01 Geomorphic Mapping

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Lecture Overview

Definition: geomorphology

Geomorphic mapping

Review: Landslide terminology & classification

systems

Characteristics of landslides

Mapping of landslide types

Examples of geomorphic mapping in landslide studies

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Linkages

Form

Material

Process

Geomorphology is the science of relief forms, forming materials and the

changing processes.

Rotmoostal /

Gurgler Tal


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Iceland - Photopraphs

Aerial photography of Bldudalur, view

to North

Bldudalur,

Westfjords

(Photo: Matz Wibelund)

Glade & Jensen 2002

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Geomorphological map

Glade & Jensen (2004)

Geomorphic mapping


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Sediment origin

Soil creep / solifluction

Appl. Model

Assumption: 25mm/yr with 0.5m

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Example: Geomorphic mapping in the Turtmann

valley, Switzerland

Otto&D

ikau,

2004


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valley, SwitzerlandThematic components of the geomorphologic map of

the Turtmann valley

Otto&D

ikau,

2004

Field observationHatched polygonsNot specifiedSubsurface Material

Field observation,

topographic maps

Line symbols and

polygons

Not specifiedHydrology/

Glaciology

Field observation,

process recognition,material properties,

inferring of past

processes based on

landform geometry

and material.

Coloured polygonsAll scales (active and

past processes)

Process Domain

Field observation,

analysis of DTM and

topographic maps

Line symbolsNot specifiedGeomorphography(steps and breaks of slope,

valleys and drainage

ways)

Field observationLine or point symbolsPartly specifiedSingular Landform

Field observation,

state of activity

according to

indicators (see text)

Point symbols (red or

black)

Activity 1 in the last 5

years (red)

No Activity in the

last 5 years (black)

Geomorphologic

Process

Information sourceMap legend symbolTemporal scaleThematic layers

1Types of activity: continuous, intermittent, episodic, singular

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valley, Switzerland

Qualitative sediment flux model of the Brndjitlli hanging

valley

Otto&D

ikau,

2004


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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004

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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004


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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004

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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004


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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004

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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004


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valley, Switzerland

Otto & Dikau, 2004

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Example: Sediment storage - Rain valley, Germany


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Linking storage process / Activity of storages

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Geomorphic mapping in landslide studies

Mssingen-schingen

GMK 25

Leser 1972


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Landslide terminology

CrownMain scarpTopHeadMinor scarpMain BodyFootTipToe

Surface of ruptureSurface of separationZone of depletion

Zone of accumulation

DepletionDepleted massAccumulationFlank

Adopted from Cruden& Varnes, 1996

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Landslide classifications

Material: Rock, Soil, Lithology, structure,

Geotechnical properties

Geomorphic attributes: Weathering, Slope form

Landslide geometry: Depth, Length, Height etc.

Type of movement: Fall, Slide, Flow etc.

Climate: Tropical, Periglacial etc.

Water: Dry, wet, saturated

Speed of movement: Very slow, slow etc.

Triggering mechanism: Earthquake, rainfall, etc.


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Landslide classifications (1/3) Sharpe 1938

Material: earth, rock

Movement: flow, slip

Velocity: slow to very rapid

Water/ice content

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Landslide classifications (2/3) Varnes 1978

Material:bedrock, debris, earth

Movement: fall, topple, slide, flow, complex

Secondary: water content, velocity


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Landslide classifications (3/3) Wieczorek 1984

YESF:

Y = Dormant-Young

E = Earth

S = Slide

F = Flow

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Landslide

characteristics:

Morphology


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Landslide characteristics: Vegetation

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Landslide characteristics: Drainage


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Landslide characteristics: Active vs. Non-active

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Mapping Landslide Types


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Mapping Landslide Types

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Field methods topographic measurements

TachymeterPetrahn 1996

Petrahn 1996

Gromann 1983

Keaton & de Graff

1996


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Tachymeter Petrhn 1996

Keaton & de Graff 1996

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Natural Hazards/Risk & Geomorphology

Geomorphologic mapping

Identification of distributions of processes

Estimation of temporal occurrence

Analysis of material

Assessment of sediment storage

Basic information for process modeling

Geomorphologic process studies

Verification of assumptions

Estimation of sediment production


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33 Demoulin& Glade 2004

Mapping

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GPS

Demoulin & Glade 2004

Period: Okt 01 Mai 02Okt-Dez: no movement

Jan: 3cm snow melting

Feb: ~30cm heavy rainfalls

March: no movement



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Geomorphic mapping

Legend of Terhorst (2001)

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Geomorphic mapping


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Geomorphic mapping

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General geomorphological

Mapping with focus on

landslides

1:50,000

(Kallinich 1999)

Only cuesta and

landslide heads were mapped



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Mssingen-schingen

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Geological profile derived

from geomorphological

mapping


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Mssingen-schingen

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Mssingen-schingen


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Mssingen-schingen

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Elements at risks - Houses

Mssingen-schingen


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Elements at risk Classified regions

Mssingen-schingen

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Elements at risk Classified regions

Mssingen-schingen


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Mapping of Rockfall impact (1/2)

Wieczoreck et al. (2000)

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Mapping of Rockfall impact (2/2)

Wieczoreck et al. (2000)


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Conclusion

Form Geomorphometric features Approximation of age

Topographic measurements (Tachymeter, GPS)

Material Near subsurface material

1m drillings

Process domains

Dominant process spatially distributed

Grade of activity

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References Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. 1996: Landslide types and processes. In Turner,

A.K. and Schuster, R.L., editors,Landslides: investigation and mitigation,Washington, D.C.: National Academey Press, 36-75.

Demoulin, A. and Glade, T. in prep.: Recent landslide activity in Manaihan,

Belgium.Landslides.

Glade, T. and Jensen, E.H. 2004:Landslide hazard assessments for Bolungarvkand Vesturbygg, NW-Iceland. Reykjavik: Icelandic Meteorological Office.

Glade, T., Kadereit, A. and Dikau, R. 2001: Landslides at the Tertiary

escarpement of Rheinhessen, Southwest Germany.Zeitschrift frGeomorphologie, Supplement Band125, 65-92.

Kallinich, J. 1999: Verbreitung, Alter und geomorphologische Ursachen vonMassenverlagerungen an der Schwbischen Alb auf der Grundlage von Detail-und bersichtskartierungen.

Kndel, K., Krummel, H. and Lange, G., editors 1997: Geophysik. Berlin:Springer Verlag.

Reynolds, J.M. 1997:An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics.Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.


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References

Sharpe, C.F.S. 1938: Landslides and Related Features - A Study of MassMovements of Soil and Rock. New York. pp. 137.

Selby, M.J. 1993:Hillslope materials and processes. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

Otto, J.-C. and Dikau, R. 2004: Geomorphic system analysis of a high mountain

valley in the Swiss Alps.Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie N.F. 48, 323-341.

Terhorst, B. and Kirschhausen, D. 2001: Legends for mass movements in the

MABIS-Project.Zeitschrift fr Geomorphologie, Supplement Band125, 177-192.

Varnes, D.J. 1978: Types of slope movement.

Wieczorek, G.F. 1984: Preparing a Detailed Landslide-Inventory Map for Hazard

Evaluation and Reduction.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists21, 337-342.

Wieczorek, G.F., Snyder, J.B., Waitt, R.B., Morissey, M.M., Uhrhammer, R.A.,

Harp, E.L., Norris, R.D., Bursik, M.I. and Finewood, L.G. 2000: Unusual July

10, 1996, rock fall at Happy Isles, Yosemite National Park, California. GSABulletin no.1, 75-85.

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