01A Research Types
-
Upload
pancagus-sragen -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
0
Transcript of 01A Research Types
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
1/14
Types of primary research....How to use this presentation...
Use the mouse to clickanywhere on a slide to go
sequentially to the next slide or use the buttons provided.
On some slides there may be extra information only
available by clicking a button or link, in this case anotherclick will take you back to the referring slide.
What this presentation covers...
This presentation gives a brief introduction to the main
features of two main types of research, Qualitative andQuantitative. It is important that you are clear about the
differences between these two methodologies.
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
2/14
Types of research....
Primary research
Quantitative
Qualitative
Secondary research
Looks at other researchto draw conclusions
from a greater body of
evidence. May review
research from either
camp (qualitative orquantitative).
Types of primary research....
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
3/14
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
4/14
Quantitative experimental design...
What do the terms Experimental and
Quasi-experimental mean?
If we don't manipulate one of thevariables but instead look for
differences that occur naturally then our
design is quasi-experimental
An experimental methodology activelycontrols one variable and looks for a
change in another.
Experimental Quasi-experimental
For example, if we wanted to see if there was a
difference between male and female heights this
would be better pursued by looking at a sample ofmales and females from the population we were
interested in rather than trying to control one
variable!
For example, if we wanted to see if there was a
difference between the recovery time for two
treatments we could randomly assign patients to
two groups, each group having one of thetreatments. We could then look for a difference in
recovery time between the groups.
Are people from the north of England more healthy? a health measure was taken of 100people from northern and southern England and compared.
Have a look at the questions below, which type of study are they? press the adjacent button to see if we
agree when you have had a think...
The change in temperature over 8 hours is recorded for two randomly assigned groups
of patients treated with Ibuprofen (group 1) or paracetamol (group 2)
A group of students are measured before and after an exercise program to assess the
effect of the exercise program.
Quasi-experimental
Experimental
Experimental
Continue
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
5/14
Looking for Correlation or Differences.
Typically the researcher would measure or quantify two things and examine therelationship between them.
The relationship might be a difference, e.g. are people from the north of Englandmore healthy? are males taller than females? or it might be a correlation, do peopleweigh more as they get older?
In a wider sense these are all correlational, but in some cases the variables have
only 2 values (e.g. male/female) this is then known as the discriminatory variable, itlets us discriminate between the groups. (to confuse things a little, we might havemore than 2 groups, if for example we were comparing 3 different treatments.)
Quantitative experimental design...
Does the amount of paracetamol taken affect the amount of temperature reduction.
Subjects were given varying doses of the drug and their temperature reduction recorded.
Have a look at the questions below, are they looking for correlation or differences? press the adjacent
button to see if we agree when you have had a think...
Are people from the north of England more healthy? a health measure questionnaire
filled in by 100 people from northern and southern England and compared.
Are female workers more likely to bring a packed lunch to their place of work than their
male counterparts?
Correlation
Difference
Difference
Continue
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
6/14
Surveys
Surveys collect information, typically from an individual,
to measure relationships orcorrelations amongvariables.
The information they collect might be part of anexperiment, or may be looking for effects that exist in theworld.
The resulting data can be analysed fordifferences or
correlation as appropriate. If surveys include open-ended questions, they could
represent a limited qualitative methodology.
Does the amount of physical exercise taken affect the amount of stress perceived by
subjects.
Have a look at the questions below, do they lend themselves to direct measurement or survey/questionnaire
based methods? press the adjacent button to see if we agree when you have had a think...
Do Health Care students perceive people from the north of England to be more or less
healthy than folk from southern England?
Are older adults shorter than younger adults?
Continue on to Qualitative research Back to primary research types
Survey
Survey
Measurement
Restart
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
7/14
Qualitative
Some example types of qualitative method...
Interviews
Ethnographic strategies
Questionnaires
Continue
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
8/14
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
9/14
Ethnographic strategies
Field research: Researchers talk to peoplewithin their own setting, "in the field." Fieldresearchers observe the phenomenon in itsnatural state and typically take extensive field
notes that might then be coded and analyzed.(So analysis could be partly quantitative.)
Participant observation: A method of
qualitative data collection, it requires that theresearcher becomes a participant in the cultureor context being observed.
Back
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
10/14
Questionnaires
Questionnaires were typically paper-and-pencilinstruments that the respondent completes but electronicmethods are now commonplace.
They may be done remotely or led by a researcher atthis point they start to look like Structured Interviews.
There are of course advantages and disadvantages ineither type.
Questionnaires are sometimes mixed
quantitative and qualitative.
e.g. What is your age in years?
e.g. What influenced your decisions totravel to work on the transport you
chose today?
There are some quite deep
philosophical issues that could be
entered into about where the
boundary between qualitative and
quantitative methodology lies whendata are gathered by questionnaire,
however, at a simple level it seems
reasonably clear which example here
is certainly quantitative!
Back
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
11/14
Important
There is no best type of research
There is no best research design
It depends on the question
Quantitative research assigns numbers,
or at least categories, to the data. A
quantitative research question might be
"Does a new exercise have a greater
effect on core stability than an existingone?" We could measure the effect of
each exercise on a sample of patients
and compare the two effects. Data are
usually analysed statistically.
Quantitative methods are generally
explanatory, they explain relationshipsbetween variables.
Qualitative research often gathers data
that reflect the content and meaning of
an event or the perspective of an
individual. Data are analysed
qualitatively, e.g. by looking for themes.A qualitative research question might be
"what do the relatives of stoke patients
feel about the impact on their lives?". A
strength of qualitative methods is that
they allow the research to find new
issues in the field, they are explorative.
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
12/14
It is a continuum...
Qualitative and Quantitative methodologiesare different one is not better than the other,
each has its strengths when used in the
correct context. As a consumer of researchyou need to be able to recognise the method
and consider if it is appropriate to the
research question.
Qualitative Quantitative
FinishStart again
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
13/14
Further study/thought
http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/proj/res
_meth/login.html
http://www.alleydog.com/101notes/method
s.html#RESEARCH%20METHODS
-
8/8/2019 01A Research Types
14/14
Philosophical perspectives
Positivism
single objective reality
test, verify, measure
experimental
controlled intervention
numbers
statistical analysis
Phenomenology
multiple realities
explain, interpret
sociological, case
study
observation, interview
words
dimensions