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Chapter 1LectureSlides

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Chapter 1

The Human Organism

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1.1 Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

• Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

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Topics of Anatomy

• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope– Regional: studied area by area– Systemic: studied system by system– Surface: external form and relation to deeper

structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues

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Topics of Physiology

• Reveals dynamic nature of living things

• Considers operations of specific organ systems– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous

system– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

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Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology

• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease

• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

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1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations

• Chemical Level: interaction of atoms

• Cell Level: structural and functional unit of living organisms

• Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

• Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together

• Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together

• Organism Level: any living thing.

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Organs of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

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1.3 Characteristics of Life

1. Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body

3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust

4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells

5. Development: changes in an organism over timeDifferentiation: change from general to specific

Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs

6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

1.4 Biomedical Research

• Shared characteristics between living things drive research– Single-celled bacteria = cell– Mammalian research furthers human surgery

and medicine• Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering

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1.5 Homeostasis• Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a

normal range of values.• Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.• What is the set point for body temperature?

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Feedback Systems

• Two types: negative and positive• Components

– Receptor: monitors the value of some variable– Control center: establishes the set point– Effector: can change the value of the variable

• Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor

• Response: produced by the effector

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Negative Feedback

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Example of Negative Feedback

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Changes in B.P. During Exercise

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Positive Feedback• When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation

greater– Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and

can result in death

– Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth

– Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

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1.6 Terminology and Body Plan

• Anatomical Position– Body erect, face forward, feet

together, palms face forward

• Other Body Positions– Supine: lying face upward– Prone: lying face downward

• Directional Terms– Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior

(Caudal) toward or away from the head

– Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline

– Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures

– Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body

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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)

• Directional Terms (cont.)– Anterior (Ventral) vs.

Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

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Body Parts and Regions

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Body Parts and Regions

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Planes• Median (through the

midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median

• Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections

• Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections

• Oblique: Other than at a right angle

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Planes Through an Organ

• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ

• Transverse/Cross: cut at right angle to length of the organ

• Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

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Body Cavities• Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavities.• Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic

cavity except the lungs

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Serous Membranes• Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity

• Fist represents an organ

• Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane

• Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane

• Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes

• Inflammation of the serous membranes

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Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs– Pericardium refers to heart.

– Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity

– Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

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Imaging Techniques• Radiography

• Ultrasound (US)

• Computed Tomography (CT)

• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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•Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of internal body structures

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•Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

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• Computed Tomography (CT

Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices

of body.• Dynamic Spatial

Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

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•Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

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•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

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•Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.