1

Introduction to RF IC Design

Prof. Bhaskar Banerjee

University of Texas at Dallas

EERF 6330 - RF Integrated Circuit Design

Books and References

Textbook: Notes, Papers, Slides ... Refs:

RF Microelectronics, B. Razavi (Prentice Hall) - 2nd Edition (2011) The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, T. H. Lee (Cambridge

University Press)

2

3

What is RF?

Radio Frequency: the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all kinds, including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and television broadcasts.

Loosely defined in the band: 3 Hz - 300 GHz.

Most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits.

4

RF Examples

Application Frequency Band

Aeronautical/Maritime 9 kHz - 535 kHz

AM radio 148.5 kHz - 1.71 MHz

Short Wave Radio 1.71 MHz - 30 MHz

Citizens Band (CB) 26.96 MHz - 27.41 MHz

TV (2-6) 54 MHz - 88 MHz

FM Radio 88 MHz - 108 MHz

TV (7-13) 174 MHz - 220 MHz

Cell Phones (GSM) 824 MHz - 894 MHz

Air Traffic Control 960 MHz - 1.215 GHz

Global Positioning System (GPS) 1.227 GHz - 1.575 GHz

Cell Phones (PCS) 1.850 GHz - 1.99 GHz

WLAN (802.11b/g) 2.4 GHz

5

Early Electronics

General area of Electronics began in the early 20th century radio and radar during the world wars

Early systems used discrete electronic components Vacuum tubes

amplifying devices with the flow of electrons between plates in vacuum

finite lifetime large size

Transistors were invented in 1940s (Bardeen, Brittain under William Shockley at Bell Labs) Germanium Crystal

First silicon transistor was produced at Texas Instruments Gordon Teal in 1954 First MOS transistor by Kahng and Atalla (Bell Labs) in 1960

6

Microelectronics

Integrated Circuit (IC) Technology with millions of components (transistors, capacitors, etc.) on a small semiconductor (typically Silicon) area (100 mm2)

Invented independently in 1958 by Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) in Germanium Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor) in Silicon

7

Why Microelectronics?

Impact of ICs: Todays microprocessors contain ~ 100 million transistors in a 10 cm2

area If we used 100 million discrete components and each device occupied a

volume of 3 mm x 3mm x 3mm volume => total volume of 27 mm3 x 108

A CUBE 1.4 m on each side!!!

Would be very slow - signals need to travel on wires 1.4 m long If each transistor cost 1 cent and weighed 1 g

$ 1 million and weigh 100 tons!!!

8

Microelectronics in Daily Life

Satellite TV/GPS

High speed microprocessors

Cell Phones

Mobile Computing/WLAN/3G

Digital Cameras

Wireless Systems

9Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)

10

Evolution of Mobile Phone

Size Features Battery Life Price

11

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

After 15 years of research, $100 mil

Size: 13 x 1.75 x 3.5 Weight: 28 oz (793 g) Features: Only Talk Battery Life:

30 mins Talk Time, 8 hrs standby 10 hours to recharge

Price: $3995 (in 1983)

Current Smartphones

12

Size (approx): 5 x 2.5 x 0.5

Weight: 5 oz (137 g)

Features: Talk, Web, Email, Camera, GPS, Multimedia

Battery Life: 10 hrs Talk Time, 300 hrs

standby

Price: $500 (in 2010)

13

Many Wireless Alternatives

50 Million US Homes equipped with Multimedia Broadband Service

WirelessCable

MMDS/MDS(2.5GHz)

Wireless Access (Fixed WirelessLoop - 2-4GHz)

WirelessMonitoring and

Control of Utilitiesand Security Devices

(ISM, N-PCS)

C-BandBroadcastSatellite(4-6GHz)

DirectBroadcastSatellite(12GHz)

CellularizedCable

(28GHz)

WirelessFiber

(38GHz)Broadcast TV(HDTV/SDTV)

Broadcast AM and FM

Radio(Digital AM/FM)

Wireless TVSales/Polling

(IVDS)

Wireless Data

One-way andTwo-way Messaging

Analog CordlessDigital CordlessFamily Radio ServiceCellular,PCSBluetoothMobile Satellite Service3G, 4G, LTE, ...

Hey Buddy,can you spare

a MHz?

14

Emerging/Future Wireless Requirements

Support Multiple Communication Services

Handling Multi-Band / Multi-Standard Comm. System

Carrier Frequency : 50MHz~100 GHzData rate : 4k ~ 10 Gbps

Output Power : 10 W ~ 10 WConcurrent Multi-mode operation

Low Power ConsumptionRe-configurability

Flexible, Wearable H/W Platform

Mobile GPS

Wireless LAN Wireless PAN Wireless MAN

Digital A/V Broadcasting, Wireless HDWireless RAN

15

W-RAN: 802.22Wireless Regional Area Network

Wider range utilizing Unused VHF/UHF band (54~854MHz)

Wider r

ange

W-MAN: 802.16WiMax / WiBro

Broadband Wireless Access Upto 70Mb/s bandwidth

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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

AERONAUTICALMOBILE

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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

October 2003

MOBIL

EBR

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TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz

59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES

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ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY

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0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz

THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray

Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC RadarBands

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY

X-ray

ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY

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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.

The Radio Spectrum

16

17

Why RF?

Human voice-band: 20 Hz - 20 kHz = 1.5 x 107 m - 1.5 x 104 m

For efficient wireless transmission, antenna dimensions (d) ~ /4 For voice-band, d ~ kilometers

If d ~ 6 cm, = 24 cm => carrier frequency (fc) = 1.25 GHz So we need frequency translation (mixing)

?MIC

Antenna Antenna

?

Speaker

Transmitter Receiver

18

Why RF?

?MIC

Antenna Antenna

?

Speaker

Transmitter Receiver

Oscillator

Mixer

A Simple Receiver and Transmitter Block Diagram

Oscillator

LPF

Mixer

PA LNA

19

A Typical Communication System

InformationSource ADC

Compression/Coding Modulator

DriverAmplifier

Channel

Low-NoiseAmplifier

Down-converterADCDemodulator

De-coding/De-compressor DAC

InformationSink

Receiver

Transmitter

Digital

Digital

voice, video, data, music

mixer,VCO/PLL, PA, Filters

mixer,VCO/PLL, VGA, Filters

speakers, displays

20

Wireless Environment Signals of various levels coexist around the wireless channel Wireless communication is achieved by careful transmission and

selective reception of signal Note the in-band and out-of-band interferers

Desired Signal

Interferers

Noise

21

Basic Wireless Transceiver

Transmitter Should not emit spurious signals out of its band Should have power control to prevent wastage of power Should not affect the modulation present in the transmitted signal

Receiver Should be able to select the desired signal Should be able to distinguish very weak signals from noise and other

unwanted signals lying in the band

22

Terminology

Active Components: Components which provide GAIN (power) Amplifiers Some kinds of mixers

Passive Components: LOSSY components (-ve gain) Filters Some kinds of mixers

Selectivity: Ability to select the desired channel while rejecting the others Sensitivity: The minimum power a receiver can successfully detect Dynamic Range: The difference between the maximum power a receiver

can tolerate (distortion) and the sensitivity

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Signal power/Noise Power (over the bandwidth)

Noise Figure (NF): Noise contribution of the component

23

RF Power

dBm: Power is represented in dBm scale log power measured relative to 1 mW reference. e.g., a power level of 1 mW = 0 dBm Power level of

In general, x mW power can be represented as

dB is used to represent difference in Power levels e.g.: A power gain of 2 ~ 3 dB gain.

Sometimes voltage, current are also represented in dB scale: Voltage: Current:

24

RF Power

Typical power levels at the receiver of a WLAN card on your laptop or cell phone signal ~ -70 to -100 dBm

GPS ~ -120 to -150 dBm -100 dBm power = 10-10 mW = 10-13 W

If this is across a 50 antenna, then the voltage across it will be

The aim is to amplify such low signals to higher values, suppressing the interferers and noise

RF Design Challenge

25Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)

26

RF Design Hexagon

Noise Power

FrequencyLinearity

Supply Voltage

Gain

Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)

27

Course Objective

Learn how to translate wireless system specification into optimum System Architecture, and understand specifics on Integrated Circuits (IC)

Linearity Specs (IIP3, P1dB), Dynamic Range, Sensitivity, Blockers

Noise Figure, Signal-to-noise Ratio Link Budget Analysis

Study passive components: Inductors, Capacitors Q-factors, Matching networks

Study key building blocks for RF transceivers: Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer, Oscillators, Power Amplifiers

Understand the RF Design Hexagon trade-off!

Hands-on experience via design project with emphasis on RF system and front-end circuit using state-of-the-art CAD tools, such as Agilent-ADS.

28

What you are expected to know!

Prerequisites: Familiarity with basic RF/Microwave (4xxx level)

S-Parameters 2-Port Network Theory

Familiarity with Analog Circuits Basic Device Physics: CMOS, Bipolar transistors Small signal analysis of transistors

gm, , ro, fT, fMAX Basic amplifier topologies

Common Source, Common Gate, Cascode Familiarity with circuit simulation tools

SPICE, HSPICE, PSPICE ADS (training manuals/tutorials will be provided)

29

Grading

Course structure: About 10 HWs in the Semester, 3-4 Quizzes 2 Midterm Exams (in Class) 1 Design Project (Group of 2-3 students)

Homeworks/Quizzes 30%

Midterm-1 20%

Midterm-2 20%

Design Project 30%

Total 100%