01 · Web viewProtist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form Animal-like protist 5. 6. 7. 8....
Transcript of 01 · Web viewProtist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form Animal-like protist 5. 6. 7. 8....
Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________
Protists and Fungi
Study Guide B
Answer KeySECTION 1. DIVERSITY OF PROTISTS
1. eukaryotes2. protists may be single-celled, colonial, or
multicellular3. No, the size of protists range from
microscopic to very large.4. All protists can reproduce asexually. Some
protists can reproduce both asexually and sexually.
5. heterotroph6. single-celled7. plantlike protist8. autotroph9. funguslike protist
10. Protista11. Eukarya12. Because they are both eukaryotes, protists
are more closely related to animals than bacteria, which are prokaryotes.
13. slime molds14. algae15. The term protist includes all eukaryotic
single-celled, colonial, and multicellular organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungi. It does not include the single-celled bacteria or archaea, which are prokaryotes. Sketch It Out: One circle should be placed around all of the prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. The other circle should be placed around all of the eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, and Protista
SECTION 2. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS1. eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or
fungi2. Zooflagellate. Sketch should depict a single
cell with flagella.3. Pseudopods4. Sketch should be labeled and depict either
an amorphous shape of an amoeba or a multichambered shell of a foraminiferan.
5. Cilia6. free living, parasites7. Paramecium. Sketch should show single-cell
with cilia around outside of cell.8. Malaria9. by the bite of a mosquito
10. flagella11. Giardia12. protozoa13. cilia14. pseudopod
Sketch It Out: Sketches should be sequential, showing an amoeba extending a pseudopod, surrounding its food and forming a food vacuole, secreting digestive enzymes, and ingesting its food.
SECTION 3. PLANTLIKE PROTISTS1. single-celled2. 2 flagella3. single-celled4. salt water, fresh water5. glasslike shell6. water, land7. multicellular8. marine9. chlorophyll c
10. multicellular11. salt water, fresh water12. multicellular13. asexual reproduction14. asexual reproduction15. asexual reproduction16. sexual reproduction17. sexual reproduction18. sexual reproduction19. Algae are protists because they do not have
roots, stems, and leaves, and they have reproductive structures that are not found in the plant kingdom. Sketch It Out: Sketch should depict and correctly label asexual and sexual reproduction of a single-celled green algae as shown in Figure 3.7
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Holt McDougal Biology i Protists and FungiStudy Guide B
Study Guide B continued
SECTION 4. FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS1. They can move during part of their life
cycle, while fungi cannot.2. plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime
molds3. A plasmodium is a body form of a
plasmodial slime mold. It moves like a giant amoeba. It is a single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei.
4. It stops growing and develops nonmoving reproductive structures that produce spores.
5. They can often move on their own.6. The cells of a pseudeoplasmodium are
independent—their cell membranes don’t fuse.
7. A water mold (downy mildew) Phytophthora infestans
8. underside of logs, on dead leaves9. soil
10.decomposer11. spore, amoeba-like cell, sluglike body
(pseudoplasmodium)12. fresh water13. decomposers, parasite of fish14. branching strand of cells15. slime mold16. slime mold17. water mold18. slime mold
SECTION 5. DIVERSITY OF FUNGI1. single-celled yeasts, molds, and true fungi.2. They both have structures made of chitin.3. absorb it directly from their environment4. photosynthesize5. roots, stems, and leaves6. chitin7. cellulose8. sketch should be labeled and depict a sac
fungus9. sketch should be labeled and depict a bread
mold10. sketch should be labeled and depict a club
fungus
11. fission, budding, sexual reproduction12. They make an ascus, a saclike structure,
during sexual reproduction.13. within the gills, underneath the cap of a
mushroom14. sporangia15. fruiting body16. chitin17. mycorrhizae18. hyphae19. mycelium
SECTION 6. ECOLOGY OF FUNGI1. Fungi return nutrients such as carbon,
nitrogen, and minerals back to the soil.2. The large surface area of their mycelia allow
quick recycling of nutrients.3. lignin and cellulose4. Fungi can damage fruit trees and wooden
structures such as houses and boats.5. obligate pathogens6. Antibiotics can destroy beneficial bacteria in
the human digestive system, allowing other organisms such as fungi to take their place.
7. ringworm and athlete’s foot8. Dutch elm disease, peach scab, gray mold9. other fungi
10. Sketch should include densely packed and loosely packed fungal hyphae and a layer of algal cells.
11. The alga photosynthesizes, providing sugars to feed both the alga and the fungus.
12. producer and decomposer13. The fungal mycelium can help absorb
nutrients and water faster than the plant roots could alone.
14. The fungus gets sugars and nutrients from the plants.
15. They boost plant growth and produce chemicals that help fight harmful bacteria.
16. food17. healthcare18. mushrooms19. yeast for bread20. citric acid for candy21. Fungi and algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
Section 1: Diversity of Protists
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTKingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.
VOCABULARY
protist
MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS CAN BE ANIMAL-LIKE, PLANTLIKE, OR FUNGUSLIKE.1. Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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2. Are all protists single-celled? Explain.________________________________________________________________
3. Are all protists microscopic? Explain.________________________________________________________________
4. How do protists reproduce?________________________________________________________________
Write how each category of protists get their food, and whether they are single-celled, colonial, or multicellular in the table below.
Protist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form
Animal-like protist 5. 6.
7. 8. single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
9. decomposer (heterotroph) multicellular
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Holt McDougal Biology 0 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists
PlantaeAnimalia
Protista
Archaea
Fungi Bacteria
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS ARE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY.10. What kingdom are protists placed in?
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11. What domain are protists placed in?________________________________________________________________
12. Are protists more closely related to animals or to bacteria? Explain.________________________________________________________________
13. Look at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to animals: algae or slime molds?________________________________________________________________
14. Look again at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to plants: algae or slime molds?________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check15. In the 1860s, the scientist Ernst Haeckel first used the term Protista to
categorize all single-celled organisms. How has the meaning of protist changed since then?________________________________________________________________
Sketch it OutUsing the six-kingdom model of classification shown below, draw two circles. One circle should include all of the prokaryotes. The other circle should include all of the eukaryotes. Be sure to label both of the groups that you have identified.
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Holt McDougal Biology 1 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists
Section 2: Animal-Like Protists
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTAnimal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.
VOCABULARY
protozoa cilia
pseudopod
MAIN IDEA: ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS MOVE IN VARIOUS WAYS.1. What are protists?
________________________________________________________________Fill in the table below with characteristics of animal-like protists.
Structure Used for Movement
Way of Life Example (sketch and label)
Flagella free-living, parasites, and mutualists
2.
3. free-living, parasites 4. amoeba or foraminifera(draw sketch and label)
5. 6. 7.
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Holt McDougal Biology 2 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: SOME ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS CAUSE DISEASE.8. What is the disease caused by the protist Plasmodium?
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9. How is the disease caused by Plasmodium passed to humans?________________________________________________________________
10. One protist causes sleeping sickness. What structure does that protist use to move around?________________________________________________________________
11. What protist is common in natural streams and other bodies of water near wild animal habitats?________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check12. A common name that refers to all animal-like protests
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13. Shorter and more numerous than flagella________________________________________________________________
14. Means “fake foot”________________________________________________________________
Sketch it OutUse Figure 2.2 and the text to sketch and describe how an amoeba gets its food.
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Holt McDougal Biology 3 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists
Section 3: Plantlike Protists
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTAlgae are plantlike protists.
VOCABULARY
algae
MAIN IDEA: PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN BE SINGLE-CELLED OR MULTICELLULAR.Fill in the table below with characteristics of plantlike protists.
Plantlike Protist Where FoundIdentifying Characteristic
Single-celled or Multicellular
Euglenoids fresh water, salt water
1–2 flagella 1.
Dinoflagellates salt water, fresh water, snow
2. 3.
Diatoms 4. 5. single-celled
Green algae 6. chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids
7.
Brown algae 8. 9. 10.
Red algae 11. chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin
12.
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Holt McDougal Biology 4 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: MANY PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.Choose whether the phrase below best describes asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction of algae.
asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
________________________ 13. All algae can reproduce this way.
________________________ 14. In Clamydomonas, the entire cycle is haploid (1n).
________________________ 15. Simple fragmenting.
________________________ 16. In Clamydomonas, this is triggered by environmental stress.
________________________ 17. Gametes are formed.
________________________ 18. In Clamydomonas, it has both haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) stages.
Vocabulary Check19. Are algae plants or protists? Explain.
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Sketch it OutUse Figure 3.7 to sketch the life cycle of a single-celled green algae. Make sure to
label asexual and sexual reproduction.
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Holt McDougal Biology 5 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists
Section 4: Funguslike Protists
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFunguslike protists decompose organic matter.
VOCABULARY
slime mold water mold
MAIN IDEA: SLIME MOLDS AND WATER MOLDS ARE FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS.1. How are funguslike protists different from fungi?
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2. What are the two types of slime molds?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The protist that causes malaria is called Plasmodium. How is a funguslike protist plasmodium different than this disease-causing Plasmodium?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens to a plasmodial slime mold when it is under environmental stress?________________________________________________________________
5. What is unusual about the spores released by a slime mold?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A cellular slime mold produces a pseudoplasmodium, which means “fake plasmodium.” How is a pseudoplasmodium of a cellular slime mold different from a plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold?________________________________________________________________
7. What was the cause of the Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1800s?________________________________________________________________
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Holt McDougal Biology 6 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists
Study Guide B continued
Write where the different funguslike protists can be found, their ecological roles, and their possible body forms in the table below.
Funguslike Protist Where Found Ecological Role Body Forms
Plasmodial slime mold
8. decomposer plasmodium, spore producing structure, spores that can move
Cellular slime mold
9. 10. 11.
Water mold 12. 13. 14.
Vocabulary Checkslime mold water mold
_________________________ 15. can grow as large as a meter or more
_________________________ 16. has a resistant, resting stage
_________________________ 17. can have a cottony appearance
_________________________ 18. releases chemical signals that cause the cells to swarm together
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Holt McDougal Biology 7 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists
Section 5: Diversity of Fungi
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.
VOCABULARY
chitin fruiting body
hyphae mycorrhizae
mycelium sporangia
MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE ADAPTED TO ABSORB THEIR FOOD FROM THE ENVIRONMENT1. What are the three informal groups that fungi can be divided into?
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2. What is one way that fungi are similar to insects?________________________________________________________________
In the chart below, compare fungi and plants.
Characteristics Fungi Plants
How do they get their food?
3. 4.
What structures make up their bodies?
hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
5.
What makes up their cell walls?
6. 7.
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Holt McDougal Biology 8 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: FUNGI COME IN MANY SHAPES AND SIZES.Sketch and label an example of each of the following: sac fungi, bread mold, and club fungi. Pick figures throughout the chapter as examples for your sketches.
8. Sac Fungus 9. Bread Mold 10. Club Fungus
MAIN IDEA: FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.11. List the three ways that yeast can reproduce.
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12. Why are single-celled yeasts classified as sac fungi?________________________________________________________________
13. Where can the reproductive structures of a club fungi, called basidia, be found on a mushroom?________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check________________ 14. spore-forming structures of fungi
________________ 15. aboveground reproductive structure of a fungus
________________ 16. a tough polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi
________________ 17. symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi
________________ 18. long strands that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
________________ 19. a tangled mass of hyphae
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Holt McDougal Biology 9 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi
Section 6: Ecology of Fungi
Study Guide BKEY CONCEPTFungi recycle nutrients in the environment.
VOCABULARY
lichen
MAIN IDEA: FUNGI MAY BE DECOMPOSERS, PATHOGENS, OR MUTUALISTS.1. How does the decomposing activity of fungi help ecosystems?
________________________________________________________________2. How are fungi well adapted as decomposers?
________________________________________________________________3. Fungi are the main decomposers of what two tough plant materials?
________________________________________________________________4. What negative effect to human industry may fungi decomposers have?
________________________________________________________________5. What are organisms that always cause disease called?
________________________________________________________________6. How does overuse or incorrect use of antibiotics contribute to infection by
fungi?________________________________________________________________
7. What are two fairly mild infections to humans that are caused by fungi?________________________________________________________________
8. What are three diseases of plants that are caused by fungi?________________________________________________________________
9. What is usually the source of the chemicals used in antifungal medicines?________________________________________________________________
10. Use Figure 6.3 to sketch and label the structure of a lichen in the space provided.
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Holt McDougal Biology 10 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi
Uses of fungi
16. 17. molecular biology
18. 20. model systemsantibiotics
19.
Study Guide B continued
11. What does an associated alga provide to a lichen?________________________________________________________________
12. What two roles do lichens play in an ecosystem?________________________________________________________________
13. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. What does the fungi provide in this relationship?________________________________________________________________
14. How does the fungus benefit by being associated with plant roots as mycorrhizae?________________________________________________________________
15. What are two ways mycorrhizae are beneficial to a plant?________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE STUDIED FOR MANY PURPOSES.Fill in the concept map below with details of how humans use fungi for different purposes.
Vocabulary Check21. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between what two types of organisms?
________________________________________________________________
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Holt McDougal Biology 11 Protists and FungiStudy Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi