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COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group ofcompanies, or of any organisation or group of organisations.No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by any contributor, or by the CODASYLCOBOL Committee,1 as to the accuracy and functioning of the programming system andlanguage. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee,in connection therewith.The authors and copyright holders of the copyrighted materials used herein are:• FLOW-MATIC (trademark of Sperry Rand Corporation), Programming for the UNI-VAC ® I and II, Data Automation Systems, copyrighted 1958, 1959 by Sperry RandCorporation,2• IBM Commercial Translator, Form No. F28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM, and• FACT, DSI 27A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell.
They have specially authorised the use of this material, in whole or in part, in theCOBOL specifications. Such authorisation extends to the reproduction and use of COBOLspecifications in programming manuals or similar publications.
This work is typeset in Roboto.
Copyright © 2016 Edward HartPermission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the termsof the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published bythe Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and noBack-Cover Texts. Your attention is drawn to the copy of the license in Appendix A.
The moral rights of the author have been asserted.1The CODASYL COBOL committee was dissolved in 1992. Its work was continued by ANSI X3J4 and thenINCITS PL22.4, which was itself dissolved in 2015.2Sperry Rand’s computer business is now part of Unisys.
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Contents
Foreword xii
Changelog xiv
1. Key 3
2. Language fundamentals 52.1. Lexical elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.1. COBOL words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.2. User-defined words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.3. Reserved words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.4. Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3. Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.1. Arithmetic expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3.2. Concatenation expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3.3. Conditional expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83. Compiler directives 103.1. D directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2. COPY statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3. DEFINE directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.4. DISPLAY directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.5. EJECT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.6. IF directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.7. LEAP-SECOND directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.8. LISTING directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.9. PAGE directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.10. PROCESS statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.11. REPLACE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.12. SET directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.13. SKIP1 statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.14. SKIP2 statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.15. SKIP3 statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.16. SOURCE directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.17. TURN directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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Contents
4. Compilation group 28
5. Identification division 315.1. PROGRAM-ID paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.2. FUNCTION-ID paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326. Environment division 346.1. Configuration section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.1.1. SOURCE-COMPUTER paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.1.2. OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.1.3. SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.1.4. REPOSITORY paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.2. Input-output section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.2.1. FILE-CONTROL paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.2.2. I-O-CONTROL paragraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427. Data division 447.1. File section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.1.1. File description entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.2. Working-storage section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467.3. Local-storage section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.4. Linkage section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.5. Report section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.5.1. Report description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.6. Screen section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.6.1. Screen description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.7. Record description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.8. Constant definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.9. Data division clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.9.1. BLANK WHEN ZERO clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.9.2. BLOCK clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597.9.3. COLUMN clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.9.4. Entry name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617.9.5. JUSTIFIED clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627.9.6. LINAGE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.9.7. LINE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647.9.8. Level-number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657.9.9. NEXT GROUP clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.9.10. OCCURS clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677.9.11. PRESENT WHEN clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687.9.12. RECORD clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697.9.13. SIGN clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.9.14. SOURCE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717.9.15. SUM clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
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7.9.16. TYPE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737.9.17. USAGE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747.9.18. VALUE clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767.9.19. VARYING clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778. Procedure division 798.1. Common phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798.1.1. RETRY phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798.1.2. ROUNDED phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818.1.3. SIZE phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828.2. ACCEPT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838.3. ADD statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878.4. ALLOCATE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898.5. ALTER statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.6. CALL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.7. CANCEL statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928.8. CLOSE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.9. COMMIT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948.10. COMPUTE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.11. CONTINUE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968.12. DELETE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978.13. DISPLAY statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.14. DIVIDE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018.15. ENTRY statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028.16. EVALUATE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038.17. EXIT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048.18. FREE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058.19. GENERATE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068.20. GO TO statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078.21. GOBACK statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088.22. IF statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098.23. INITIALIZE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108.24. INITIATE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118.25. INSPECT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128.26. MERGE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138.27. MOVE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148.28. MULTIPLY statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158.29. NEXT SENTENCE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168.30. OPEN statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178.31. PERFORM statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188.32. READ statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208.33. READY statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218.34. RELEASE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228.35. RESET statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
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Contents
8.36. RETURN statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248.37. REWRITE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258.38. ROLLBACK statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268.39. SEARCH statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278.40. SET statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288.41. SORT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308.42. START statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318.43. STOP statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1328.44. STRING statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338.45. SUBTRACT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348.46. SUPPRESS statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1368.47. TERMINATE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378.48. TRANSFORM statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1388.49. UNLOCK statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1398.50. UNSTRING statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1408.51. USE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1418.52. WRITE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439. Intrinsic functions 1469.1. ABS function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469.2. ACOS function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479.3. ANNUITY function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489.4. ASIN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1499.5. ATAN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509.6. BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519.7. BYTE-LENGTH function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529.8. CHAR function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539.9. CHAR-NATIONAL function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549.10. COMBINED-DATETIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559.11. CONCATENATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569.12. COS function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1579.13. CURRENCY-SYMBOL function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1589.14. CURRENT-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599.15. DATE-OF-INTEGER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1609.16. DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619.17. DAY-OF-INTEGER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629.18. DAY-TO-YYYYDDD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1639.19. DISPLAY-OF function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1649.20. E function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659.21. EXCEPTION-FILE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1669.22. EXCEPTION-FILE-N function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1679.23. EXCEPTION-LOCATION function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1689.24. EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1699.25. EXCEPTION-STATEMENT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
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Contents
9.26. EXCEPTION-STATUS function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719.27. EXP function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1729.28. EXP10 function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1739.29. FACTORIAL function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749.30. FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1759.31. FORMATTED-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769.32. FORMATTED-DATETIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1779.33. FORMATTED-TIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1789.34. FRACTION-PART function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1799.35. HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809.36. INTEGER function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819.37. INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829.38. INTEGER-OF-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1839.39. INTEGER-OF-DAY function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849.40. INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1859.41. INTEGER-PART function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869.42. LENGTH function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879.43. LENGTH-AN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889.44. LOCALE-COMPARE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899.45. LOCALE-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909.46. LOCALE-TIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919.47. LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929.48. LOG function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939.49. LOG10 function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949.50. LOWER-CASE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959.51. LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969.52. MAX function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979.53. MEAN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989.54. MEDIAN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999.55. MIDRANGE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2009.56. MIN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019.57. MOD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029.58. MODULE-CALLER-ID function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2039.59. MODULE-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2049.60. MODULE-FORMATTED-DATE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2059.61. MODULE-ID function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2069.62. MODULE-PATH function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2079.63. MODULE-SOURCE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2089.64. MODULE-TIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2099.65. MONETARY-DECIMAL-POINT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2109.66. MONETARY-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119.67. NATIONAL-OF function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2129.68. NUMERIC-DECIMAL-POINT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2139.69. NUMERIC-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
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Contents
9.70. NUMVAL function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2159.71. NUMVAL-C function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2169.72. NUMVAL-F function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179.73. ORD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2189.74. ORD-MAX function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199.75. ORD-MIN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209.76. PI function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2219.77. PRESENT-VALUE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2229.78. RANDOM function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2239.79. RANGE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2249.80. REM function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2259.81. REVERSE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269.82. SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2279.83. SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2289.84. SIGN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2299.85. SIN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2309.86. SQRT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2319.87. STANDARD-COMPARE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2329.88. STANDARD-DEVIATION function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2339.89. STORED-CHAR-LENGTH function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2349.90. SUBSTITUTE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2359.91. SUBSTITUTE-CASE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2369.92. SUM function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2379.93. TAN function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2389.94. TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399.95. TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2409.96. TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2419.97. TEST-NUMVAL function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429.98. TEST-NUMVAL-C function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2439.99. TEST-NUMVAL-F function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2449.100. TRIM function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459.101. UPPER-CASE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2469.102. VARIANCE function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2479.103. WHEN-COMPILED function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2489.104. YEAR-TO-YYYY function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Appendices 253
A. GNU Free Documentation License 255A.1. Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255A.2. Applicability and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256A.3. Verbatim copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258A.4. Copying in quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259A.5. Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
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Contents
A.6. Combining documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262A.7. Collections of documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263A.8. Aggregation with independent works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264A.9. Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265A.10. Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266A.11. Future revisions of this license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267A.12. Relicensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268A.13. Addendum: How to use this License for your documents . . . . . . . . . 269
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Foreword
This document describes the syntax of COBOL as supported by GnuCOBOL. It is hopedit will complement Gary Cutler’s 2013 GnuCOBOL Programmer’s Guide which does notdocument recent features added to GnuCOBOL. It is also formatted in LATEX, so thateverything looks a bit prettier.The syntax diagrams were transcribed from GnuCOBOL’s parsers. It thus replicatessomeunusual syntax rules andmisses some syntax rules implemented outside the parser.For example, the obsolete identification division comment paragraphs are allowed in anyorder and the syntax of a file-control entry does not distinguish between SEQUENTIAL,INDEXED and RELATIVE organisations.This is a draft and so hasmany flaws. Designed to document features theProgrammer’sGuide does not, it strangely lacks a list of these new features. Important syntax ruleswhich cannot be contained in syntax diagrams are missing. There are no definitions offundamental objects such as conditions and identifiers. If people find this documentuseful, I will try to fix these shortcomings.
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ChangelogFrom 23 November 2013.General
• 64-bit numbers: fixed bugs in handling of 64-bit numbers (e.g. bug #229).• C compiler support: fixed errors in compilers without designated initializers.• Comments: added ACUCOBOL comments: $ as synonym for * in indicator areaand | as synonym for floating comment indicator *>.• curses: fixed compilation errors when configured without curses (bug #90).• Error messages: error messages are now lowercase, in line with the GNU CodingStandards (bug #198).• Error messages: segfaults in the compiler now cause an error message to bedisplayed.• Indicators: invalid indicators no longer cause compilation to immediately terminate(feature request #126).• Manpage: added manpage generation and installation.• Nested programs: Nested programs no longer need to have END PROGRAM.• National literals: added basic support for national literals.• Numeric literals: added ACUCOBOL numeric literals: B#. . . for binary, O#. . . foroctal and X#. . . and H#. . . for hexadecimal.• Numeric literals: fixed bug #167 involving overly large numeric literals.• Listings: added complete listing support (-t/-T compiler options).• Literals: fixed heap corruptions caused by uncommon literals (bug #195).• Literals: allow concatenation of literal and Boolean literals.• Microsoft Visual C++: output when compiling with cl.exe is now filtered and tem-porary files are deleted.• stdin: allow COBOL code to come from stdin.
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Changelog
• User-defined functions: function definitions must now end with END FUNCTION.• User-defined functions: function definitions may no longer be nested in programs(bug #255).• Variable format: added support for Micro Focus’ variable source format.
Configuration options
• Aliases: compiler configurations can now specify whether a reserved word is analias for another reserved word.• Deleted compiler configuration options: cobol85-reserved.• New compiler configurations: acu for ACUCOBOL, cobol2014 for COBOL 2014.• New compiler configuration options: accept-display-extensions, accept-update,accept-auto, acucobol-literals, call-overflow, console-is-crt, literal-length, no-echo-means-secure, not-exception-before-exception, numeric-boolean, numeric-literal-length, program-name-redefinition, renames-uncommon-levels, reserved, specify-all-reserved, word-length (feature request #43).• Renamed compiler configuration options: relaxed-syntax-check to relax-syntax-checks.• Reserved words: compiler configurations can now specify all the reserved wordsand context-sensitive words permitted.• Runtime configuration: added ability to configure programs at runtime.
Compiler directives
• $ indicator character: added $ as an indicator for compiler directive lines.• >>IF directive: fixed bug #263, where nested >>IF directives were not handledcorrectly.• New constants: GCCOMP, GNUCOBOL.• New directives: >>LISTING, >>PAGE.
Identification division
• Comment paragraphs: fixed invalid parsing of quote characters inside commentparagraphs (bug #297).• FUNCTION-ID: added checks for redefinition of function-names.• INITIAL phrase: fixed premature deallocation of INITIAL programs (bug #52).
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Changelog
• PROGRAM-ID: added checks for redefinition of program-names.• PROGRAM-ID phrases: permit INITIAL or RECURSIVE before COMMON (bug #244).
Environment division
• ASSIGN clause: missing ASSIGN clauses are now detected at compile-time.• ASSIGN clause: added PRINT and PRINTER-1 mnemonics.• CALL-CONVENTION phrase: statically calling functions with CALL-CONVENTION74 no longer causes linker errors (bug #316).• CURRENCY phrase: fixed bug #182, where a preceding SWITCH phrase caused anincorrect duplicate CURRENCY clause error.• File-control entry: fixed bug #71, where referring to a global constant caused aninternal error.• FUNCTION phrase: added checks for redefinition of function-(prototype-)names.• Locales: user-defined LOCALEDIR now supported.• Order of configuration section paragraphs: configuration section paragraphs areno longer allowed in any order (bug #224).• PROGRAM phrase: added support for program-prototype-names.• SIGN clause: improved syntax checks.• SWITCH phrase: added check for duplicate on/off clauses (bug #136).• SWITCH phrase: added new switch names: SWITCH-16 through to SWITCH-36(feature request #65), “SWITCH 1” to “SWITCH 26” (and their aliases “SWITCH A” to“SWITCH Z”).
Data division
• 78-level items: strengthened syntax checks.• 88-level items: strengthened syntax checks.• ANY LENGTH clause: ANY LENGTH items may no longer be BY VALUE parameters(see bug #219).• BLANK clause: fixed bug #143, where BLANK LINE/SCREEN did not color line/screen.• BLANK WHEN ZERO clause: added checks that BLANK WHEN ZERO is not speci-fied with PICTURE clauses containing S.
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Changelog
• Data description: sizes may no longer exceed the maximum permitted size.• ERASE clause: fixed bug#186, where ERASEEOL and ERASEEOS could be specifiedsimultaneously.• HIGHLIGHT and LOWLIGHT clauses: added checks that HIGHLIGHT and LOW-LIGHT are not specified simultaneously.• Local-storage section: fixed bug #78, where local-storage items where initialisedafter file section items.• LOWLIGHT clause: implemented.• OCCURS clause (depending): require the minimum length to be less than themaximum length (feature request #99).• OCCURS clause (screen-section): require relative LINE/COLUMN clauses in OC-CURS entries (bug #83).• PICTURE clause: restricted number of permitted PICTURE strings (bug #232).• PICTURE clause: improved checks of constant-names referenced in PICTUREstrings.• RENAMES items: strengthened syntax checks.• RESERVE clause: allow the optional word AREAS.• Screen description: permit figurative constants in screen items (bug #108).• TALLY special register: added.• Variable records: added checks that the minimum size of a variable record is largeenough to contain the record key.
Procedure division
• ACCEPT statement: added ESCAPE as synonym for EXCEPTION.• ACCEPT statement: permit clauses in any order.• ACCEPT statement: allow WITH before every screen attribute clause.• ACCEPT statement (screen): fixed failed ACCEPTs caused by a buffer overflow.• ACCEPT statement (screen): enhanced support for special keys (insert, tab, delete,alt-delete, etc.).• ACCEPT statement (screen): fixed bug #161 where screens terminated after enter-ing a few characters in a field.
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Changelog
• ACCEPT statement (screen): added DEFAULT as synonym for UPDATE.• ACCEPT statement (screen): ERASE and BLANK clauses in screens are now ig-nored (bug #192).• ACCEPT statement (screen): fixed bug #160 where ACCEPT statement LINE/COLUMN clauses did not work.• ACCEPT statement (screen): fixed segfault on ACCEPT OMITTED (bug #300).• ACCEPT statement (screen): added checks that screen attributes are not specifiedmultiple times or after conflicting attributes.• ADD statement (corresponding): restricted to numeric items (bug #235).• Addition of COMP-3 numbers: fixed bug where COMP-3 addition failed.• Addition of floating-point numbers: fixed incorrect addition of floating-point num-bers.• CALL statement: implemented feature request #101, allowing more arguments tobe provided.• CALL statement: corrected CALL to cancelled modules.• CALL statement: added RETURNING NOTHING.• CANCEL statement: fixed crash caused by cancelling a cancelled module.• DISPLAY statement: permit clauses in any order.• DISPLAY statement: allow WITH before every screen attribute clause.• DISPLAY statement (screen): fixed bug where EC-SCREEN exceptions did nottrigger ON EXCEPTION handler (bug #243).• DISPLAY statement (screen): fixed bugs in DISPLAY SPACES/ALL X“02”/ALLX“07”.• DISPLAY statement (screen): added checks that screen attributes are not specifiedmultiple times or after conflicting attributes.• END DECLARATIVES phrase: fixed bug #88, where an erroneous unreachable codewarning was emitted for code without a main procedure.• ENTRY statement: suppress incorrect unreachable code warnings.• Exception handlers: permit NOT ON EXCEPTION/END-OF-PAGE/etc. before ONEXCEPTION/END-OF-PAGE/etc.• EXIT statement: added extensionRETURNING/GIVINGclause for PROGRAMphrase.
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Changelog
• File I-O: added detection of and handling for error when no disc space is availablefor output files.• FILE I-O: added RETRY and ADVANCING ON LOCK as pending features.• FREE statement: NULL addresses no longer cause an exception.• GOBACK statement: added extension RETURNING/GIVING clause.• INITIALIZE statement: fixed bug #84, where literals could be passed to INITIALIZE.• INITIALIZE statement: fixed bug #287, where reference-modified group items werenot treated like elementary items.• INSPECT statement: fixed bug #47, where clauses were permitted in invalid orders.• LENGTH OF phrase: fixed bug #89.• MOVE statement: added more checks for overlapping MOVE statements.• MOVE statement: fixed truncation of COMP numbers not conforming to the binary-truncate setting (bug #69).• Procedure division header: fixed bug #55, where a user-defined function withoutparameters failed to compile.• Procedure division header: disabled the BY VALUE phrase, pending a workingimplementation.• Procedure division header: added RETURNING OMITTED.• Reference modification: fixed bug #146.• Screen I-O: added detection of situations which raise EC-SCREEN-LINE-NUMBER,EC-SCREEN-STARTING-COLUMN and EC-SCREEN-ITEM-TRUNCATED.• Screen I-O: added support for the LINE 0 and COL 0 extensions.• Screen I-O: added some ACUCOBOL synonyms (NO ECHO, OFF, REVERSED, RE-VERSE, etc.) and permitted TAB and NO-ECHO in screen descriptions.• SET statement (attribute): made HIGHLIGHT ON imply LOWLIGHT OFF and vice-versa.• SET statement (exception): added.• STOP statement (literal): fixed segfault.• STRING statement: strengthened syntax checks (bug #259).• SUBTRACT statement (corresponding): restricted to numeric items (bug #235).• Tracing: fixed bug #216.• UNSTRING statement: fixed bug #54 involving delimiter longer than one character.
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Changelog
Intrinsic functions
• New functions (COBOL 2014): FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE, FORMATTED-DATE,FORMATTED-DATETIME, FORMATTED-TIME, INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE, TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME.• ISO-8601-date-handling functions: added extension SYSTEM-OFFSET as replace-ment for last optional argument.• ISO-8601-date-handling functions: added EC-IMP-UTC-UNKNOWN if a time for-mat ending in Z is provided but the timezone cannot be found.• RANDOM function: fixed non-random number generation.
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Changelog
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1. Key
Element NotesBraces, { } One element within the braces must be se-lected.Brackets, [ ] One or zero elements within the bracketsmust be selected.Vertical lines, | | Each element may be selected once and inany order; if within braces, at least one ele-ment must be selected.OPTIONAL-RESERVED-WORDMANDATORY-RESERVED-WORD Mandatory reservedwords in brackets are of-ten used instead of optional reserved wordsto indicate an optional feature.Deleted element These elements were previously in theCOBOL standard but have since beendeleted. Their use is strongly discouraged.Archaic element These elements remain in the standard, buttheir use is considered poor style and isstrongly discouraged.Obsolete element These elements are slated to be deleted fromthe standard. Their use is strongly discour-aged.X/Open extensionGnuCOBOL-only extensionMiscellaneous extension An extension which may have come fromCOBOL dialects by Micro Focus, IBM, Acu-Corp, Ryan-McFarland, Fujitsu or Microsoft.Unimplemented element These elements are recognised by Gnu-COBOL, but result in errors.
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2. Language fundamentals
2.1. Lexical elements
2.1.1. COBOL words
2.1.2. User-defined words
2.1.3. Reserved words
2.1.4. Literals
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2. Language fundamentals
2.2. References
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2. Language fundamentals
2.3. Expressions
2.3.1. Arithmetic expressions
Arithmetic expressions may contain the following operators:Binary operators Purpose Precedence+ addition 1– subtraction 1* multiplication 2/ division 2** exponentiation 3ˆ exponentiation 3Unary operators+ no effect 4– multiplication by −1 4Binary operators must have a numeric item or expression to both their left and right.Unary operators must have a numeric item or expression to their right only.Operators with greatest precedence are evaluated first. If an expression containsmultiple operators of equal precedence, they are evaluated from left to right.Arithmetic expressions may contain arithmetic expressions surrounded by parenthe-ses. These nested expressions are evaluated first, before any of the operators of theouter expression.
First symbol Second symbol
Identifier or literal Binary operator Unary operator ( )Identifier or literal 3 3
Binary operator 3 3 3
Unary operator 3 3
( 3 3 3
) 3 3
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2. Language fundamentals
2.3.2. Concatenation expressions
literal-1concatenation-expression-1
& literal-2
2.3.3. Conditional expressions
Binary operators Purpose PrecedenceAND logical and 1OR logical or 2Unary operatorNOT logical not 3
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3. Compiler directives
3.1. D directive
>>D source-text-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.2. COPY statement
COPYINCLUDE
literal-1text-name-1
INOF
literal-2library-name-1
[SUPPRESS PRINTING]
REPLACING
== pseudo-text-1 ==identifier-1literal-3
BY
== pseudo-text-2 ==identifier-2literal-4
LEADINGTRAILING
== partial-word-1 == BY == partial-word-2 ==
. . .
.
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.3. DEFINE directive
>>$
DEFINE [CONSTANT]
compilation-variable-1 AS
literal-1PARAMETER
[OVERRIDE]
OFF
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.4. DISPLAY directive
>>$
DISPLAY source-text-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.5. EJECT statement
EJECT
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.6. IF directive
>>$
IF compilation-variable-1 IS NOT
DEFINEDSETrelationcompilation-variable-2
source-text-1
>>$
ELIFELSE-IF
condition-1 source-text-2
. . .
>>$
ELSE source-text-3
>>END-IF$END
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.7. LEAP-SECOND directive
>>LEAP-SECOND
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.8. LISTING directive
>>LISTING
ONOFF
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.9. PAGE directive
>>PAGE [comment-text
]
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.10. PROCESS statement
PROCESS
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.11. REPLACE statement
Format 1 (on)
REPLACE [ALSO]
== pseudo-text-1 ==identifier-1
BY
== pseudo-text-2 ==identifier-2
LEADINGTRAILING
== partial-word-1 == BY == partial-word-2 ==
. . . .
Format 2 (off)
REPLACE [LAST] OFF.
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.12. SET directive
>>$
SET
CONSTANT compilation-variable-1 AS literal-1
compilation-variable-2[AS literal-2
]
SOURCEFORMAT AS literal-3
NO-FOLD-COPY-NAMENOFOLDCOPYNAME
FOLD-COPY-NAMEFOLDCOPYNAME
AS literal-4
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.13. SKIP1 statement
SKIP1
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.14. SKIP2 statement
SKIP2
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.15. SKIP3 statement
SKIP3
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.16. SOURCE directive
>>SOURCE FORMAT IS
FIXEDFREEVARIABLE
Syntax rules
General rules
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3. Compiler directives
3.17. TURN directive
>>TURN {exception-name-1} . . .
ONOFF
[WITH LOCATION]
Syntax rules
General rules
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4. Compilation group
program-definitionfunction-definition
. . .
where program-definition is
IDENTIFICATIONID
DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
program-name-1literal-1
[AS literal-2]
IS
���������
COMMON
INITIALRECURSIVE
���������
EXTERNAL
PROGRAM
.[comment-paragraphs
]
[environment-division
][data-division
][procedure-division
[program-definition
] . . . ]
END PROGRAM
program-name-1literal-1
.
where function-definition is
IDENTIFICATIONID
DIVISION.
FUNCTION-ID.
function-name-1literal-3
[AS literal-4] .
[comment-paragraphs
]
[environment-division
][data-division
][procedure-division
]
END FUNCTION
function-name-1literal-3
.
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4. Compilation group
Syntax rules
General rules
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5. Identification division
IDENTIFICATIONID
DIVISION.
function-id-paragraphprogram-id-paragraph
��������������������
AUTHOR. comment-text.DATE-WRITTEN. comment-text.DATE-MODIFIED. comment-text.DATE-COMPILED. comment-text.INSTALLATION. comment-text.REMARKS. comment-text.SECURITY. comment-text.
��������������������
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
5.1. PROGRAM-ID paragraph
PROGRAM-ID.
program-name-1literal-1
[AS literal-2]
IS
���������
COMMON
INITIALRECURSIVE
���������
EXTERNAL
PROGRAM
.
Syntax rules
General rules
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5. Identification division
5.2. FUNCTION-ID paragraph
FUNCTION-ID.
function-name-1literal-1
[AS literal-2] .
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division[ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.][configuration-section
][input-output-section
]
Syntax rules
General rules
6.1. Configuration section[CONFIGURATION SECTION.]
������
source-computer-paragraphobject-computer-paragraph
������
[special-names-paragraph
][special-names-entry
][repository-paragraph
]
Syntax rules
General rules
6.1.1. SOURCE-COMPUTER paragraph
SOURCE-COMPUTER. [{computer-name-1
} . . . [WITH DEBUGGING MODE] .]
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division
6.1.2. OBJECT-COMPUTER paragraph
OBJECT-COMPUTER.
[{computer-name-1
} . . . ]
MEMORY SIZE IS integer-1
CHARACTERSWORDS
PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS collating-sequence-1
SEGMENT-LIMIT IS integer-2
CHARACTER CLASSIFICATION IS
locale-name-1LOCALESYSTEM-DEFAULTUSER-DEFAULT
. . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division
6.1.3. SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph[SPECIAL-NAMES.]
mnemonic-name-clausealphabet-name-clausesymbolic-characters-clauseLOCALE locale-name-1 IS literal-1
CLASS class-name-1 IS literal-2
THRUTHROUGH
literal-3
. . .
CURRENCY SIGN IS literal-4[WITH PICTURE-SYMBOL literal-5
]
DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMANUMERIC SIGN IS TRAILING SEPARATECURSOR IS identifier-1CRT STATUS IS identifier-2SCREEN-CONTROL IS identifier-3EVENT-STATUS IS identifier-4
. . . .
. . .
where mnemonic-name-clause is
mnemonic-name-1
IS CRTinteger-1 IS system-name-1[IS switch-name-1
]
������
ON STATUS IS switch-status-name-1OFF STATUS IS switch-status-name-2
������
where alphabet-name-clause is
ALPHABET alphabet-name-1 IS
ASCIIEBCDICNATIVESTANDARD-1STANDARD-2
literal-6
THROUGHTHRU
literal-7
{ALSO literal-8}. . .
. . .
where symbolic-characters-clause isSYMBOLIC CHARACTERS
{symbolic-character-name-1
}. . .
ISARE
{integer-2
}. . . . . . [IN WORD]
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6. Environment division
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division
6.1.4. REPOSITORY paragraph
REPOSITORY.
FUNCTION
{function-name-1
}. . .ALL
INTRINSIC
FUNCTION function-name-2[AS literal-1
]
. . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division
6.2. Input-output section[INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.][file-control-paragraph
][i-o-control-paragraph
]
Syntax rules
General rules
6.2.1. FILE-CONTROL paragraph[FILE-CONTROL.][file-control-entry
] . . .where file-control-entry is
SELECT
OPTIONALNOT OPTIONAL
file-name-1
assign-clauseaccess-mode-clausealternative-record-key-clausecollating-sequence-clausefile-status-clauselock-mode-clauseorganization-clausepadding-character-clauserecord-delimiter-clauserecord-key-clauserelative-key-clausereserve-clausesharing-clause
. . . .
where assign-clause is
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6. Environment division
ASSIGN
TOUSING
DYNAMICEXTERNAL
[LINE ADVANCING FILE]
literal-1identifier-1
DISCDISKDISPLAYKEYBOARDPRINTER-1PRINTERPRINTRANDOMTAPE
literal-2identifier-2
where access-mode-clause isACCESS MODE IS
SEQUENTIALDYNAMICRANDOM
where alternative-record-key-clause isALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS identifier-3
=SOURCE IS
{identifier-4
}. . . [WITH DUPLICATES]
SUPPRESS WHEN
ALL literal-3SPACEZERO
where collating-sequence-clause isCOLLATING SEQUENCE IS collating-sequence-name-1
where file-status-clause is
FILESORT
STATUS IS identifier-5
where lock-mode-clause is
LOCK MODE IS
MANUALAUTOMATIC
WITH
LOCK ON MULTIPLE
RECORDRECORDS
ROLLBACK
EXCLUSIVE
where organization-clause is
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6. Environment division
ORGANIZATIONORGANISATION
IS
INDEXEDLINE SEQUENTIALRECORD BINARY SEQUENTIALRELATIVE
where padding-character-clause isPADDING CHARACTER IS
identifier-6literal-4
where record-delimiter-clause isRECORD DELIMITER IS STANDARD-1where record-key-clause isRECORD KEY IS identifier-7
=SOURCE IS
{identifier-8
}. . .
where relative-key-clause isRELATIVE KEY IS identifier-9
where reserve-clause isRESERVE
NOinteger-1
AREAAREAS
where sharing-clause isSHARING WITH
ALL OTHERNO OTHERREAD ONLY
Syntax rules
General rules
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6. Environment division
6.2.2. I-O-CONTROL paragraph[I-O-CONTROL.]
SAME
RECORDSORTSORT-MERGE
AREA FOR {file-name-1
}. . .MULTIPLE FILE TAPE CONTAINS {
file-name-2[POSITION integer-1
] }. . .
. . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division[DATA DIVISION.][file-section
][working-storage-section
][local-storage-section
][report-section
][screen-section
]
Syntax rules
General rules
7.1. File section[FILE SECTION.]
file-description-entry
record-descriptionconstant-definition
. . .
. . .
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7. Data division
Syntax rules
General rules
7.1.1. File description entry
FDSD
file-name-1
block-clauseCODE-SET IS alphabet-name-1
[FOR {identifier-1
} . . . ]
DATA
RECORD ISRECORDS ARE
{identifier-2
}. . .IS EXTERNALIS GLOBALLABEL
RECORD ISRECORDS ARE
STANDARDOMITTED
linage-clause
RECORDING MODE IS
FFIXED
VVARIABLE
U
S
REPORT ISREPORTS ARE
{identifier-3
}. . .
VALUE OF
FILE-IDIDidentifier-4
IS
literal-1identifier-5
record-clause
. . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.2. Working-storage section
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
constant-definitionrecord-description
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.3. Local-storage section
LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION.
constant-definitionrecord-description
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.4. Linkage section
LINKAGE SECTION.
constant-definitionrecord-description
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.5. Report section
REPORT SECTION.
constant-definitionreport-description
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
7.5.1. Report description
RD report-name-1
IS GLOBALCODE IS
identifier-1literal-1
CONTROL ISCONTROLS ARE
FINAL {
identifier-2}. . .
PAGE
LIMIT ISLIMITS ARE
integer-1
LINELINES
integer-2
COLUMNSCOLS
. . . .
{report-group-description-1
}. . .where report-group-description is
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7. Data division
level-number entry-name
blank-clausecolumn-clauseGROUP INDICATEjustified-clauseline-clausenext-group-clausepicture-clausepresent-when-clauseoccurs-clausesign-clausesource-clausesum-clausetype-clauseUSAGE IS DISPLAYvalue-clausevarying-clause
. . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.6. Screen section
SCREEN SECTION.
constant-definitionscreen-description
. . .
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7. Data division
Syntax rules
General rules
7.6.1. Screen description
level-number entry-name
appearance-attribute-clauses
AUTOAUTO-SKIPAUTOTERMINATE
column-clause
ERASE
EOLEOS[END OF]
LINESCREEN
FULLLENGTH-CHECK
IS GLOBAL
GRIDINITIALLEFTLINEjustified-clauseline-clause
NO-ECHONO ECHOOFF
occurs-clausepicture-clause
REQUIREDEMPTY-CHECK
source-destination-clausesSECUREsign-clauseusage-clausevalue-clause
. . . .
where appearance-attribute-clauses is
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7. Data division
BACKGROUND-COLORBACKGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-1integer-1
BELLBEEP
BLANK
LINESCREEN
BLINKBLINKING
FOREGROUND-COLORFOREGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-2integer-2
HIGHLIGHTHIGHBOLDLOWLIGHTLOW
[ OVERLINE ]
PROMPT
CHARACTER IS
identifier-3literal-1
REVERSE-VIDEOREVERSEDREVERSE
UNDERLINEUNDERLINED
where source-destination-clauses is
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7. Data division
FROM
identifier-4literal-2
[TO identifier-5
]
[USING identifier-6]
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.7. Record description
Format 1 (data-description)
level-number entry-name
ANY
LENGTHNUMERIC
blank-clauseIS EXTERNAL [AS literal-1
]
IS GLOBALjustified-clauseoccurs-clausePICTURE picture-string-1REDEFINES identifier-1sign-clause
SYNCHRONIZEDSYNCHRONISEDSYNC
LEFTRIGHT
usage-clausevalue-clause
. . . .
Format 2 (renames)
66 identifier-2 RENAMES identifier-3
THROUGHTHRU
identifier-4
.
Format 3 (condition-name)
88 identifier-5
VALUEVALUES
ISARE
literal-2
THROUGHTHRU
literal-3
. . .
[WHEN SET TO FALSE IS literal-4] .
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7. Data division
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.8. Constant definition
Format 1 (standard)
101
identifier-1 CONSTANT [IS GLOBAL]
AS
literal-1
BYTE-LENGTHLENGTH
OF identifier-2
FROM identifier-3
.
Format 2 (micro-focus)
78 identifier-4[IS GLOBAL] VALUE
ISARE
literal-2 .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9. Data division clauses
7.9.1. BLANK WHEN ZERO clause
BLANK WHEN ZERO
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.2. BLOCK clause
BLOCK CONTAINS integer-1[TO integer-2
]
CHARACTERSRECORDS
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.3. COLUMN clause
Format 1 (report-section)
COLUMNCOL
NUMBERS
ISARE
COLUMNSCOLS
ARE
{ [PLUS]integer-1
} . . .
Format 2 (screen-section)
COLUMNCOL
NUMBER IS
+-PLUSMINUS
identifier-1integer-2
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.4. Entry name
FILLERidentifier-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.5. JUSTIFIED clause
JUSTIFIEDJUST
RIGHT
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.6. LINAGE clause
LINAGE IS
identifier-1literal-1
LINES
BOTTOMTOPWITH FOOTING AT
identifier-2literal-2
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.7. LINE clause
Format 1 (report section)
LINE NUMBERS
ISARE
LINES ARE
[PLUS]integer-1
NEXT PAGE. . .
Format 2 (screen section)
LINE NUMBER IS
+-MINUSPLUS
identifier-1integer-2
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.8. Level-number
A 1- or 2-digit integer having a value that is either between 1 and 49 or is 66, 77, 78 or 88.Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.9. NEXT GROUP clause
NEXT GROUP IS
[PLUS]integer-1
NEXT PAGE
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.10. OCCURS clause
Format 1 (usual)
OCCURS
integer-1[TO integer-2
] TIMES [DEPENDING ON identifier-1]
DYNAMIC [CAPACITY IN identifier-2] [FROM integer-3
] [TO integer-4] [INITIALIZED]
ASCENDINGDESCENDING
KEY IS {
identifier-3}. . .
. . .[INDEXED BY {
index-name-1}. . . ]
Format 2 (report section)
OCCURS integer-5[TO integer-6
] TIMES [DEPENDING ON identifier-4] [STEP integer-7
]
Format 3 (screen section)
OCCURS integer-8 TIMES
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.11. PRESENT WHEN clause
PRESENT WHEN condition-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.12. RECORD clause
RECORD
CONTAINS integer-1[TO integer-2
] CHARACTERSIS VARYING in size [FROM integer-3
] [TO integer-4] CHARACTERS
DEPENDING ON identifier-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.13. SIGN clause
SIGN IS
LEADINGTRAILING
[SEPARATE CHARACTER]
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.14. SOURCE clause
SOURCE IS number-1[rounded-phrase
]
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.15. SUM clause
SUM OF {number-1
}. . . RESET ON
identifier-1FINAL
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.16. TYPE clause
TYPE IS
CONTROL HEADINGCH
CONTROL FOOTINGCF
identifier-1FINAL
[OR PAGE]
DETAILDE
PAGE FOOTINGPF
PAGE HEADINGPH
REPORT FOOTINGRF
REPORT HEADINGRH
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.17. USAGE clause
[USAGE IS]
BINARYfixed-length-integerscomputational-usagesDISPLAYFLOAT-BINARY-32FLOAT-BINARY-64FLOAT-BINARY-128FLOAT-DECIMAL-16FLOAT-DECIMAL-34FLOAT-LONGFLOAT-SHORTINDEXNATIONALPACKED DECIMALPOINTERPROGRAM-POINTER
where fixed-length-integers is
BINARY-CHAR
BINARY-LONGBINARY-INT
BINARY-C-LONG
BINARY-DOUBLEBINARY-LONG-LONG
SIGNEDUNSIGNED
SIGNED-SHORTSIGNED-INTSIGNED-LONGUNSIGNED-SHORTUNSIGNED-INTUNSIGNED-LONG
where computation-usages is
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7. Data division
COMPCOMPUTATIONAL
COMP-1COMPUTATIONAL-1
COMP-2COMPUTATIONAL-2
COMP-3COMPUTATIONAL-3
COMP-4COMPUTATIONAL-4
COMP-5COMPUTATIONAL-5
COMP-6COMPUTATIONAL-6
COMP-XCOMPUTATIONAL-X
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.18. VALUE clause
Format 1 (initialization)
VALUEVALUES
ISARE
literal-1
Format 2 (condition)
VALUEVALUES
ISARE
literal-2
THROUGHTHRU
literal-3
. . .
[WHEN SET TO FALSE IS literal-4]
Syntax rules
General rules
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7. Data division
7.9.19. VARYING clause
VARYING identifier-1 FROM number-1 BY number-2
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
PROCEDURE DIVISION [using-chaining-clause
] RETURNING
identifier-1OMITTED
.
[declaratives
]
section-name-2 SECTION.paragraph-name-2.imperative-statement-1 .
. . .
where using-chaining-clause is
USINGCHAINING
BY
REFERENCEVALUE
[UNSIGNED] SIZE IS
AUTOinteger-1
SIZE IS DEFAULT
[OPTIONAL]identifier-2
. . .
where declaratives isDECLARATIVES.section-name-1 SECTION. use-statement
paragraph-name-2.imperative-statement-2 .
. . .
. . .END DECLARATIVES.
Syntax rules
General rules
8.1. Common phrases
8.1.1. RETRY phrase
RETRY
FOR arithmetic-expression-1 TIMESFOR arithmetic-expression-2 SECONDSFOREVER
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8. Procedure division
Syntax rules
General rules
80
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8. Procedure division
8.1.2. ROUNDED phrase
ROUNDED
MODE IS
AWAY-FROM-ZERONEAREST-AWAY-FROM-ZERONEAREST-EVENNEAREST-TOWARD-ZEROPROHIBITEDTOWARD-GREATERTOWARD-LESSERTRUNCATION
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.1.3. SIZE phrase
SIZE IS AUTOSIZE IS DEFAULTSIZE IS integer-1UNSIGNED SIZE IS AUTOUNSIGNED SIZE IS integer-2
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.2. ACCEPT statement
Format 1 (device)
ACCEPT
identifier-1OMITTED
[FROM mnemonic-name-1] [END-ACCEPT]
Format 2 (screen)
ACCEPT
identifier-2OMITTED
�����������������������������������
���������������
AT LINE NUMBER
identifier-3integer-1
AT
COLUMNCOLPOSITION
NUMBER
identifier-4integer-2
���������������
AT
identifier-5integer-3
FROM CRT
MODE IS BLOCKappearance-attribute-clausesaccept-attribute-clauses
�����������������������������������
where appearance-attribute-clauses is
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8. Procedure division
WITH
BELLBEEP
WITH
BLINKBLINKING
WITH
HIGHLIGHTHIGHBOLDLOWLIGHTLOW
[WITH LEFTLINE]
[WITH OVERLINE]
WITH PROMPT
CHARACTER IS
identifier-6literal-1
WITH
REVERSE-VIDEOREVERSEDREVERSE
WITH PROTECTED SIZE IS
identifier-7integer-4
WITH
UNDERLINEUNDERLINED
WITH
FOREGROUND-COLORFOREGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-8integer-5
WITH
BACKGROUND-COLORBACKGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-9integer-6
WITH SCROLL
UPDOWN
identifier-10integer-7
LINELINES
where accept-attribute-clauses is
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8. Procedure division
WITH
AUTOTAB
WITH
CONVERSIONCONVERT
WITH
FULLLENGTH-CHECK
WITH
LOWERUPPER
WITH
NO-ECHONO ECHOOFF
WITH
REQUIREDEMPTY-CHECK
[WITH SECURE]
WITH [NO]
DEFAULTUPDATE
WITH
TIMEOUTTIME-OUT
AFTER
BEFORE TIME
identifier-11integer-8
Format 3 (temporal)
ACCEPT identifier-12 FROM
DATE [YYYYMMDD]
DAY [YYYYDDD]
DAY-OF-WEEKTIME
Format 4 (environment)
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8. Procedure division
ACCEPT identifier-13 FROM
ARGUMENT-NUMBER
COLUMNSCOLS
COMMAND-LINE
ESCAPE KEYEXCEPTION STATUS
LINESLINE NUMBER
USER NAME
WORD
Format 5 (environment-exception)
ACCEPT identifier-14 FROM
ARGUMENT-VALUEENVIRONMENT
identifier-15literal-2
ENVIRONMENT-VALUE
�����������
ON
EXCEPTIONESCAPE
imperative-statement-1
NOT ON
EXCEPTIONESCAPE
imperative-statement-2
�����������
Syntax rules
General rules
86
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8. Procedure division
8.3. ADD statement
Format 1 (simple)
ADD
identifier-1literal-1
. . .TO {
identifier-2} . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2
������
[END-ADD]
Format 2 (giving)
ADD
identifier-3literal-2
. . . [TO [
identifier-4] . . . ]
GIVING {identifier-5
[rounded-phrase
] } . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-3NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-4
������
[END-ADD]
Format 3 (corresponding)
ADD
CORRESPONDINGCORR
identifier-6 TO identifier-7
[rounded-phrase
]
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-5NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-6
������
[END-ADD]
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8. Procedure division
Syntax rules
General rules
88
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8. Procedure division
8.4. ALLOCATE statement
ALLOCATE
identifier-1[INITIALIZED]
arithmetic-expression-1INITIALIZED
TO
identifier-2literal-1
[RETURNING identifier-3]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.5. ALTER statement
ALTER {procedure-name-1 TO PROCEED TO procedure-name-2
} . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.6. CALL statement
CALL
mnemonic-name-1STATICSTDCALL
identifier-1literal-1function-name-1
USING
BY
REFERENCECONTENTVALUE
OMITTED[size-phrase]
identifier-2literal-2
. . .
RETURNINGGIVING
INTO identifier-3ADDRESS OF identifier-4NOTHINGNULLOMITTED
���������
ON
EXCEPTIONOVERFLOW
imperative-statement-1
NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2
���������
[END-CALL]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.7. CANCEL statement
CANCEL
identifier-1literal-1
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.8. CLOSE statement
CLOSE
file-name-1
REELUNIT
[FOR REMOVAL]
WITH NO REWINDWITH LOCK
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.9. COMMIT statement
COMMIT
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.10. COMPUTE statement
COMPUTE {identifier-1
[rounded-phrase
] } . . .
=EQUALEQUALS
arithmetic-expression-1
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2
������
[END-COMPUTE]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.11. CONTINUE statement
CONTINUE
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.12. DELETE statement
Format 1 (record)
DELETE file-name-1 RECORD[retry-phrase
]
������
INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2
������
[END-DELETE]
Format 2 (file)
DELETE FILE {file-name-2
} . . . [END-DELETE]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.13. DISPLAY statement
Format 1 (device)
DISPLAY
identifier-1literal-1
. . .
������
UPON mnemonic-name-1WITH NO ADVANCING
������
������
ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-1NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-2
������
[END-DISPLAY]
Format 2 (environment)
DISPLAY
identifier-2literal-2
UPON
ARGUMENT-NUMBERCOMMAND-LINEENVIRONMENT-NAMEENVIRONMENT-VALUE
������
ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-3NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-4
������
[END-DISPLAY]
Format 3 (screen)
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8. Procedure division
DISPLAY
identifier-3literal-3OMITTED
position-clauses
UPON
CRTCRT-UNDER
MODE IS BLOCK
appearance-attribute-clauses
. . .
������
ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-5NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative-statement-6
������
[END-DISPLAY]
where position-clauses is
���������������
LINE NUMBER
identifier-4literal-4
AT
COLUMNCOLPOSITION
identifier-5literal-5
���������������
AT
identifier-6literal-6
where appearance-attribute-clauses is
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8. Procedure division
WITH
BELLBEEP
WITH BLANK
LINESCREEN
WITH
BLINKBLINKING
WITH
CONVERSIONCONVERT
WITH ERASE
EOLEOS[END OF]
LINESCREEN
WITH
HIGHLIGHTHIGHBOLDLOWLIGHTLOW
WITH OVERLINE
WITH
REVERSE-VIDEOREVERSEDREVERSE
WITH SIZE IS
identifier-7literal-7
WITH
UNDERLINEUNDERLINED
WITH
FOREGROUND-COLORFOREGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-8integer-1
WITH
BACKGROUND-COLORBACKGROUND-COLOUR
IS
identifier-9integer-2
WITH SCROLL
UPDOWN
identifier-10integer-3
LINELINES
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.14. DIVIDE statement
Format 1 (into)
DIVIDE
identifier-1literal-1
INTO
identifier-2literal-2
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2
������
[END-DIVIDE]
Format 2 (giving)
DIVIDE
identifier-3literal-3
BYINTO
identifier-4literal-4
GIVING
identifier-5literal-5
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
REMAINDER
identifier-6literal-6
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-3NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-4
������
[END-DIVIDE]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.15. ENTRY statement
ENTRY literal-1
USING
BY
REFERENCECONTENTVALUE
OMITTED
[size-phrase]
identifier-1literal-2
. . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.16. EVALUATE statement
EVALUATE
expression-1TRUEFALSE
ALSO
expression-2TRUEFALSE
. . .{WHEN selection-object
[ALSO selection-object] . . . imperative-statement-1
} . . .[WHEN OTHER imperative-statement-2
]
[END-EVALUATE]
where selection-object is
partial-expression-1
THROUGHTHRU
expression-3
ANYTRUEFALSE
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.17. EXIT statement
EXIT
FUNCTIONPARAGRAPHPERFORM [CYCLE]
PROGRAM
RETURNINGGIVING
identifier-1literal-1
SECTION
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.18. FREE statement
FREE {identifier-1
} . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.19. GENERATE statement
GENERATE report-name-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.20. GO TO statement
GO TO {procedure-name-1
} . . . [DEPENDING ON identifier-1]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.21. GOBACK statement
GOBACK
RETURNINGGIVING
identifier-1literal-1
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.22. IF statement
IF condition THEN
imperative-statement-1ELSE imperative-statement-2
. . .
[END-IF]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.23. INITIALIZE statement
INITIALIZEINITIALISE
identifier-1basic-literal-1
. . . [WITH FILLER]
ALLALPHABETICALPHANUMERICALPHANUMERIC-EDITEDNATIONALNATIONAL-EDITEDNUMERICNUMERIC-EDITED
TO VALUE
REPLACING
ALPHABETICALPHANUMERICALPHANUMERIC-EDITEDNATIONALNATIONAL-EDITEDNUMERICNUMERIC-EDITED
DATA BY
identifier-2literal-1
. . .
[THEN TO DEFAULT]
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.24. INITIATE statement
INITIATE {report-name-1
} . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.25. INSPECT statement
INSPECT
identifier-1literal-1function-name-1
tallying-phrase[replacing-phrase
]
replacing-phraseconverting-phrase
where tallying-phrase is
TALLYING
identifier-2literal-2
FOR
CHARACTERS
ALLLEADINGTRAILING
identifier-3literal-3
. . . [before-after-phrase]. . .
where replacing-phrase is
REPLACING
CHARACTERS
ALLLEADINGFIRSTTRAILING
identifier-4literal-4
BY
identifier-5literal-5
[before-after-phrase
]
. . .
where converting-phrase isCONVERTING
identifier-6literal-6
TO
identifier-7literal-7
[before-after-phrase
]
where before-after-phrase is
�����������
BEFORE INITIAL
identifier-8literal-8
AFTER INITIAL
identifier-9literal-9
�����������
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.26. MERGE statement
MERGE identifier-1ON
ASCENDINGDESCENDING
KEY [
identifier-2] . . .
. . .[WITH DUPLICATES [IN ORDER] ]
[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS identifier-3]
[USING {file-name-1
}. . . ]
GIVING {file-name-2
}. . .OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-1
THROUGHTHRU
procedure-name-2
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.27. MOVE statement
MOVE
CORRESPONDINGCORR
identifier-1literal-1
TO {
identifier-2} . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.28. MULTIPLY statement
Format 1 (simple)
MULTIPLY
identifier-1literal-1
BY
identifier-2literal-2
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2
������
[END-MULTIPLY]
Format 2 (giving)
MULTIPLY
identifier-3literal-3
BY
identifier-4literal-4
GIVING
identifier-5literal-5
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-3NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-4
������
[END-MULTIPLY]
Syntax rules
General rules
115
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8. Procedure division
8.29. NEXT SENTENCE statement
NEXT SENTENCE
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.30. OPEN statement
OPEN
INPUTOUTPUTI-OEXTEND
[sharing-mode
] [retry-phrase
] {file-name-1
} . . .
WITH NO REWINDWITH LOCKREVERSED
. . .
where sharing-mode isSHARING WITH
ALL OTHERNO OTHERREAD ONLY
Syntax rules
General rules
117
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8. Procedure division
8.31. PERFORM statement
Format 1 (procedure)
PERFORM procedure-name-1
THROUGHTHRU
procedure-name-2
FOREVERtimes-phraseuntil-phrasevarying-phrase
Format 2 (inline)
PERFORM
FOREVERtimes-phraseuntil-phrasevarying-phrase
imperative-statement-1[END-PERFORM]
where times-phrase is
identifier-1literal-1function-name-1
TIMES
where until-phrase isWITH TEST
BEFOREAFTER
UNTIL
condition-1EXIT
and where varying-phrase isWITH TEST
BEFOREAFTER
VARYING identifier-2 FROM
identifier-3literal-2
BY
identifier-4literal-3
UNTIL condition-2
AFTER identifier-5 FROM
identifier-6literal-4
BY
identifier-7literal-5
UNTIL condition-3
. . .
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8. Procedure division
Syntax rules
General rules
119
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8. Procedure division
8.32. READ statement
READ file-name-1
NEXTPREVIOUS
RECORD [INTO identifier-1
]
IGNORING LOCKWITH IGNORE LOCK
ADVANCING ON LOCKretry-phrase
WITH
NOKEPT
LOCK
WAIT
[KEY IS identifier-2
]
������
INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2
������
������
AT END imperative-statement-3NOT AT END imperative-statement-4
������
[END-READ]
Syntax rules
General rules
120
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8. Procedure division
8.33. READY statement
READY TRACE
Syntax rules
General rules
121
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8. Procedure division
8.34. RELEASE statement
RELEASE identifier-1
FROM
identifier-2literal-1function-call-1
Syntax rules
General rules
122
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8. Procedure division
8.35. RESET statement
RESET TRACE
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.36. RETURN statement
RETURN file-name-1 RECORD [INTO identifier-1]
AT END imperative-statement-1[NOT AT END imperative-statement-2
]
[END-RETURN]
Syntax rules
General rules
124
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8. Procedure division
8.37. REWRITE statement
REWRITE record-name-1
FROM
identifier-1literal-1function-name-1
[retry-phrase
] [WITH [NO] LOCK]
������
INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2
������
[END-REWRITE]
Syntax rules
General rules
125
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8. Procedure division
8.38. ROLLBACK statement
ROLLBACK
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.39. SEARCH statement
Format 1 (simple)
SEARCH identifier-1[VARYING identifier-2
]
[AT END imperative-statement-1]
{WHEN condition-1 imperative-statement-2} . . .
[END-SEARCH]
Format 2 (all)
SEARCH ALL identifier-3[AT END imperative-statement-3
]
WHEN expression-1 imperative-statement-4[END-SEARCH]
Syntax rules
General rules
127
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8. Procedure division
8.40. SET statement
Format 1 (simple)
SET identifier-1 TO
identifier-2literal-1arithmetic-expression-1
Format 2 (entry)
SET identifier-3 TO ENTRY
identifier-4literal-2
Format 3 (environment)
SET ENVIRONMENT
identifier-5literal-3
TO
identifier-6literal-4
Format 4 (attribute)
SET identifier-7 ATTRIBUTE
BELLBEEP
BLINK
HIGHLIGHTLOWLIGHTREVERSE-VIDEOUNDERLINELEFTLINEOVERLINE
ONOFF
. . .
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8. Procedure division
Format 5 (arithmetic)
SET {index-name-1
}. . .
UPDOWN
BY arithmetic-expression-2
Format 6 (on/off)
SET
{mnemonic-name-1
}. . .TO
ONOFF
. . .
Format 7 (true/false)
SET
{condition-name-1
}. . .TO
TRUEFALSE
. . .
Format 8 (exception)
SET LAST EXCEPTION TO OFF
Syntax rules
General rules
129
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8. Procedure division
8.41. SORT statement
SORT identifier-1ON
ASCENDINGDESCENDING
KEY [
identifier-2] . . .
. . .[WITH DUPLICATES [IN ORDER] ]
[COLLATING SEQUENCE IS identifier-3]
USING {file-name-1
}. . .INPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-1
THROUGHTHRU
procedure-name-2
GIVING {file-name-2
}. . .OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS procedure-name-3
THROUGHTHRU
procedure-name-4
Syntax rules
General rules
130
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8. Procedure division
8.42. START statement
START file-name-1
FIRSTKEY IS relational-operator identifier-1LAST
WITH
SIZELENGTH
arithmetic-expression-1
������
INVALID KEY imperative-statement-1NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-2
������
[END-START]
Syntax rules
General rules
131
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8. Procedure division
8.43. STOP statement
Format 1 (standard)
STOP RUN
RETURNINGGIVING
identifier-1literal-1
WITH
ERRORNORMAL
STATUS
identifier-2literal-2
Format 2 (literal)
STOP literal-3
Format 3 (ACUCOBOL)
STOP RUN
identifier-3literal-4
Syntax rules
General rules
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8. Procedure division
8.44. STRING statement
STRING
identifier-1literal-1
DELIMITED BY
SIZEidentifier-2literal-2
. . . INTO identifier-3
[WITH POINTER IS identifier-4]
������
ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-1NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-2
������
Syntax rules
General rules
133
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8. Procedure division
8.45. SUBTRACT statement
Format 1 (simple)
SUBTRACT
identifier-1literal-1
. . . FROM
identifier-2literal-2
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-1NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-2
������
[END-SUBTRACT]
Format 2 (giving)
SUBTRACT
identifier-3literal-3
. . . FROM
identifier-4literal-4
GIVING
identifier-5literal-5
[rounded-phrase
] . . .
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-3NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-4
������
[END-SUBTRACT]
Format 3 (corresponding)
SUBTRACT
CORRCORRESPONDING
identifier-6 FROM identifier-7
[rounded-phrase
]
������
ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-5NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement-6
������
[END-SUBTRACT]
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8. Procedure division
Syntax rules
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8. Procedure division
8.46. SUPPRESS statement
SUPPRESS PRINTING
Syntax rules
General rules
136
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8. Procedure division
8.47. TERMINATE statement
TERMINATE {report-name-1
} . . .
Syntax rules
General rules
137
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8. Procedure division
8.48. TRANSFORM statement
TRANSFORM identifier-1 FROM
identifier-2literal-1
TO
identifier-3literal-2
Syntax rules
General rules
138
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8. Procedure division
8.49. UNLOCK statement
UNLOCK file-name-1
RECORDRECORDS
Syntax rules
General rules
139
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8. Procedure division
8.50. UNSTRING statement
UNSTRING identifier-1
DELIMITED BY [ALL]
identifier-2literal-1
OR [ALL]
identifier-3literal-2
. . .
INTO {identifier-4
[DELIMITER IN identifier-5] [COUNT IN identifier-6
] } . . .[WITH POINTER IS identifier-7
]
[TALLYING IN identifier-8]
������
ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-1NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement-2
������
[END-OVERFLOW]
Syntax rules
General rules
140
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8. Procedure division
8.51. USE statement
Format 1 (file exception)
USE [GLOBAL] AFTER STANDARD
EXCEPTIONERROR
PROCEDURE ON
{file-name-1
} . . .
�����������
INPUTOUTPUTI-OEXTEND
�����������
. . .
Format 2 (debugging)
USE FOR DEBUGGING ON
procedure-name-1ALL PROCEDURESALL REFERENCES OF identifier-1
. . .
Format 3 (start/end)
USE AT PROGRAM
STARTEND
Format 4 (reporting)
USE [GLOBAL] BEFORE REPORTING identifier-2
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8. Procedure division
Format 5 (exception)
USE
EXCEPTION-CONDITIONEC
Syntax rules
General rules
142
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8. Procedure division
8.52. WRITE statement
Format 1 (sequential)
WRITE record-name-1
FROM
identifier-1literal-1function-name-1
BEFOREAFTER
ADVANCING
identifier-2literal-2
LINELINES
mnemonic-name-1PAGE
[retry-phrase
] [WITH [NO] LOCK]
�����������
AT
END-OF-PAGEEOP
imperative-statement-1
NOT AT
END-OF-PAGEEOP
imperative-statement-2
�����������
[END-WRITE]
Format 2 (random)
143
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8. Procedure division
WRITE record-name-2
FROM
identifier-3literal-3function-name-2
BEFOREAFTER
ADVANCING
identifier-4literal-4
LINELINES
mnemonic-name-2PAGE
[retry-phrase
] [WITH [NO] LOCK]
������
INVALID KEY imperative-statement-3NOT INVALID KEY imperative-statement-4
������
[END-WRITE]
Syntax rules
General rules
144
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.1. ABS function
FUNCTION ABS ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
146
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.2. ACOS function
FUNCTION ACOS ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
147
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.3. ANNUITY function
FUNCTION ANNUITY ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
148
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.4. ASIN function
FUNCTION ASIN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
149
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.5. ATAN function
FUNCTION ATAN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
150
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.6. BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER function
FUNCTION BOOLEAN-OF-INTEGER ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
151
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.7. BYTE-LENGTH function
FUNCTION BYTE-LENGTH ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
152
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.8. CHAR function
FUNCTION CHAR ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
153
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.9. CHAR-NATIONAL function
FUNCTION CHAR-NATIONAL ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
154
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.10. COMBINED-DATETIME function
FUNCTION COMBINED-DATETIME ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
155
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.11. CONCATENATE function
FUNCTION CONCATENATE ( {argument-1
} . . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
156
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.12. COS function
FUNCTION COS ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
157
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.13. CURRENCY-SYMBOL function
FUNCTION CURRENCY-SYMBOL
Syntax rules
General rules
158
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.14. CURRENT-DATE function
FUNCTION CURRENT-DATE
Syntax rules
General rules
159
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.15. DATE-OF-INTEGER function
FUNCTION DATE-OF-INTEGER ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
160
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.16. DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD function
FUNCTION DATE-TO-YYYYMMDD ( argument-1[argument-2
[argument-3
] ] )
Syntax rules
General rules
161
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.17. DAY-OF-INTEGER function
FUNCTION DAY-OF-INTEGER ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
162
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.18. DAY-TO-YYYYDDD function
FUNCTION DAY-TO-YYYYDDD ( argument-1[argument-2
[argument-3
] ] )
Syntax rules
General rules
163
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.19. DISPLAY-OF function
FUNCTION DISPLAY-OF ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
164
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.20. E function
FUNCTION E
Syntax rules
General rules
165
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.21. EXCEPTION-FILE function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-FILE
Syntax rules
General rules
166
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.22. EXCEPTION-FILE-N function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-FILE-N
Syntax rules
General rules
167
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.23. EXCEPTION-LOCATION function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-LOCATION
Syntax rules
General rules
168
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.24. EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-LOCATION-N
Syntax rules
General rules
169
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.25. EXCEPTION-STATEMENT function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-STATEMENT
Syntax rules
General rules
170
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.26. EXCEPTION-STATUS function
FUNCTION EXCEPTION-STATUS
Syntax rules
General rules
171
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.27. EXP function
FUNCTION EXP ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
172
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.28. EXP10 function
FUNCTION EXP10 ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
173
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.29. FACTORIAL function
FUNCTION FACTORIAL ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
174
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.30. FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE function
FUNCTION FORMATTED-CURRENT-DATE ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
175
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.31. FORMATTED-DATE function
FUNCTION FORMATTED-DATE ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
176
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.32. FORMATTED-DATETIME function
FUNCTION FORMATTED-DATETIME( argument-1 argument-2 argument-3
argument-4SYSTEM-OFFSET
)
Syntax rules
General rules
177
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.33. FORMATTED-TIME function
FUNCTION FORMATTED-TIME ( argument-1 argument-2
argument-3SYSTEM-OFFSET
)
Syntax rules
General rules
178
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.34. FRACTION-PART function
FUNCTION FRACTION-PART ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
179
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.35. HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC function
FUNCTION HIGHEST-ALGEBRAIC ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
180
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.36. INTEGER function
FUNCTION INTEGER ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
181
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.37. INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN function
FUNCTION INTEGER-OF-BOOLEAN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
182
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.38. INTEGER-OF-DATE function
FUNCTION INTEGER-OF-DATE ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
183
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.39. INTEGER-OF-DAY function
FUNCTION INTEGER-OF-DAY ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
184
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.40. INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE function
FUNCTION INTEGER-OF-FORMATTED-DATE ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
185
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.41. INTEGER-PART function
FUNCTION INTEGER-PART ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
186
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.42. LENGTH function
FUNCTION LENGTH ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
187
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.43. LENGTH-AN function
FUNCTION LENGTH-AN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
188
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.44. LOCALE-COMPARE function
FUNCTION LOCALE-COMPARE ( argument-1 argument-2[argument-3
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
189
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.45. LOCALE-DATE function
FUNCTION LOCALE-DATE ( argument-1[argument-2
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
190
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.46. LOCALE-TIME function
FUNCTION LOCALE-TIME ( argument-1[argument-2
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
191
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.47. LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS function
FUNCTION LOCALE-TIME-FROM-SECONDS ( argument-1[argument-2
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
192
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.48. LOG function
FUNCTION LOG ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
193
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.49. LOG10 function
FUNCTION LOG10 ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
194
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.50. LOWER-CASE function
FUNCTION LOWER-CASE ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
195
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.51. LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC function
FUNCTION LOWEST-ALGEBRAIC ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
196
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.52. MAX function
FUNCTION MAX ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
197
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.53. MEAN function
FUNCTION MEAN ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
198
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.54. MEDIAN function
FUNCTION MEDIAN ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
199
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.55. MIDRANGE function
FUNCTION MIDRANGE ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
200
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.56. MIN function
FUNCTION MIN ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
201
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.57. MOD function
FUNCTION MOD ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
202
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.58. MODULE-CALLER-ID function
FUNCTION MODULE-CALLER-ID
Syntax rules
General rules
203
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.59. MODULE-DATE function
FUNCTION MODULE-DATE
Syntax rules
General rules
204
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.60. MODULE-FORMATTED-DATE function
FUNCTION MODULE-FORMATTED-DATE
Syntax rules
General rules
205
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.61. MODULE-ID function
FUNCTION MODULE-ID
Syntax rules
General rules
206
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.62. MODULE-PATH function
FUNCTION MODULE-PATH
Syntax rules
General rules
207
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.63. MODULE-SOURCE function
FUNCTION MODULE-SOURCE
Syntax rules
General rules
208
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.64. MODULE-TIME function
FUNCTION MODULE-TIME
Syntax rules
General rules
209
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.65. MONETARY-DECIMAL-POINT function
FUNCTION MONETARY-DECIMAL-POINT
Syntax rules
General rules
210
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.66. MONETARY-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR function
FUNCTION MONETARY-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR
Syntax rules
General rules
211
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.67. NATIONAL-OF function
FUNCTION NATIONAL-OF ( argument-1[argument-2
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
212
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.68. NUMERIC-DECIMAL-POINT function
FUNCTION NUMERIC-DECIMAL-POINT
Syntax rules
General rules
213
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.69. NUMERIC-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR function
FUNCTION NUMERIC-THOUSANDS-SEPARATOR
Syntax rules
General rules
214
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.70. NUMVAL function
FUNCTION NUMVAL ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
215
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.71. NUMVAL-C function
FUNCTION NUMVAL-C ( argument-1[argument-2
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
216
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.72. NUMVAL-F function
FUNCTION NUMVAL-F ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
217
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.73. ORD function
FUNCTION ORD ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
218
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.74. ORD-MAX function
FUNCTION ORD-MAX ( {argument-1
} . . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
219
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.75. ORD-MIN function
FUNCTION ORD-MIN ( {argument-1
} . . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
220
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.76. PI function
FUNCTION PI
Syntax rules
General rules
221
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.77. PRESENT-VALUE function
FUNCTION PRESENT-VALUE ( {argument-1
} . . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
222
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.78. RANDOM function
FUNCTION RANDOM [( [argument-1
] . . . )]
Syntax rules
General rules
223
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.79. RANGE function
FUNCTION RANGE ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
224
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.80. REM function
FUNCTION REM ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
225
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.81. REVERSE function
FUNCTION REVERSE ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
226
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.82. SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME function
FUNCTION SECONDS-FROM-FORMATTED-TIME ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
227
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.83. SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT function
FUNCTION SECONDS-PAST-MIDNIGHT ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
228
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.84. SIGN function
FUNCTION SIGN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
229
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.85. SIN function
FUNCTION SIN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
230
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.86. SQRT function
FUNCTION SQRT ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
231
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.87. STANDARD-COMPARE function
FUNCTION STANDARD-COMPARE( argument-1 argument-2
[argument-3
] [argument-4
] )
Syntax rules
General rules
232
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.88. STANDARD-DEVIATION function
FUNCTION STANDARD-DEVIATION ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
233
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.89. STORED-CHAR-LENGTH function
FUNCTION STORED-CHAR-LENGTH ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
234
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.90. SUBSTITUTE function
FUNCTION SUBSTITUTE ( argument-1{argument-2 argument-3
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
235
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.91. SUBSTITUTE-CASE function
FUNCTION SUBSTITUTE-CASE ( argument-1{argument-2 argument-3
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
236
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.92. SUM function
FUNCTION SUM ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
237
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.93. TAN function
FUNCTION TAN ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
238
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.94. TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD function
FUNCTION TEST-DATE-YYYYMMDD ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
239
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.95. TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD function
FUNCTION TEST-DAY-YYYYDDD ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
240
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.96. TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME function
FUNCTION TEST-FORMATTED-DATETIME ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
241
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.97. TEST-NUMVAL function
FUNCTION TEST-NUMVAL ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
242
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.98. TEST-NUMVAL-C function
FUNCTION TEST-NUMVAL-C ( argument-1 argument-2 )
Syntax rules
General rules
243
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.99. TEST-NUMVAL-F function
FUNCTION TEST-NUMVAL-F ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
244
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.100. TRIM function
FUNCTION TRIM ( argument-1
LEADINGTRAILING
)
Syntax rules
General rules
245
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.101. UPPER-CASE function
FUNCTION UPPER-CASE ( argument-1 )
Syntax rules
General rules
246
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.102. VARIANCE function
FUNCTION VARIANCE ( {argument-1
}. . . )
Syntax rules
General rules
247
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.103. WHEN-COMPILED function
FUNCTION WHEN-COMPILED
Syntax rules
General rules
248
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9. Intrinsic functions
9.104. YEAR-TO-YYYY function
FUNCTION YEAR-TO-YYYY ( argument-1[argument-2
[argument-3
] ] )
Syntax rules
General rules
249
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9. Intrinsic functions
251
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Appendices
253
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.<http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document,but changing it is not allowed.
A.1. Preamble
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and usefuldocument “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom tocopy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommer-cially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get creditfor their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the documentmust themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General PublicLicense, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, becausefree software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manualsproviding the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited tosoftware manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter orwhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally forworks whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.2. Applicability and definitions
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a noticeplaced by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License.Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use thatwork under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any suchmanual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. Youaccept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permissionunder copyright law.A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or aportion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into anotherlanguage.A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Documentthat deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Documentto the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that couldfall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook ofmathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationshipcould be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or oflegal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is releasedunder this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it isnot allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero InvariantSections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-CoverTexts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released underthis License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may beat most 25 words.A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, representedin a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable forrevising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images com-posed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawingeditor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to avariety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwiseTransparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged tothwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An imageformat is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not“Transparent” is called “Opaque”.Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII withoutmarkup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly availableDTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for humanmodification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary wordprocessors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generallyavailable, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some wordprocessors for output purposes only.The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such followingpages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in thetitle page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page”means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding thebeginning of the body of the text.The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Documentto the public.A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title eitheris precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ inanother language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, suchas “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preservethe Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains asection “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states thatthis License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to beincluded by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: anyother implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect onthe meaning of this License.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.3. Verbatim copying
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially ornoncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the licensenotice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, andthat you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not usetechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copiesyou make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions insection 3.You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you maypublicly display copies.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.4. Copying in quantity
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) ofthe Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requiresCover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, allthese Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on theback cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher ofthese copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equallyprominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copyingwith changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Documentand satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should putthe first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the restonto adjacent pages.If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with eachOpaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location fromwhich the general network-using public has access to download using public-standardnetwork protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begindistribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remainthus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time youdistribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition tothe public.It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document wellbefore redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide youwith an updated version of the Document.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.5. Modifications
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions ofsections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under preciselythis License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensingdistribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of theDocument, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as aprevious version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible forauthorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least fiveof the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewerthan five), unless they release you from this requirement.C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as thepublisher.D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the othercopyright notices.F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the publicpermission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the formshown in the Addendum below.G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required CoverTexts given in the Document’s license notice.H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an itemstating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Versionas given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document,create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as givenon its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in theprevious sentence.J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access toa Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given inthe Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was publishedat least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of theversion it refers to gives permission.K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Titleof the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each ofthe contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text andin their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of thesection titles.M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included inthe Modified Version.N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict intitle with any Invariant Section.O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualifyas Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may atyour option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add theirtitles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titlesmust be distinct from any other section titles.You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing butendorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements ofpeer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritativedefinition of a standard.You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of upto 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the ModifiedVersion. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be addedby (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includesa cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by thesame entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replacethe old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permissionto use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any ModifiedVersion.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.6. Combining documents
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that youinclude in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its licensenotice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identicalInvariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple InvariantSections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such sectionunique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author orpublisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustmentto the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combinedwork.In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the variousoriginal documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sectionsEntitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must deleteall sections Entitled “Endorsements”.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.7. Collections of documents
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents releasedunder this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the variousdocuments with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you followthe rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all otherrespects.You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individuallyunder this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document,and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.8. Aggregation with independent works
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independentdocuments or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is calledan “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit thelegal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. Whenthe Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other worksin the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document,then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s CoverTexts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or theelectronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise theymust appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.9. Translation
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of theDocument under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translationsrequires special permission from their copyright holders, but youmay include translationsof some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these InvariantSections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices inthe Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the originalEnglish version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this Licenseor a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.If a section in theDocument is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”,the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changingthe actual title.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.10. Termination
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expresslyprovided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, ordistribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particularcopyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holderexplicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holderfails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after thecessation.Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanentlyif the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this isthe first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) fromthat copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of thenotice.Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of partieswho have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have beenterminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the samematerial does not give you any rights to use it.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.11. Future revisions of this license
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Doc-umentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit tothe present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Seehttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Documentspecifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” appliesto it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specifiedversion or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free SoftwareFoundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you maychoose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If theDocument specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can beused, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizesyou to choose that version for the Document.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.12. Relicensing
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Webserver that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities foranybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such aserver. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site meansany set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license publishedby Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place ofbusiness in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that licensepublished by that same organization.“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part ofanother Document.An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all worksthat were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subse-quently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariantsections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligiblefor relicensing.
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A. GNU Free Documentation License
A.13. Addendum: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in thedocument and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright © YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distributeand/ormodify this document under the terms of the GNU Free DocumentationLicense, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free SoftwareFoundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNUFree Documentation License”.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the“with . . . Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-CoverTexts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of thethree, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommendreleasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such asthe GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
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