 82

Shunt Resistance Method 83–85

Shunts

calibration factor 82–83 

DC measurement 77–79  precautions 75 

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Shunts (Cont .)

in rectifiers 9–10  38–39 

resistance factors 84 

types of 78 

Silver-silver chloride (SSC) reference

electrodes 46  48  70–72

  134 

Soil

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 44  95  134

  158 

voltage gradients 207–210  220  221 

Soil coupon test 60–41 64 214

  215 

Soil resistivity measurement

AC four-pin method 294 298–300 311–312

AC four-pin soil/water box 295 304–306 314–315

AC two-pin soil/water box 295 306–307 314–315

DC four-pin/equal spacing 293–294 296–298 309–311

DC four-pin/unequal spacing 294 300–302 312–313

DC soil/water box 295  302–304  313–314 

electrical isolation 253 

four-pin method 107–108  124–126  293 

layer analysis 125  126  315–318 

overview 293 

 precautions 295–296 

resistivity probe 295  307–308  315 

sacrificial anode systems 107–108

safety equipment 295 

tools/equipment 293–295 

touch voltage 288 

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Sonic signal tracing

 parallel piping 236–237  250 

underground-contacts 241  251–252 

utility piping isolation testing 236–240 250–251

SSC (silver-silver chloride) reference

electrodes 46  48  70–72

  134 

Steel surfaces

DC stray current effects 201–202

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 140  164–165  197 

Step voltage 275 285–288

Structure-to-electrolyte potentials

adjustive survey 133–137  142–146 

 bonds 217–218 

cathodic protection criteria 61–63

close interval testing (See Close interval

structure-to-electrolyte potential

survey (CIS))

commissioning survey 157–161 

current-carrying wires 45  46 

depolarization (See Depolarization)

diagnostic testing

analysis 111–115 

criteria 109–111 

dynamic stray current 117  118 

interrupted (on/off) 57–58  65  100–101

  118 

 procedures 94–96  98–99  117

  118 

direct potential method 230–232 

166 –170 

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Structure-to-electrolyte potentials (Cont .)

dynamic (telluric) DC stray current (See 

Dynamic (telluric) DC stray current)

electronegativity 18  29 

equipment 41–42  51 

impedance in 44  95  134 

interrupted (on/off) (See Interrupted

(ON/OFF) potentials)

 IR drop (See IR drop)

isolating joints 214  246 

low contact resistances 45

overview 41 

 pipeline crossing 213 

 pipelines 135 

 polarity (See Polarity)

 potential circuit/resistance components 44

 precautions 42–50  92–93 

records 55–57 

in rectifiers 10  11  18

  19  25  29

  39

reference electrodes (See Reference

electrodes)

sacrificial anode systems 218–219

safety equipment 42 

soil 44  95  134

  158  253 

soil coupon test 60–61 64 214

  215 

soil voltage gradients 207–210 

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Structure-to-electrolyte potentials (Cont .)

steel structures, submerged/buried 140 166–165 197

tools/equipment 414–251 

voltmeters

analog 52–54 

current interruption spiking 45 

digital 51–52 

 precautions 42–45  95  134

  158 

Surge protection, rectifiers 7 10 34

  39

T

Telluric current. See Dynamic (telluric) DC

stray current

Temperature, reference electrode potential

and 48

Touch voltage 275 285 288–290

Troubleshooting. See also Diagnostic testing

(DT)

adjustive survey 143–145 

commissioning survey 166–169 

DC power supply 27–29 112–113 143–145

  167–169 

diagnostic testing 112–114 

overview 3 

rectifiers 25–39 sacrificial anode systems 112 143 167

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U

Underground electrical isolation and

resistivity 253 

V

Voltage for design current calculation 155

Voltmeters

analog 52–55  277  278 

CIS 176  178–180  184–185

  191–193 

current interruption spiking 45

D’Arsonval movement 43  52 

digital 43  51–52  54–57

  135  278–279 

electrical isolation/road/railroad cased

crossings, use in testing 260 

electrical isolation, use in testing 228–260

four-wire pipe current connections 80

measurement accuracy 44 

 polarity 54–55  potential circuit/resistance components 44

 precautions 42–45  75 

shunt connections 78 

soil types, impedance and 44

structure-to-electrolyte potentials 42–45  51–54  95

  134  158