01 RN31542EN10GLA0 WCDMA Fundamentals
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WCDMA Fundamentals
1 © NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
3GRPESS – MODULE 1
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Module 1 – WCDMA Fundamentals
Objectives
• After this module the participant shall be able to:-
• Understand the main cellular standards and allocatedfrequency bands
• Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface
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• Recognize the main NSN RRM functions and their maintasks
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Module Contents
• Standardisation and frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
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• HSPA technology
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Module Contents
• Standardisation and frequency bands
– Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
– IMT-2000 frequency allocations
– UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution
• Main ro er ies of UMTS Air In erface
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• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• HSPA technology
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Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
• ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
– IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
• 3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea) – GSM
▪ EDGE
– UMTS
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▪ -
▪ WCDMA - TDD
– TD-SCDMA
• 3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodiesARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
– CDMA2000▪ CDMA2000 1x
▪ CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
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IMT-2000 frequency allocations
2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850
ITU M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
EuropeUMTS(FDD) D
E C T
U M T S ( T D D )
GSM1800
M T S ( T D D )
UMTS(FDD)
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
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JapanIMT-2000 P H S
IMT-2000
USA P C S
u n l i c e n s e d
PCSPCS
U M T S ( T D D )
I M T - 2 0 0 0 ( T D D )
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
M o b i l e
S a t e l l i t e
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UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution
• Release 99 – I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan – II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
• New in Release 5 – III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
• New in Release 6 – IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band – V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850 – - -
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• New in Release 7 – VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz – VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900 – IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
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Module Contents
• Standardisation and frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
– UMTS Air interface technologies
– WCDMA – FDD
– WCDMA vs. GSM
–
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– Processing gain
– WCDMA codes and bit rates
• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• HSPA technology
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UMTS Air Interface technologies
• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
– WCDMA – FDD
– WCDMA – TDD
• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution
– FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
• WCDMA – TDD echnolo is c rren l sed in limi ed n mber of
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networks – TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
• Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
• This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDDsolution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
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WCDMA – FDD technology
• Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
– All cells at same carrier frequency
– Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
– Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
• M l i le carriers can be sed o increase ca aci
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– Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
• Compatibility with GSM technology
– Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
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WCDMA Technology
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
F r e q u e n c y
WCDMA Carrier Users share same time and frequency
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5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode
me
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMAWCDMA55 MHz,MHz, 11 carriercarrier
TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)55 MHz,MHz, 2525 carrierscarriers
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UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
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Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms
Network planning(frequency planning)
High bit rates
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requency vers ty z an w t g ves
multipath diversity withRake receiver
requency opp ng
Packet data Load-based packetscheduling
Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit
diversity
Supported for
improving downlinkcapacity
Not supported by the
standard, but can beapplied
Services withDifferent qualityrequirements
Efficient
packet data
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Multiple WCDMA carriers – Layered network
F3
1 - 10 km
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F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
Micro BTSMacro BTS
Pico BTSs
50 - 100 m200 - 500 m
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Spreading Code
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
Baseband Data+1
+1
-1
-1
ChipChip
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
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Spread Signal
Data
Air Interface
-1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
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Energy Box
Originating Bit Received Bit Energy per bit = E b = const
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Duration (t = 1/R b )
Higher spreading factorWider frequency band Lower power spectral density
BUT
Same Energy per Bit
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o w e r
d e n s
i t y ( W a
t t s / H z
)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
User bitrate
R
Spreading & Processing Gain
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Frequency P
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
sec84.3
Mchipconst W ==
[ ] )log(.10 R
W dBG p =Processing gain:
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Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W / H z )
R
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
• Spreading sequences
Processing Gain Examples
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Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)
Frequency (Hz)
P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W / H
z )
R
Gp=W/R=10 dB
have a different length• Processing gaindepends on the userdata rate
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Transmission Power
Frequency
Power densityHigh bit rate user
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5MHz
Time
Low bit rate user
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WCDMA Codes
• In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreadingoperation
– Channelisation code
– Scrambling code
• Channelisation code
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– DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,defines physical channel bit rate
– UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bitrate
• Scrambling code – DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
– UL: separates users
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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
BCCH
Pilot X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
CODE 3SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
User 3
CHANNELISATION codes:
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
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User 3
User 2
User 1 X
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLINGCODE
RF
Time
3.84 MHzRF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
DPCH1
DPCH2
DPCH3
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DL & UL Channelisation Codes
• Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSFcodes) – SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
– SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}• Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0
– In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
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– In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference betweenusers of same cell
• Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisationbetween different channels can be guaranteed
– Downlink channels under one cell
– Uplink channels from a single user
• Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in anasynchronous environment
– Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
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Channelisation Code Tree
C2(0)=[11]
C4(0)=[1111]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C8(0)=[11111111]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C16(5)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C16(3)=[............]
C16
(2)=[............]
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 SF=256 SF=512...
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C0(0)=[1]
C2(1)=[1-1]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]C16(15)=[...........]
C16(14)=[...........]
C16(13=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]C16(11)=[...........]
C16(10)=[...........]
C16(9)=[............]
C16(8)=[............]
C16(7)=[............]
16 6 = ............
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Spreadingfactor
Channelsymbol
rate(ksps)
Channel bitrate
(kbps)
DPDCHchannel bitrate range
(kbps)
Maximum userdata rate with ½-
rate coding(approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps64 60 120 90 45 kbps32 120 240 210 105 kb s
Half rate speech
Full rate speech
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
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16 240 480 432 215 kbps8 480 960 912 456 kbps4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3parallel
codes
2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbol phyb R R ⋅= 2_SF
W RSymbol =
(QPSK modulation)
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
• 3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates withHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
– Shared high bit rate channel between users – High peak bit rates
– Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
– Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
▪ 16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
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Coding rate
QPSK
Coding rate
1/4
2/4
3/4
5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
16QAM
2/4
3/4
4/4
2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
HSDPA
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
• 3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates withHigh Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
– Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users – High peak bit rates
– Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 – 4)
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Coding rate
1/2
3/4
4/4
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2
2 x SF4480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
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DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes
• Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
– 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
•
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– Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
– Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated toget the scrambling code of the frame length
▪ Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
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Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scramblingcode C1
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Scramblingcode C2
C1+∆2
UE has simultaneous connectionto two cells (soft handover)
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RAKE Receiver
Rx
Output
FingerCell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
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• Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells
D e l a
y ∆ 1
Code usedfor the
connection
t
Cell-2Rx Finger
D e l a
y ∆ 2
D e l a
y ∆ 3
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Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlinkconnections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 µs)
Downlink also 512 chips
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7 µs = 256 chips
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
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Different bit rates by changing the lengthof the code
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
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Module Contents
• Standardisation and frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
– Load control
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–
– Packet Scheduler
– Resource Manager
– Power Control
– Handover Control
• HSPA technology
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Radio Resource Management
• RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
– Transmission power and interference
– Logical codes
• The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done allthe time
– Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
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ax mum num er o users
• The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised byseveral RRM functionalities service quality
cell coverage cell capacity
Optimizationand Tailoring
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RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
LC
AC
For each cell
PS
RM
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on ro
PC
HCFor each connection/user
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• LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
• LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC andPS
• Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
– Interference levels (UL)
Load Control (LC)
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–
LC
AC
PSNRT load
oa c ange n o
Load status
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Load Control – Load Status
• Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overloadthreshold x
Load Targetthreshold y
Load Margin
Overload
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P o w e r
Time
Normal load
Measured loadFree capacity
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• Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice plannedcoverage or quality of existing connections
• Admission control handles three main tasks
– Admission decision of new connections
▪ Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
Admission Control (AC)
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connection
▪ Real-time higher priority than non-real time
▪ In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
– Connection QoS definition
▪ Bit rate, BER target etc.
– Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
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Packet Scheduler (PS)
• PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections tonon-real time (NRT) connections
– Each cell separately
– Based on QoS priority level of the connection
– In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
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•PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)
• PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
• Capacity allocated on a needs basis using ‘best effort’ approach
– RT higher priority
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Resource Manager (RM)
• Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNCin co-operation with AC and PS
• On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM
allocates: – DL spreading code
– UL scrambling code
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Code Type Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
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Power control (PC) in WCDMA
• Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance – particularlyin UL;
– UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference
between users – Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
• Every UE accessing network increases interference
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– target to m n m se t e nter erence n m ze transm t power o eac
link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
• Mitigates 'near far effect‘ in UL by providing minimum requiredpower for each connection
• Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes inpropagation conditions (fading)
– Step up/down 1500 times/second
U li k l
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Uplink power control target
Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
min(Prx1)
min(Prx2)
&
About e ual when
Target:
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UE1 UE2
Rb1
= Rb2
Ptx1
Ptx1
P C t l t
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Power Control types
• Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
•Open loop power control
– Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
• Outer (closed) loop power control
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– ,
target – RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on
connection quality
• Fast closed loop power control
– Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF qualitytarget (SIR target)
– Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation
– Change of transmit power according to received power control command
P C t l t
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Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Power Control types
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UL Outer LoopPower Control
Closed Loop Power Control
RNCBSDL Outer LoopPower Control
BLER target
Power control in HSPA
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Power control in HSPA
• In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is keptconstant and the signal modulation and coding is adaptedaccording to the channel conditions
– 2 ms interval 500 Hz
• In HSUPA (UL)
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– The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
▪ Fast closed loop power control
▪ Outer loop power control
– Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
Handover Control (HC)
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Handover Control (HC)
• HC is responsible for:
– Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around thenetwork coverage area
– Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
• Soft handover
– MS handover between different base stations
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• Softer handover – MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
• Hard handover
– MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
Soft/softer handover
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Soft/softer handover
• UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover
• Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements andhandover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
• Radio link performance is improved during soft handover• Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1
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BS1
BS2
BS3 R e c e i v e d s i g n a l s t r e n g t h
BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Soft handover
BS2
Hard handover
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Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMAfrequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
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f1
f2
f1
f2f2f2
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
Module Contents
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Module Contents
• Standardisation and frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
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• HSPA technology
Module Contents
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Module Contents
HSPA technology
• Channel types
• Physical Channels
• Principle of HSPA
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Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)
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Node B
d D o w n
l i n k
d C h a n n e l s
The introduction of 3G made use of uplink anddownlink dedicated channels to transfer userplane and control plane data in CELL_DCH
Applicable to
• All 3GPP Releases
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R99)
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U p
l i n k
a
D e
d i c a
t e
Uplink air-interface capacity defined bymaximum planned increase in uplinkinterference
Downlink air-interface capacity defined bydownlink transmit power capability
Cell_DCH
CS and PS services
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R5)
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Node B
In R5 3G evolved to include HSDPA fortransferring packet switched user plane data inthe downlink direction
Applicable to
• 3GPP Release 05• NSN RAS05, RAS05.1
HSDPA makes use of a downlink transmit power e d i c a
t e d
n n e
l s
D P A
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R5)
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a ocat on an so as a rect mpact upon
downlink capacity
The resource shared between multiple HSDPAusers is the HSDPA downlink transmit power
The Node B scheduler assigns timeslots &
codes to specific UE to allow access to theHSDPA downlink transmit power
U p l i n
k
C
h
Cell_DCH
H
PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R6)
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Node B
• 3G has further evolved to include HSUPA fortransferring packet switched user plane data inthe uplink direction
• Applicable to
– 3GPP Release 06 – NSN RAS06, RU10
• HSUPA makes use of a uplink interference U P A
D P A
Channel Types for User Plane Data (R6)
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uplink capacity• The resource shared between multiple
HSUPA users is the uplink interference
• The Node B scheduler assigns transmit power
ratios to specific UE to allow a contributiontowards the total increase in uplink interference
H
Cell_DCH
H
PS services CS services continue to use R99 dedicated channels
Module Contents
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Module Contents
HSPA technology
• Channel types
• Physical Channels
• Principle of HSPA
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Physical Channels for R99 UE
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Node B
UL CHANNELSDPCH includes
• DPDCH• DPCCH – Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates• Signalling radio bearers• User plane radio bearersR99 DPCH
y
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D P D C H
D P C C H
DL CHANNELSDPCH includes
• DPDCH• DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates• Signalling radio bearers• User plane radio bearers
D P D C H
D P C C H
Dedicated
Physical Channels for Rel5 / Rel6 HSDPA UE
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Node B
UL CHANNELSDPCH includes
• DPDCH• DPCCH – Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC• HS-DPCCH – CQI, ACK/NACK
DPDCH encapsulates• Signalling radio bearers• User plane radio bearers
DL CHANNELS
C H
C H
HSDPAAssociated DPCH
y
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DPCH includes
• DPDCH• DPCCH - Pilot, TFCI, TPC
DPDCH encapsulates• Signalling radio bearers
HS-PDSCH encapsulates• User plane radio bearers
HS-SCCH provides• Channelisation code set, modulation scheme,
transport block size, HARQ process, redundancyand constellation version, new data indicator, UEidentity
1 - 1
5 x H S - P
D
1 - 4 x
H S - S
D P D C
H
D P C C
H
H S - D P C
C
D P D C
H
D P C C
H
Dedicated Common
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (UL)
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Node B
C H
H C H
H
H
UL CHANNELS
E-DPCH includes• E-DPDCH• E-DPCCH – E-TFCI, RSN, Happy Bit
DPCH includes
• DPDCH• DPCCH – Pilot, TFCI, FBI, TPC• HS-DPCCH – CQI, ACK/NACK
E-DPDCH encapsulates
y ( )
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1 - 1
5 x
H S - P
D
1 - 4 x
H S - S
C
D P D C
H
D P C C
H
H S - D
P C
C
1 , 2 , 4
x E - D
P D
E - D
P C C H
F - D
P C
H
Dedicated Common
E - D
C H R G C
E - D
C H A G C
E - D
C H H
I C•
DPDCH encapsulates• Signalling radio bearers
Physical Channels for Rel6 HSPA UE (DL)
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Node B
H H H
DL CHANNELS
DPCH includes• F-DPCH – TPC• E-DCH RGCH• E-DCH HICH
E-DCH AGCH encapsulates
• Absolute grant value, absolute grant scope
HS-PDSCH enca sulates
y ( )
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1 - 1
5 x
H S - P
D S
1 - 3 x
H S - S
C C
D P D C H
D P C C H
H S - D
P C C H
1 , 2 , 4
x E - D P
D
E - D
P C C
H
F - D
P C H
Dedicated Common
E - D
C H R G
C
E - D
C H A G
C
E - D
C H H I C
• User plane radio bearers
HS-SCCH provides• Channelisation code set, modulation
scheme, transport block size, HARQprocess, redundancy and constellationversion, new data indicator, UE identity
Module Contents
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HSPA technology
• Channel types
• Physical Channels
• Principle of HSPA
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HSxPA Motivation and General Principle
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Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:• Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2
Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
• Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
• Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
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HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in ULPipe (codes and grants) changingwith timeE-DCH scheduling
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
HSDPA Overview
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15 CodeShared
transmission
16QAMModulation
TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy
Fast LinkAdaptation
AdvancedScheduling
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BenefitHigher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
HS-PDSCH Transmit power
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Cell maximum TX
powerMaximum HSDPA
ower
PtxCell maximum TX powerPtx
The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels
• Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS – HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA
• HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameterHSDPADynamicResourceAllocation
– Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power
– Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
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• HSDPA power is limited by thePtxMaxHSDPA parameter
Common chs
HSDPA
(PtxMaxHSDPA)
Non-
HSDPA
power
Time Common chs
HSDPA
Non-HSDPA
power
Time
• HSDPA power is not limited, all availablepower can be allocated to HSDPA
• Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
Maximum code allocation for HSDPA• Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA
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SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
• Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA – Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available
– Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI
• 15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminallimitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users)
– Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) – Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell
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SF=8
SF=16
SF=32
SF=64
SF=128
SF=256
15 HS-PDSCH codes
Up to three HS-SCCH codes
Codes for commonchannels in the cell
Codes for associated DCHs andnon-HSDPA users
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256available for the 3rd UE for
associated DCH
Used by AMR user only oneSF128 code remains for associated
DCH
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH
Case1:
Case2:
Case1+2:
HSDPA - UE Categories
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• QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates
• 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
– Number of parallel codes supported
– Minimum inter-TTI interval
• Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
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HSDPA Code Multiplexing HS-SCCH
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HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
• With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEscan be scheduled during one TTI from singlecell
• Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) – One for each simultaneously receiving UE
• Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCHpower of cell are divided between UEs
• -
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH
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channel conditions of a UE
• Important when cell supports more codes thanUEs do – Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6
and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduledon TTI
• BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes inorder to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
cat 6
-
HS-PDSCH
cat 6 cat 6 cat 6cat 8
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
HSUPA Overview
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TTI = 10 ms1-4 CodeMulti-Code
transmission
FastPower Control
Hybrid ARQwith incr. redundancy
NodeBControlledScheduling
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BenefitHigher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
HSUPA - UE Categories
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• BPSK modulation with multicode transmission used to achieve high data rates• 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterised by
– Number of parallel codes supported
– Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs
• Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI
– No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air…
TransportBlock size
HSUPACategory
TTICodes x Spreading Data rate
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11484
20000
20000
5772
20000
14484
2798
14484
7110
2 Mbps102 x SF24
2.89 Mbps22 x SF24
1.45 Mbps102 x SF42
1.40 Mbps22 x SF42
2 Mbps102xSF2 + 2xSF46
6
5
3
1
2
10
10
10
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
2 x SF2
2 x SF4
1 x SF4
5.74 Mbps
2 Mbps
1.45 Mbps
0.71 Mbps
HSPA mobility
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HSDPA
• Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data)
• Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
– Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handoveris not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH
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HSUPA
• Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem
• Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
-
HS-PDSCHDPCH
DPCHServingHS-DSCH cell
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Module 1 – WCDMA Fundamentals
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Summary
• Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDDversions
• WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based andAsian/Japanese frequency bands
• WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes
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radio resources while offering required quality of service to users• HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency