01Computer Programming Concepts
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Transcript of 01Computer Programming Concepts
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COMPUTERPROGRAMMING
CONCEPTS
School of Engineering & Architecture
COMP1 AL
7/30/2010
jnb
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Computer science discipline dealing withthe creation and maintenance of computerprograms.
One activity in the complex field of softwareengineering
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
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SOFTWAREprograms or instructions thatmake the computer work.
TYPES
1. System Software
2. Applications Software
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGEspecial-purpose language used to create and
maintain programs
specified by a well-defined set of rules syntax(grammar): specifies ways in which
language elements can be combined to create validprograms
semantics (meaning): specifies how a programbehaves
programming language rules are more strictthan natural language rules
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE(CATEGORIES)
by level - how close the instructions are toML
high-level language (HLL): human-like; usesEnglish-like terms; one HLL instruction = manyML instructions
low-level language (LLL): machine-like; usesmnemonics or opcodes; almost one-to-oneinstruction correspondence between LLL and ML
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MACHINE LANGUAGE (ML) native language of a computer
ML is made up of very simple instructions. (addtwo numbers, jump to a program statement, fetchdata from memory, store data to memory, etc.)
computers are powerful since they execute millionsof ML per second.
ML is machine readable but is typically not readily
understandable by humans.
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MACHINE LANGUAGE (ML)-programming the computer by entering only the binary/
hexadecimal operation codes.
BINARY CODE HEX CODE COMMENTS
00111110 00110010 3E 32 // LOADACCUMULATOR
WITH 32H
11010011 00000101 D3 05 // OUTPUTTHE CONTENTTO PORT 5
01110110 76 // HALT
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LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE
Assembly Language- Mnemonics (abbreviations for the instruction operation
codes-[opcodes]) are being entered in programming the
computer.
MNEMONICS COMMENTS
MVI A, 32H LOAD ACCUMULATOR WITH 32H
OUT 5 OUTPUT THE CONTENTS TO I/O
PORT 5
HLT HALT
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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
Pascal Languagevar
x, y, z : integer;
begin
x := 10;
y := 3;
if y 0 thenz := x div y;
end.
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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
BASIC Language10 INPUT N1,N2
20 PRINTSUM = ; N1 + N2
30 END
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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
C Language
# include
# includemain(){
printf(Hello World!);
getch();}
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HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
Java Language
public class gg {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}}
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PROGRAM TRANSLATIONconversion of a program (called the source
code) written in some programminglanguage to its equivalent program (calledexecutable, or object code) in the
machine language of a target computerILLUSTRATION:
ML
1110111011
PROGRAMTRANSLATION
SOURCE
CODE
IN
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PROGRAM TRANSLATION
categories:
compilers: translates an entire
source code(high level languageprogram) to the equivalent object orexecutable code
assemblers: translates assemblylanguage to ML