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A SCRANTON GILLETTE COMMUNICATIONS PUBLICATION PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PROFITABLE BUSINESS WWW.WQPMAG.COM

September 2007 Volume 12, Number 9

TM

IBWA Show Preview

Keeping Bottled Water Safe With Ozone

The Water Softener Debate

Removing Radium from Water

Bottled Water

Splashmaking a

Bottled Water

Splashmaking a

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write in 766

06 Between a Rock & a Hard PlaceConsumers continue to demand soft water as water softeners face opposition from municipalities

09 Never a Dull MomentFrom the auto industry to water quality, one dealer finds fulfillment as a water treatment professional

12 Radium RemovalStrong acid cation resin in sodium form can be used to remove radium from water

14 Ozone as a DisinfectantKeeping bottled water safe, tasting fresh

17 Bottled Water: Under Attack But Not Going AnywhereBottled water continues to grow in popularity despite negative press

18 IBWA Making a Splash in Las VegasTwo-for-one show registration doubles participants’ benefits

21 Clean Technology for Food Service OperationsThe use of ozone has become an increasingly popular solution in food processing safety

26 Step by StepInternal auditing boosts quality of laboratory testing

27 Press Events, Presentations...Who Are We Impressing?Making your management and message stand out

29 Are You Semiretired?How to tell if you’re retired before you actually retire

42 Key Issues & Industry UpdatesWQA Technical Director Joseph F. Harrison talks with WQP about current industry issues

Arsenic Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 37Ceramic Filter Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Chemical Injector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Drinking Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Faucets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Filter Housings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31, 33Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Flow Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Membrane Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Nitrate Selective Resin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Ozone Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Ozone Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31POU/POE Systems . . . . . . . . . .30, 31, 33, 37Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Process Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Resin Cleaning Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32RO Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 35Rust Stain Removers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Ultrafiltration System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31, 32, 34, 36Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31Water Treatment Systems . . .33, 34, 35, 36

Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

New Product Showcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Product Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Product Spotlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Industry News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Classified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

departments

product index

On the CoverIBWA Show Preview and response to bottled water criticism (see pages 17 & 18).

Water Quality Products (ISSN 1092-0978) ispublished monthly by Scranton GilletteCommunications, 3030 W. Salt Creek Ln., Suite#201, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-5025.Subscription rates in the U.S. are $40 per year(Foreign are $90 payable in U.S. currency).Reproduction of contents forbidden. Copyright2007. Periodicals Postage Paid at ArlingtonHeights, IL 60005 and at additional mailingoffices. PRINTED IN THE USA. POSTMASTER:Send address changes to: Water QualityProducts, 3030 W. Salt Creek Ln., ArlingtonHeights, IL 60005-5025. Water Quality Productsaccepts no responsibility or liability for thevalidity of information supplied by contributors,vendors, advertisers or advertising agencies.

A SCRANTON GILLETTE COMMUNICATIONS PUBLICATION PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR PROFITABLE BUSINESS WWW.WQPMAG.COM

September 2007 Volume 12, Number 9

TM

16

26

featuresfeatures

columnscolumns

21

06

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Having an original opinion about water treatment every monthis hard in itself, but sharing it with more than 19,000 readers is certainly challenging. Over the years, I’ve tried my best to keep you up to date on current

industry issues and relay new technology developments, trends and regulations that affect the way you do business. I hope you have enjoyedreading my editorial letters, as it has been a pleasure to share my experiences and opinions with you.

As the newly appointed editorial director of Water Quality Products,I will be involved with the direction of the publication and will continueseeing many of you at industry events. But I’m happy to pass the torch

of the day-to-day operations of the publication to Water Quality Products’ Managing EditorStephanie Harris.

Stephanie has been involved behind the scenes for the last three months and is ready to stepinto the spotlight; moreover, I am confident she will continue to engage you and deliver strongeditorial content. Please join me in welcoming Stephanie aboard as she takes the reins startingwith the September issue of Water Quality Products.

Thank you for your continued support and helping me feel a part of this industry. It’s been a pleasure!

In the Spotlight I am thrilled to be a part of the Water Quality Products team and the

water treatment industry. I look forward to delivering up-to-date newsand information that is important to you.

It seems to be a good time to dive into this industry with the issuesthat have been in the spotlight as of late and all of the industry eventson the horizon. From the debate surrounding the use of water softenersin onsite wastewater treatment systems to the effect of the increasedduty on carbon imports, there is a lot to talk about.

Bottled water has been in the center of media controversy this summer, facing harsh criticism from environmental activists. As a

reaction to this criticism, cities across the country such as San Francisco, Los Angeles and Ann Arbor, Mich., have been developing policies prohibiting the purchase of bottled water with city funds. In Chicago, Mayor Richard M. Daley verbally endorsed a recent proposal to place a tax of up to 25 cents on the cost of every bottle of water sold in the city.

Despite these recent actions, the fact remains that Americans are choosing bottled water as ahealthy alternative to other beverages such as soft drinks or alcohol. In 2006 alone, 8.25 billiongal of bottled water were sold in the U.S., making it the No. 2 beverage behind soft drinks. Not to mention, bottled water containers are 100% recyclable.

This year’s International Bottled Water Association Convention and Tabletop Trade Show in Las Vegas, Oct. 15 to 19, will address these issues and the importance of bottled water.

“A Place to Learn” is the show’s theme this year, and it will certainly be just that. At the show,take the opportunity to attend some of the educational sessions that will be offered so that youare better able to decipher between fact and fiction in the media and are prepared to respond tobottled water critics in your area. Also, don’t forget to introduce yourself to me—I look forwardto meeting many of you there.

coming up next monthThe October issue of Water Quality Products will feature UV disinfection,

water reuse, focus on instrumentation, software, PWQA show preview and sales tips. Be sure to visit our website at www.wqpmag.com for daily industry news updates.

Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc.3030 W. Salt Creek Ln., #201, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-5025

tel: 847.391.1000 fax: 847.390.0408

e d i t o r i a l s t a f [email protected]

Editorial Director Neda [email protected]

Managing Editor Stephanie [email protected]

Associate Editor Caitlin [email protected]

Associate Editor Clare [email protected]

Assistant Editor Heather [email protected]

Graphic Designer Melissa [email protected]

Production Editor Jason [email protected]

Web Editor Zipporah Porton [email protected]

m a n a g e m e n t

Vice President/Publisher Dennis [email protected]

Sales/Marketing Associate Adrienne [email protected]

a d v e r t i s i n g s a l e sNational Sales Office

Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc.3030 W. Salt Creek Ln., #201, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-5025

tel: 847.298.6622 fax: 847.390.0408

National Sales Manager Don [email protected] 847.391.1047

Classified Ad Sales Manager Donna [email protected] 480.941.0510, ext.13

Internet Sales Representative Michael [email protected] 480.941.0510, ext.16

Advertising Contract Manager Shirley [email protected]

m a g a z i n e p r o d u c t i o n

Production Manager Scott [email protected]

Manager of Prepress Operations Dan [email protected]

c o r p o r a t eChairman Emeritus (1922-2003) H.S. Gillette

Chairman/CEO K.S. Gillette

Vice Chairman/COO S.G. Schultz

President E.S. Gillette

Director of Human Resources A. O’Neill

CFO D. Shreiner

Director of Circulation M. Serino

Director of Production Operation J. Schmueser

e d i t o r i a la d v i s o r y b o a r d

Rick Andrew NSF International

Francis Boodoo Purolite

Dan Cammack TexSon Water, Ltd.

Alan Leff, Ph.D. Primo Water Corp.

Myron Lupal, BA, CWS VI R-Can Environmental, Inc.

Wes McGowan Wes Max Consulting, Ltd.

Marianne Metzger Accent Control Systems, Inc.

Jeff Roseman, CWS VI Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies

4 WATER QUALITY PRODUCTS

Stephanie Harris, managing [email protected]

editorialletter

Stepping into the Spotlight

Neda Simeonova, editorial [email protected]

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RESIN CLEANING PACKETS Pro SoftenerMate and ProRust Out pack-ets offer a sim-ple, convenientway to cleanwater softenerand condition-er resin tanks.Both products

are available in 4-oz pre-measuredpackets—just open, pour into thebrine tank and regenerate. Or, layerwith each 40 lb of salt for continu-ous cleaning. Pro Softener Mate isspecially formulated to cleanorganic debris, tannins, oils, dirt,silt, metal particles and iron fromthe resin bed. Especially useful onsofteners and conditioners placedon municipal water systems wheresystematic line flushing fouls resinbeds. write in 1250

SANI SYSTEM SANITIZER

With increasing awareness by con-sumers and water treatment deal-ers concerning proper sanitizationof point-of-entry and point-of-usewater treatment equipment, SaniSystem offers a simple way to sani-tize all residential equipment as wellas commercial applications such aswater coolers and ice machines.Disposable, pre-measured packetsrequire no mixing of chemicals, andsanitization is complete with only60 seconds contact time. Unlikechlorine bleach, Sani System willnot harm resin, O-rings, gaskets orother mechanical valve parts. SaniSystem kills 99% of harmful bacte-ria, carries NSF 60 certification andis EPA registered. write in 1251

IN-HOME DEMONSTRATION KITSC u s t o m i z e ddemonstrationkits provide yoursalespeople withthe tools to maketheir product pre-sentations standout from the com-petition. This com-plete line of demo

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OUTDOOR RUST STAIN REMOVERS These specialized iron removal andprevention systems eliminate ruststaining, caused by water sprinklerand irrigation systems, on exteriorwalls, driveways and sidewalks. Inaddition to iron treatment chemicals,

other products include CalciumCracker to eliminate chalky calci-um buildup and GrassSoGreenfertilizer to add to your sprinklersystem. The American Hydro lineincludes all chemicals, tanks andpumps for a complete installationsystem. write in 1253Pro Products, LLC • Fort Wayne, INtel: 800.285.9176 • www.proproducts.com

Eliminate your customer’s corrosion and staining problems with Poly Guard®.

• Forms a protective coating on all metal surfaces

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• Reduces scale buildup when hard water is heated

• Prevents low level iron staining

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Poly Guard® will eliminate corrosion and scale build up in your customer’splumbing and water using appliances, and reduces low level iron staining,extending the life of plumbing and appliances. For more information on ourcomplete line of corrosion and stain control products call 800/285-9176or visit www.proproducts.com.

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WATER QUALITY PRODUCTS

tech update

6

Our “hard place” is consumers’ desirefor water softening products and determin-ing how to best fulfill what is for some anessential need. There is a tremendousdemand for soft water that transcends thesimple money-saving aspects of the prod-uct. Industrial, commercial and residentialusers may have somewhat varying reasonsfor using soft water, but they all seek toobtain actual or aesthetic benefits. Whetherit is scale prevention, pretreatment forother conditioning methods or just thatsilky feeling after bathing, soft water is aproduct that is highly sought after by con-sumers. The question at hand is how tobest satisfy their wide range of water condi-tioning demands in an economical andenvironmentally responsible manner.

The list of soft water retractors contin-ues to grow despite the concerted efforts ofdedicated professionals providing options

and answers to a myriad of objections.Water softeners are seen as an enemy ofthe environment, spewing salt and waste-water at unconscionable rates while pro-viding only perceived value to upscale resi-dential users. As an industry, we are partlyto blame for this skewed perception. Fordecades, companies with a financial incen-tive have unnecessarily set systems at inor-dinately high brine settings in order to sellmore salt. For a relatively small gain, moreefficient meter-initiated or twin-alternatingsystems are avoided in lieu of lower costtime clock-initiated units.

There are cases where a poorly sizedautomatic softener regenerating daily at15 lb per cu ft could be replaced with atwin-alternating, meter-initiated systemregenerating at 6 lb per cu ft. Properlyconfigured softeners can drastically cutsalt usage, usually with no deleterious

effect to the performance. Despite warn-ing signs, oblivious dealers continue tosell and install systems that are not sizedor set up for efficient operation.

Pros & ConsWater softeners, like any other con-

sumer product, have both positive andnegative aspects. Automobiles are proba-bly the most hated—and loved—machineon the planet, with big oil companies asthe evil enablers. However, without auto-mobiles and big oil, world economies andliving standards would literally collapse. I am confident that in the near future wewill find a better way to fulfill our auto-motive fuel needs. Likewise, I am opti-mistic that a new discovery will make soft-ening tasks more environmentally friendly.But until then, we must do the best jobpossible with our current technologies.

Softeners provide indispensable bene-fits to industrial and commercial users.Scale prevention and the related lowerenergy demands are rarely consideredwhen discussing water softeners. Howabout the decreased landfill demands asa result of water-using machinery andappliances lasting longer? We can allrecite many actual soft water benefits,but the most important may be tougherto quantify.

Residential water softener users like tohear that they achieve long-term savingsdue to lower soap and chemical needs.Keeping piping systems and water-usingappliances free from damaging hard waterscale is a nice selling point as well. However,if this was all there was to soft water, ourjob would be far more difficult when sellingto potential residential customers.

Soft water has a unique quality that isa result of the chemical removal of thehardness minerals. Bathing in soft waterleaves your skin and hair feeling silky andmoist. Some soft water users complainabout this aspect, describing the feeling asbeing slippery. Some are unable to rinsethe soap off. However, most partakers ofsoft water love the luxurious soft feeling,and this is what keeps so many watertreatment professionals in business. Scaleprevention, appliance protection, chemi-cal savings, aesthetic perceptions andenvironmental concerns are some of themany points to consider when applying awater-conditioning solution. Deciphering

W ithout a significant technological advance in regeneration techniques or a completely different type of exchange mechanism, automatic water softeners will continue to encounter more restrictions

and opposition from municipalities. This is primarily driven by growers

and other entities interested in water reclamation and reuse. The increased

chloride and total dissolved solids load generated by automatic regenerating

softeners greatly hinders the ability of wastewater facilities to provide an

effluent that is suitable for its primary customers. As population and

subsequent water demands increase, the pressures to make the most of

our limited water supply are exacerbated. As water conditioning

professionals, this is our “rock.”

&between a

rocka hard place

By Jerry Horner

Consumers continue to demand soft water as water softeners face opposition from municipalities

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imagination at work

This isn’t hocus-pocus. The trick is having the right partner: GE Water & Process Technologies. When you sell GE’s top-of-the-line Professional Series Products, you’ll enjoy the advantages of GE’s name recognition, consumer brand loyalty, and product innovation. As a member of our Platinum Dealer Network, you’ll put GE’s marketing magic to work for you:

• Customized web page and sales materials• Sales and technical training• Dealer financing programs• Test kits• Sales lead generation programs

Join GE’s Platinum Dealer Network – it’s a golden opportunity. Call us at 800-279-9404 or visit www.autotroldealer.com.

Turn water into gold

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a customer’s expectations and needs willhelp you ascertain if an alternative solu-tion is appropriate for the application in question.

For those applications where a tradi-tional automatic water softener is not anoption, there are many water-condition-ing choices available that provide similaror expanded benefits. A portable

exchange water softener offers advantagessuch as no onsite salt or regenerant wasterequirements. These systems regenerateat a central plant where the process canbe more efficient. Regeneration plantsare expensive to construct and operateand may suffer from extreme regulatoryscrutiny. Portable exchange servicerequires regular replacement of the

service tank. Access to the equipmentand other related inconveniences must beconsidered. Because of the intense capi-tal, labor and transportation require-ments, the end user cost is typically high-er than automatic regenerating systems.

There are filtration media that claimto have superior scale prevention capabil-ities while not requiring any kind of

regeneration. It is natural to be skeptical,but let’s not dismiss these without a fairhearing. It is in our interest to find realsolutions that can work without floodingthe resin with a highly concentrated solution of sodium chloride. These non-chemical systems may employ a type ofresin material that is designed to crystal-lize the hardness minerals. The hardnessis not removed but rather prevented fromattaching to water-contacting surfaces.The hardness is still measurable and theend user will not have the silky or slip-pery feel. This may not be the ultimateanswer, but it can be one option formeeting the requirements of specific conditioning challenges

Many applications will derive tremen-dous benefit from a simple carbon filter.Granular-activated carbon may be thesimplest, most versatile form of filtrationavailable. These systems can effectivelytackle a wide range of contaminant con-cerns with relatively low equipment andmaintenance costs. While never widelyaccepted, a magnetic device may be com-bined with the carbon system to helpalleviate scale concerns. There are a mul-titude of magnetic, electronic and othersimilar devices that make scale preven-tion claims. Most have little or no third-party validation but rely heavily on anecdotal evidence.

Major criminal convictions are oftenmade using only circumstantial evidence,so let’s not ignore the evidence without atleast an obligatory examination. My ownpersonal experience has been that residen-tial applications with very hard water, orthose that are accustomed to soft water,will not find these combination magneticsystems satisfactory. Those that are onmoderately hard water influent suppliesand are not attached to the soft-water feelcan derive great benefit and satisfactionfrom these low-maintenance systems.

You need not be stuck between the proverbial rock and hard place. Bypreparing for rain, even a small dealerneed not be afraid of facing the giants.Step out and proactively find solutionsthat will withstand government regula-tions, benefit the community and fityour customers’ needs. wqp

About the AuthorJerry Horner, CWS-VI, CI, is vice president ofsales and technical support for Topway Global,Inc. He can be reached at 714.255.7999, or bye-mail at [email protected].

LearnMore! For more information related to this article, go to www.wqpmag.com/lm.cfm/090701

For more information on this subject, write in 1011 on the reader service card.

tech update

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06_TechUpdate_TGI_0907.qxd 8/17/07 12:06 PM Page 8

9SEPTEMBER 2007

Many families and relatives in theindustry can recall when they first startedtheir businesses and the challenges theyfaced along the way. Many have strug-gled to keep their businesses growing and have inspiring success stories as aresult of their hard work and the sacri-fices they made.

Jamie Kirlin is one such dealer. Hebecame involved with the water treat-ment business after leaving the automo-tive industry. It may not have been thepath he always thought he would take,but he has found happiness in this reli-able, yet challenging industry. Manydealers across the country may have stories similar to Kirlin’s and—whetherfacing the challenges of starting a newbusiness or sharing experiences as a sea-soned industry veteran—other dealersmay find inspiration in his story.

Change of Scenery As an automotive manufacturer’s

representative growing tired with theindustry in the 1980s, Kirlin knew heneeded a change. He didn’t necessarily

think the water treatment industrywould be the direction he would head,but it turned out to be the best path for him.

“I saw that things were changing inthe [automotive] industry, and I wantedto get into a different industry,” saidKirlin, president and owner of AdvancedWater Resources. “My father-in-law wasactually a water treatment dealer, so therewas always a little bit of interest there.”

Kirlin moved to northeasternPennsylvania after getting out of the autoindustry, and in 1990 he purchased partof his father-in-law’s corporation,Advanced Water Resources, Inc.

Located in Temple, Pa., AdvancedWater Resources is an independent watertreatment facility with its beginnings dat-ing back to 1953. The company had beenknown as Lindsey Water Conditioningsince the 1970s, when it was a part ofSuburban Water Technology, Inc. Kirlinpurchased a portion of the business in1990 and incorporated it as AdvancedWater Resources, Inc., using the tradename Lindsay EcoWater Systems.

Diving In Kirlin quickly discovered that the

water treatment industry was a lot different than selling and representing

T he water treatment industry is full of small businesses that are often family-owned or have been passed down from generation to generation. It is

also common for dealers to get into the industry because

of a close relative. Whether it be a father-and-son,

brother-and-brother or husband-and-wife team, this

industry is full of businesses that have been built from

the ground up with the efforts of various family members.

Dull

editor’s emphasis

Never a Moment

By Stephanie Harris

From the auto industry to water quality, one dealer finds fulfillment as a watertreatment professional

The staff of Advanced Water Resources, Inc., Temple, PA.

09_EE_Steph_0907.qxd 8/20/07 10:28 AM Page 9


editor’s emphasis

automobile engines and parts, but it was a good fit for him. “Water treatment wasperfect because it was hands-on, and it was something new, so it gave me a bit of achallenge,” he said.

Within a few years of Kirlin taking over Advanced Water Resources, his father-in-law sold the rest of his businesses and retired from the water treatment industry.

As Kirlin got his feet wet in the industry, he realized there were things that neededto be done differently.

“There was a lot of telemarketing going on,” Kirlin said. “[My father-in-law] didn’treally spend any money on advertising, so we started marketing and advertising andless telemarketing.”

One of the greatest challenges, according to Kirlin, was developing sales leads. In an industry such as water treatment, most business is generated through referrals andword of mouth. Kirlin was able to find success with advertisements on a local talkradio station and by participating in home shows and fairs.

Problem Solving After getting settled in the business, Kirlin soon learned the water in northeastern

Pennsylvania had a specific problem that he made it his mission to solve.

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quality of their life.”


11SEPTEMBER 2007

“There’s a lot of different types of ironin the area,” Kirlin said. “For a long timeit didn’t seem like there was anyone whoreally figured out how to treat it properly,so I made it my goal to figure that out.”

Kirlin found himself a niche marketworking with the different types of iron in the area. His business predominatelyserves the residential market and hasrecently begun to serve the commercialside of the industry as well.

“As my business grew, I added morestaff. I have people now that take care ofthe residential sales, and I’ve been doingmore commercial sales,” said Kirlin. “It’sa good goal for me to grow that [part ofmy business].”

Currently, Advanced Water Resourcesdoes not sell appliances or drill wells; it isa company made strictly of water treat-ment professionals who are trained in analyzing water, identifying problems andoffering solutions to improve the qualityof water for homes and businessesthroughout northeastern Pennsylvania.

Advanced Water Resources now has a staff of seven employees and has foundthat the key to such growth and success is customer service. According to Kirlin,something as simple as an annual phonecall or periodic mailings will keep a cus-tomer coming back.

“A lot of times, if you don’t follow upwith a customer they won’t even remem-ber you,” Kirlin said. “I found that outthe hard way.”

Enjoying the Industry In the future, Kirlin said he hopes to

get into other water-related products suchas tankless water heaters, instant hot waterunits for under the sink and hot-waterrecirculation for showers.

Now far removed from his days in theautomotive industry, Kirlin has yet togrow tired of the ever-changing challengeshe is faced with in the water treatmentindustry. “Every time you test the water,you never seem to find the same waterchemistry twice,” he said.

Kirlin also enjoys the reliability of thewater industry and the fact that he isalways helping people. “I can feel good

about what I am doing because I’malways helping someone and improvingthe quality of their life,” he said. “There’sa lot of facets to it, and it seems likeyou’re never doing the same thing twice;it’s a new challenge everyday.” wqp

Editor’s note: If you, or any watertreatment professionals you may know,have a similar dealer success story, please

feel free to share it with us. ContactStephanie Harris, managing editor for Water Quality Products.

About the AuthorStephanie Harris is managing editor forWater Quality Products. She can bereached at 847.391.1007, or by e-mail at [email protected].

LearnMore! For more information related to this article, go to www.wqpmag.com/lm.cfm/wq090702


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Jamie Kirlin, president and owner of AdvancedWater Resources.


88


The ruling requires that each well-head or water introduction point in thesystem be tested and monitored. TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agencyhas required compliance monitoringthrough December 2007, with a com-pliance deadline of January 2008.

Radium is a naturally occurringradioactive substance present in somewater supplies. It derives from geologi-cal formations and is expected to befound in some groundwater of thecoastal Mid-Atlantic states, westernstates, including California andColorado, and parts of the Midwest.

Radium Removal by Ion Exchange

A strong acid cation resin in thesodium form can be used to removeradium from water. Radium has a selec-tivity coefficient of about 40:1 com-pared with sodium. This is 8.3 times ashigh as calcium, which is only 5:1.

On a single-use basis, the cation resinwill load radium 8.3 times beyond thehardness endpoint. For example, if aresin lasts 1,000 gal per cu ft beforehardness starts to break through, it willthen last 8,300 gal before radium startsto break through, providing it is onlyused once. Because of its high selectivity,

radium is difficult to remove from theresin. Radium has slow kinetics and isusually loaded at trace quantities, mak-ing regeneration even harder.

Sodium Cycle OperationTermination of the run at the

hardness breakthrough. Radium leak-ages remain consistently low when thecation resins are run only to hardnessbreakthrough. It is advisable to useregeneration contact times of one hour,regenerant levels of 15 lb per cu ft andsalt concentrations of at least 10% atthe resin bed.

Termination of the run at radiumbreakthrough. After a few cycles, thiswill give only about 5 to 10% more gal-lonage than hardness break. A normalregeneration level such as 15 to 20 lb ofsodium chloride per cu ft at 10 to 15%concentration is not enough to removeall of the radium; therefore, radium willbe building up on the resin bed. Whenthe hardness breaks, it will push some ofthe remaining radium off at the bottomof the bed so that the radium breaks justafter hardness. The minimum recom-mended salt dosage is 15 lb per cu ft ata minimum concentration of 10%.

Calcium Cycle OperationThis procedure leaves the hardness

intact and removes only the radium.Because of the high affinity of radiumover calcium, it is feasible to remove justradium and leave the hardness intact.

Radium and calcium are both divalent,

focus on ion exchange

T he Radionuclide Rule of the Safe Water Drinking Act requires water systems to monitor for radioactivity in water supplies present as radionuclides. The constituents

requiring monitoring include gross alpha emitters, gross beta

emitters, radium 226, radium 228 and uranium.

Acid cation resin in sodium form can be used to

remove radium from water

By Frank DeSilva

Ra226.0254

RadiumRemoval

12_FO_Resin_0907.qxd 8/16/07 6:06 PM Page 12

8so concentration itself does not play asimportant a role in hardness as sodiumexchange. Nevertheless, there is a drop inactivity of the radium ion in solutions atthe higher salt concentrations, so a moreconcentrated salt produces better results.It is recommended that concentrations ofat least 10% calcium chloride be main-tained during regeneration.

High initial radium leakages willalways be present during cocurrent regen-eration unless the resin is mixed afterregeneration. Calcium is unable to pushoff all the radium from the bed but it ismore effective than sodium and pushesthe radium to the bottom of the bed.

During the subsequent cycle, calci-um ions not removed from the solutioncan act as a continual mild regenerantand push off some of the radiumremaining at the bottom of the bed,especially at breakthrough. Mixing thebed after regeneration provides a uni-form concentration of radium through-out the bed, which gives consistent andlower leakage.

Another way to use the calciumprocess effectively is to use countercur-rent regeneration (CCR). This way theradium is pushed away from the bottomof the bed so that the radium band ismoved up into the bed, thus avoidingthe problem of high initial leakage. No mixing can be used with CCR.

Resin for Single UseHigher cross-linked strong acid

cation resins are best for one-time userather than multiple cycle use. A 15%cross-linked macroporous resin hasabout two times the selectivity that an8% resin has for radium over calcium.During regeneration, however, the radi-um is even more difficult to removethan from a standard resin. This resultsin a radium band at the bottom, whichmakes for higher initial leakages andlower regenerable operating capacities.

The macroporous cation is estimatedto have 15 times the selectivity for radi-um as for hardness, so it can theoreticallygive 15 times the throughput capacity toa radium break than to a hardness break.

Selective ResinA specialty strong acid cation resin

has been developed that effectively tar-gets radium present in water supplies.This resin operates by adsorption ofradium using a barium compound thatis present in the matrix of the resinbead. It is intended for single use and,under the proper conditions, can gener-ate tremendous throughputs of manygallons per cubic foot. Preliminary pilot

tests have shown promising results in a New Jersey installation. There are also some specialty zeolites that haveshown favorable selectivities for radium in water.

These specialty media will becomemore prevalent in the marketplace asmunicipalities look for ways to meetcompliance requirements. The selec-tive resins also have potential for usein removing radium from the usedregenerant brine.

Sizing ConsiderationsResidential systems that are infre-

quently monitored should include twotanks in a series so that monitoring forradiation can be performed in betweenthe worker tank and the polisher tank.It is also suggested that the radiumremoval tanks be followed by a carbonfilter to capture any radon producedas the radium adsorbed by the resincontinues to decay.

Radium removal systems canbecome radioactive after continued use.It is suggested that any installations bemade away from areas where people arelikely to spend time, preferably withinan enclosure. Exchange of spent resinand tanks should be performed byknowledgeable water treatment profes-sionals wearing appropriate protectivegear as necessary.

Special ConcernsFor radium applications, collect influ-

ent water treatment data such as calcium,magnesium, sodium, radium, sulfate, pHand TDS. The sizing of a radium systemmust be done conservatively to make surethat the resin unit is not overrun. A regen-erable resin that is run longer than origi-nally designed can be difficult to regener-ate. A once-through resin that is overruncan actually accumulate enough radium tomake disposal difficult. In any case, dis-posal of spent resin and regenerant mustbe performed in accordance with all local,state and federal regulations. wqp

About the AuthorFrank DeSilva is national sales managerfor ResinTech, Inc. He can be reached at 760.809.4864, or by e-mail [email protected].

13SEPTEMBER 2007

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The bottled water industry has usedozone treatment for about 30 years todisinfect water before it is put into bot-tles. The industry has found that ozona-tion of product water in storage tanksand in the final water fill-stream providesconsumers with a safe, fresh-tasting bottled water.

Ozone is a safe, efficient method fordisinfecting the water against water-borne microorganisms and other bacteriathat may remain following pretreatmentmethods. It also protects against anycontamination that may be present inthe bottling equipment, bottles and caps.

What Does Ozone Do?Ozone (O3) is an unstable, color-

less gas. It is a powerful oxidizer and a potent germicide. In fact, ozone pos-sesses much higher disinfection capabil-ities than chlorine and other commonlyused disinfectants.

Once generated, ozone takes just ashort time to break apart and return toits natural form of oxygen (O2). As thisprocess occurs, the free atom of oxygen

seeks out and attacks any foreign parti-cles in the water. This action virtuallydisintegrates bacteria or other organicmatter, protecting the water from water-borne contamination.

Chief variables that determine theeffectiveness of ozone in killing bacteriainclude contact time and initial ozoneconcentration achieved in the productwater. Final ozone concentration residualdepends on how much ozone is original-ly injected into the product water, con-tact time and the amount of ozonedemand in the water.

Ozone treatment also provides longerstore shelf life for bottled water, butwithout the unpleasant tastes and odorsassociated with untreated waters or waterthat has been disinfected with chlorine.

Ozone must be injected correctly tobe safe and effective. Over-ozonatingthe water, for example, may lead to highlevels of ozone (0.40 parts per million(ppm) or more) that will cause tasteproblems and reactions with the plasticin the plant piping and the bottle itself.Sometimes too much ozone or improp-erly injected ozone may allow some“outgas” into the air layer between thewater and the cap. If the bottle isopened soon after bottling, the con-sumer may notice a metallic taste in the water caused by this ozone smell.

In recent years, the presence of bro-mide in some treated waters, especially

applications—bottled water

O zone treatment is an effective disinfectant for water being used in bottled water operations. The process requires careful, precise operation and quality equipment to ensure bottled

water is properly disinfected and tastes good through its shelf life.

The best system for introducing ozone into the final bottled water

product depends on many factors, including the size of the operation,

the type of water to be treated, the level of ozone required and the

current or proposed bottling equipment. It is best to consult a

company that deals with complete bottled water plant systems and

that supplies complete integrated systems in order to obtain the

best quality ozonated bottled water.

By John Swancara

as a Disinfectant

Keeping bottled wtaersafe, tasting fresh

14_Application_0907.qxd 8/17/07 11:30 AM Page 14

15SEPTEMBER 2007

spring or well water, has become a con-cern within the bottled water industry.Bromate is a suspected carcinogen atlevels as low as 10 parts per billion(ppb). It is formed when the bromideion is oxidized during the ozone disinfection process.

A few years ago, Coca-Cola’s Disdainbottled water operation in Kent, England,was forced to recall bottles because highlevels of bromate (200 ppb) were found inits water. It is recommended that anyoneconcerned about bromate in bottled watermanufacturing visit the InternationalBottled Water Association website forinformation concerning this issue.

Additionally, final product water puri-fied by reverse osmosis (RO) can causesome problems with ozonation levels if theRO water still contains TriHaloMethanes(THMs). THMs are byproducts of thechlorination process in municipal watersand cannot be removed by the ROprocess. The THMs will be oxidized andremoved by the ozone treatment but, inthe process, will use up the ozone andlower the residual levels of ozone in thefinal product water. To prevent the prob-lem or eliminate the need for a largerozone system, feedwater must be tested forTHMs and, if present, removed by carbonfiltration before or after the RO process.

Many, if not all, of these benefits and

drawbacks associated with ozonation aredirectly related to the quality of theozonation equipment and method used.The better the ozone system used, thebetter the results.

The Ozonation ProcessThe bottled water industry uses

several methods for introducing ozoneinto the final product water before bot-

tling. The three main methods used arebatch processing, inline atmosphericcontacting and inline pressure contact-ing. Each type has its strengths andweaknesses. Many potential problemscan be prevented if you choose the rightmethod for your particular situation.Note that the following method titles

are the author’s descriptions and are not official industry designations.

Batch processing. Batch processing isusually best for small bottling operationsthat do not require large amounts ofprocessed water.

The batch processing method startsby ozonating a large storage tank untilthe desired ozone level is reached. Twopossible methods for tank ozonating are

using a small circulation pump, a smallozone generator and a venturi injector tocreate and entrain the ozone gas into thewater stream flowing into the tank, orbubbling the ozone into the tank waterwith a diffusion stone.

When the target ozone level isreached, a separate pump delivers the

ozonated water to the filling operation.The tank is ozonated continuallythroughout the operation to maintain anacceptable ozone level by whicheverbatch processing method is being used.

Inline atmospheric contacting. Thisozonation method draws product waterout of the storage tanks with a pump anddelivers the water to a large atmosphericstainless steel contact tank. Then thewater is either ozonated by venturi injec-tion assembly in line with the water flowor by ozone bubbling into the contacttank with a diffusion stone. In the con-tact tank, the water requires a specifiedlength of contact time with the ozone tobe treated effectively. The water is thendelivered directly to the bottle filler byanother pump. This process is consideredreal time in that as soon as the contacttank fills and both pumps are deliveringwater at the same flow rate, the bottlefiller can operate continuously.

Many large bottled water companiescurrently use this form of ozonation. It isimportant to have the appropriately sizedcontact tank, especially if the ozone isbubbled into the tank. This process mayalso require considerable fine-tuning tobalance the pumps. This system generallyrequires an ozone monitor/controllerunit to ensure proper ozone levels.

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14_Application_0907.qxd 8/17/07 12:04 PM Page 15

method of ozonation, also considered areal-time system, can be handled in oneof two ways.

The first method uses one pump todeliver the water from the storage tanksthrough a venturi injection assemblywith a large amount of bypass into apressurized contact tank, then out to the

bottle filler. This requires a return lineback from the filler to the storage tanks.This technique is ideal for small bottlingoperations and for small fillers that donot require high pressures. If sized cor-rectly, an ozone monitor/controller maynot be needed.

The second method uses two

pumps—a main pump to draw the prod-uct water out of the storage tanks and topush the water through the contact tankand into the filler, and a smaller pump toboost some of the pressurized waterthrough a venturi injector assembly todraw the right amount of ozone into thewater stream. The two streams of water

merge and mix together in the pressur-ized contact tank on their way to thefiller. This method is also called side-stream ozonation. If a correctly sized system is used, an ozone monitor/controller may not be needed; however,it is best to have one to ensure that thecorrect level of ozone is supplied to the filler. This is a good method forintermediate-sized bottling operations.

Recommended Ozone Equipment and Method

The key factors in an effective ozona-tion process are the equipment and themethod used to introduce ozone into thewater. The following equipment is rec-ommended to create ozone and to injectit into the product water:

Oxygen concentrator. A good pressureswing adsorption system is highly recom-mended. This unit removes nitrogen fromthe air stream and delivers a +90% dryoxygen stream to the ozone generator forhigher ozone concentration.

Ozone generator. Also recommendedis a good high-frequency corona dischargeunit. Such units are capable of producingozone concentrations in the air streamranging from 4 - 6% by weight. Theozone is created as the oxygen streamtravels through the ozone generator’scorona discharge dielectric cell. The prop-er electrical charge with the right frequen-cy will create a high quality ozone con-centration. Some equipment manufactur-ers do not rate their generators accurately.Unfortunately, there are no generally rec-ognized ozone industry standards that areuniformly applied to all ozone manufac-turers and their equipment.

Venturi injector. A good, properlysized venturi-type injector is a must toensure that small microsized bubbles areformed as the ozonated stream of air issucked into the product water stream. A well-designed assembly is capable ofentraining the ozone into the water with an efficiency of 95% or better.

Contact tank. A properly sized con-tact tank is needed to allow more gasinto the solution and to permit adequatecontact time for the ozonated water tooxidize contaminants, disinfect the waterand release any excess gas that did not go into the solution. wqp

About the AuthorJohn Swancara is an engineer with Norland Intl., Inc. He can be reached at 402.441.3737, or by e-mail at [email protected].



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applications—bottled water

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17SEPTEMBER 2007

This trend is notable not becausebottled water has been making nationalheadlines; the phenomenal growth of the bottled water industry has routinelyreceived such coverage. Nor is it notabledue to the fact that bottled water isreceiving negative attention; with therise of environmental groups, bottledwater has been increasingly under attack.What makes this trend notable is thatthe bottled water industry has startedreceiving negative, seemingly concerted,media attention on a national scale.

In the NewsThe International Bottled Water

Association (IBWA) has seen a markedincrease of media awareness regarding thealleged environmental impact of bottledwater. National networks, such as ABC,NBC, CNBC, CNN, NPR and PBShave all interviewed IBWA regarding stories dealing with this alleged negativeenvironmental impact of bottled water.

In fact, the negative environmentalimpact of bottled water is the only thingthat many stories focused on. ABC Newsran two separate but similar pieces titled,“Bottled Water Backlash” and “BottledWater, Wasted Energy?” The Chicago

Tribune ran an article with the headline,“Advocates hope to turn tide against bot-tled water.” U.S. News & World Reportrecently had a story titled “How Safe IsYour Drinking Water?” that started as astory about tap water but finished bydiscussing the topic of plastic bottlesleaching chemicals into bottled water.

Unfortunately, most of these stories aresensationalized to sell more copies or tokeep viewers glued to the television, whileletting the facts slip by the wayside.

Furthermore, most coverage does notmention that bottled water containers are100% recyclable where recycling facilitiesexist. Or that IBWA, as a founding mem-ber of the National Recycling Partnership,is working on two major initiatives tomaximize the potential of recycling pro-grams nationwide. But perhaps the biggestdisappointment is that the media do notmention that bottles used for bottledwater account for only one-third of 1%(.00333) of the waste stream—a tiny frac-tion that actually has little input on theoverreaching challenge of recycling andwaste reduction. However, these facts arenot sensational enough; therefore they getdropped in favor of something that willgrab the attention of the viewer such asmountains of unrecycled bottles.

Most recently, a U.S. News & WorldReport article featured a paragraph thatsaid polyethylene terephthalate (PET)bottles leach “phthalates, bisphenol Aand triclosan.”

Fortunately, these claims were provenfalse by an independent research organiza-tion called Statistical Assessment Service(SAS). Only a few days after the articlewas published, SAS released its own reportquestioning the claims of the article. SASquickly dissected the article and showedthat PET does not contain phthalates,that bisphenol A is not present in PETand that “no regulatory agency anywherein the world has found that leaching is ahealth risk.” The SAS report then statedthat “Triclosan is an antibacterial agentmost commonly in… soap. There is noconceivable reason why it would be usedin a plastic water bottle.”

These stories with erroneous reportingwill continue to gain attention. The newsbusiness is indeed a business, and it will

do what it can to get the largest share ofthe audience. The only way to battle theseerroneous stories is to educate reporters,customers and anyone who will listenwith the facts.

Getting the Facts The IBWA has been actively working

on a comprehensive campaign to respondto these attacks. Fortunately, others (suchas SAS) are noticing, and we’re turningthe tide. However, one trade association is not enough.

To help defend the bottled water indus-try, you can arm yourself with the facts byvisiting the IBWA website at www.bottled-water.org. The news section offers positionstatements, press releases and the IBWAEnvironmental Quick Facts sheet, whichwill provide all the information needed toinform people that these recent attacksagainst bottled water are misguided andthat focusing on one narrow region in thevast world of prepackaged consumer goodswill do nothing to help the environment.

When we educate more people withthe facts, there will be fewer articles writ-ten with erroneous information, and thebottled water industry will be moresecure. One of the best ways to educateyourself is to attend the educational ses-sions at the 2007 IBWA Convention andTabletop Tradeshow.

The theme of the convention this yearis “A Place to Learn.” It is, without adoubt, the best place for a bottled waterprofessional to learn about the industry asa whole, and specifically about things likefiltration, state licensing, advances in UVtechnology, hazard analysis and criticalcontrol points, bottle washing and more.For a detailed schedule and other conven-tion information, visit www.bottledwa-ter.org and click on Convention andTrade Show.

Bottled water has grown to become theNo. 2 beverage in America. Consumerschoose it because it does not contain calo-ries, caffeine, sugar, artificial colors andflavors. By educating yourself and thosearound you about the facts surroundingbottled water, the beverage will continueto grow as one of America’s favorites fordecades to come. wqp

About the AuthorTom Gardner is communications manager for IBWA. He can be reached at 703.683.5213, or by e-mail at [email protected].

editor’s emphasis

F or years, Americans havechosen bottled water asone of their favorite beverages.

In fact, a recent survey by Harris

Interactive showed that 58% of

Americans choose bottled water

as the packaged beverage they

most associate with a healthy

lifestyle. However, if you’ve been

following the news over the past

couple of months, you may have

noticed a startling trend.

Bottled watercontinues to grow in

popularity despitenegative press

Bottled Water: Under Attack But Not Going Anywhere



By Tom Gardner

17_EE_IBWA_0907_v2.qxd 8/16/07 1:05 PM Page 17

WATER QUALITY PRODUCTS

show section

18

Cher, Bette Midler and Tina Turnerwill even give a midweek performance—OK, impersonators of the divas—but thefive-day event promises real learning, net-working and enjoyment.

This year’s IBWA show is a two-for-one package. The newly renovated LasVegas Hilton, IBWA’s special events head-quarter hotel, is located next to the LasVegas Convention Center, where PACKEXPO ’07, an event focused on the latestdevelopments in packaging machinery,materials and containers, will be held Oct.15 to 17. IBWA registrants receive com-plimentary access to PACK EXPO, whichwill include 1,300 exhibitors, 60 educa-tion sessions and three keynote presenta-tions from industry experts.

“The 2007 IBWA Convention andTabletop Trade Show has no rival when it comes to educational seminars and

showcasing the services and advancedtechnology of the bottled water industry,” said IBWA President Joseph K. Doss.“Additionally, PACK EXPO leads the waywhen it comes to highlighting the state-of-the-art advances in packaging materialsand machinery. By cooperating withPACK EXPO and co-locating these twotop-notch events, all of our combinedattendees will benefit.”

A Place to LearnThe theme for the 2007 IBWA

Convention and Tabletop Trade Show is“The Bottled Water Event: A Place toLearn. “This year’s theme reflects IBWA’scontinued commitment to providingconvention guests with the bottled waterindustry’s most comprehensive educa-tional programs, which will help themmeet the challenges of today and the

future,” Doss said.The IBWA show is designed for bever-

age professionals across all job functionsand categories. The organization encour-ages bottled water manufacturers, salesteams, engineers, warehouse staff mem-bers, finance department employees andeveryone between to attend some of theevent’s 22 targeted education sessions.

Some class offerings to consider whenplanning your personal IBWA itinerary:

• Bottled Water 101 1:00-3:00 p.m.,Tuesday, Oct. 16. New to the industry? Looking to revitalize your business? Bob Hirst, IBWA vice president of education, science and technical relations presents a comprehensive review of industry basics.

• Managing Performance: People are Your Most Valuable Asset 9:00-10:00 a.m., Wednesday, Oct. 17. Neil Mairs of Solutions Recruiting shares advice on increasing organizational productivity and output. Discover tangible methods for hiring the right people, enhancing motivation, measuring performance and providing feedback.

• State Licensing: What Does Your State Require? 10:00-11:30 a.m.,

T he 2007 International Bottled Water Association (IBWA)Convention and Tabletop Trade Show, to be held Oct. 15 to 19 at the Las Vegas Hilton, will feature business and technical courses,

opportunities for obtaining and maintaining certifications,

supplier showcases and more.

Two-for-one showregistration doubles

participants’ benefits

IBWA MAKING A

By Caitlin Cunningham

Stay ahead of the game when it comes to technologicaladvancements, product and serviceinnovations and the latest researchfindings; check out what theseleading bottled water-related companies have to offer at thisyear’s IBWA Tabletop Trade Show and Reception.

• ALCOA Closure Systems Intl.• Allied Purchasing• ARK Specialty Services• Belliss & Morcom,

a Gardner Denver brand

• Beverage Marketing Corp.• Beverage World• Blackhawk Molding Co., Inc.• Boston Rack, Inc.• CUNO, Inc., a 3M Co.• DSH Intl., Inc.• DuPont Liquid Packaging Systems• Ecolab, Inc.• Enviro Pure, Inc.• Greif, Inc.• Group Hesse• Guardian Mfg., Inc.• Hach Co.• Hess Machine Intl.• IBD Alpine Coolers

• IBWA• Inland Label & Marketing Services• International Packaging

Innovations, LLC• Liquid Packaging Solutions, Inc.• Midbrook, Inc.• Millipore• National Testing Labs• NSF Intl., Inc.• Pacific Ozone Technology, Inc.• Pall Corp.• Plastipak Packaging• Polymer Solutions Intl., Inc.• Portola Packaging, Inc.• Rehrig Pacific Co.

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18_IBWAshowsection_0907.qxd 8/16/07 1:08 PM Page 18

Wednesday, Oct. 17. What sort of distribution licensing and approval does your company need on top of basic Food and Drug Administration regulations? Laura Current of Current Technologies provides need-to-know answers.

• Bottled Water Challenges and Opportunities in 2007 and Beyond1:00-3:00 p.m., Wednesday, Oct. 17. IBWA’s Bob Hirst leads discus-sions on ozone and bromate man-agement and the U.S. EPA’s Ground Water Rule from both regulatory and technical perspectives.

• Advances in UV Technology: Implications for the Bottled Water Indsutry 3:00-5:00 p.m., Wednesday, Oct. 17. Delve into the world of UV—how it works, dose measure-ment, the components involved in validation, etc.—under the guidance of Atlantium Technologies’ Phyllis Posey.

• WQA – Industry Issues Report2:00-4:00 p.m., Thursday, Oct. 18. Are you up to date on emerging contaminants? Familiar with Italy Decree 443 and the Ohio Plumbers’ license requirements? Get up to date on these topics and other

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• Semopac Canada, Inc.• Shivsu Canadian Clear

Waters Technology• Skipping Stones• SMB Machinery Systems, LLC• Soft Drinks Intl.• Toda Water Machinery Co., Ltd.• Tri Palm Intl./OASIS Water Coolers• True Integration, Ltd.• Underwriters Laboratories• Veriplas Containers• Water Quality Assn.• Water Quality Products• Western Square Industries, Inc.• Whatman, Inc.



point-of-use issues at this session, led by Joe Harrison of the Water Quality Association.

• Common Spring Source Problems9:00-10:30 a.m., Friday, Oct. 19.Explore algae, mineral precipitation, micro problems and various off-taste issues frequently linked to spring sources. Laura Current shares relevant information and outlines construction options.

The IBWA’s Code of Practicerequires that every member facility have

at least one Certified Plant Operator(CPO). Forbottled water industry com-panies and professionals looking to ful-fill this role, IBWA offers a CPO reviewsession on Thursday, Oct. 18 and anexam on Friday, Oct. 19. MaintainingCPO certification requires holders totake an exam once every three years oraccrue 18 continuing education units(CEUs) within that three-year period.For bottled water professionals lookingto keep current via the CEU approach,20.5 hours in CEUs are available

through this year’s education sessions.

A Place to Get AheadThe IBWA convention and show

hosts a number of networking and spe-cial events that allow guests to explorethe latest technologies, establish newindustry connections, catch up with oldfriends and unwind after a day of classes.

The IBWA Tabletop Trade Show andReception (5:00-10:00 p.m., Wednesday,Oct. 17) provides show-goers the chance tomeet with vendors who will be exhibitingtheir latest bottled water technologies,products and services. This year marks thedebut of the tabletop show’s SupplierShowcase; many exhibitors will use a spe-cial section of the show floor to furtherexpand on their products and services dur-ing a 15-minute presentation and demon-stration. The full IBWA Trade Show willreturn in 2008. Until then, take advantageof the simultaneous networking, learning,socializing and enjoyment opportunitiesthis special event has to offer.

The 2007 IBWA Chairman’s Gala(7:00-10:00 p.m., Thursday, Oct. 18) prom-ises big laughs and fun. Cher, Bette Midlerand Tina Turner impersonators will takethe stage together to host a night of song,dance and comedy. Food will be served.

Hitting the links provides yet anotheropportunity for enjoyment and develop-ing relationships with fellow bottledwater professionals. The Drinking WaterResearch Foundation Golf Tournament(1:00-6:00 p.m., Tuesday, Oct. 16) at thePainted Desert Golf Club will help fundvital research impacting the future of bot-tled water. A $195 ticket, $85 of which is tax deductible, includes transportation,greens fee and golf cart, a box lunch andthe 19th Hole Reception. Transportationdeparts the hotel at 12:30 p.m.

Other convention events to considerwhen scheduling include a number ofopen committee meetings, the annualIBWA business meeting, a president’sreport from Doss and a “passing of thegavel” ceremony honoring the 2007 and 2008 chairmen.

To register for the IBWA Conven-tion and Tabletop Trade Show, visitwww.bottledwater.org/public/conv2007.The website also features a full schedule,travel information and more detailsregarding PACK EXPO.

About the Author Caitlin Cunningham is associate editor for Water Quality Products. Cunningham can be reached at 847.391.1025, or bye-mail at [email protected].



show section

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21SEPTEMBER 2007

By Jeremy Ke

O3

Heightened Awareness of Food-Borne Illness

The Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) estimates that food-borne diseases cause approximately 76million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizationsand 5,000 deaths in the U.S. each year.These numbers are derived from home-cooked meals, restaurant service, institu-tional meals (i.e. prisons, military, hospi-tals) and from social gatherings such aschurch and neighborhood functions.

Think back to some of the main-stream headlines the food industryendured over the last year: a Salmonellaoutbreak with Peter Pan and Great Valuepeanut butters; an E. coli outbreak atTaco Bell and Taco Johns in 2006; andthe 2006 North American E. coli out-break in bagged spinach, which left three people dead and 198 ill.

These high-profile events, and manymore like them, have opened consumers’eyes to the fragility of our nation’s foodsupply. They also have food safety andquality assurance managers looking forinnovative technologies that will helpthem protect their customers. In addi-tion to implementing higher standardswith suppliers, managers of the foodservice industry are looking for newways to add an additional barrier againstcontamination and keep their brandsout of the headlines.

The U.S. restaurant industry enjoyedsales of $537 billion in 2006, and thatfigure is forecasted to increase 5% in

2007. Currently, there are more than935,000 restaurants nationwide serving70 billion meals a year and employing12.8 million people, second only to the government as the largest employer.Innovative ozone suppliers are develop-ing products to service this ever-expanding market, bringing a provensolution to this specific application.

Ozone Solutions in Food Processing

Because of the long list of benefitsozone delivers, the most recognizablebrands in the food processing industry are using it in many aspects of their operations. Ozone is the most powerfulbroad-spectrum microbiological controlagent available. It is 50 times more effec-tive than chlorine and kills bacteria 3,000times faster. Ozone is effective against E. coli, Salmonella, and all known bacteria,viruses, yeast, molds and mildew.

Seafood processors are now embracingozone as a primary sanitizer to increase theshelf life of their products, eliminate odorsand effectively sanitize with no residualtaste or odor. For the same reasons, pro-duce companies and meat processors arealso using ozone to replace chlorinatedtreatments as a primary disinfectant.

From bottling plants to slaughter-houses and from dairies to infant formu-la manufacturers, a broad range of foodprocessing companies are making invest-ments in ozone equipment for plant san-itation to replace the use of traditionalchemical disinfectants and to drasticallyreduce hot water costs. Wineries are rins-ing their valuable oak barrels with ozone,and beverage companies are investing inozone equipment to streamline their CIP processes, reduce downtime andlimit hot water usage, energy consump-tion and carbon footprint.

Treating a facility’s water with ozone is common in the food industry. Fromtreating product water in bottled waterplants to disinfecting process water loops

for

Clean Technology

I n 2001, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ozone as an antimicrobial agent for direct food contact. Since that time, theworldwide food processing industry has steadily and effectively integrated

ozone into various areas of its operations. As ozone technology continues to

advance, a new generation of ozone products for the food service industry

has emerged.

Operations

The use of ozone has become anincreasingly popular solution

in food processing safety

Food Service

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and wastewater systems, ozone is beingemployed to decrease water usage andincrease water quality.

Overcoming Past LimitationsUntil recently, the use of ozone tech-

nology primarily focused on industrialapplications due to the size, cost and com-plexity of the equipment needed to pro-duce high volumes and concentrations ofozone. In order to harness this naturalcleaning agent for commercial use, ozonemust be produced on site as needed, andan ozone generator must be present.

Ozone is generated when oxygen ischarged with electricity and converted toozone. For most applications, the ozonegas is then effectively injected into water.Ozone lasts only about 30 minutes in dis-tilled water at 20°C, but the effectivenessdoes not end at that point. The residualcontinues to provide benefits until it isentirely dissipated. For industrial opera-tions, an ozone generator, a pump andcontacting vessels and tanks are requiredto effectively integrate ozone.

As ozone technology continues toadvance, a new generation of ozone prod-ucts for the food service industry hasevolved. Ozone applications for foodservice operations require far less volumethan that needed for sanitizing plants,disinfecting large volumes of produce andtreating process water loops.

One specific technology that fits wellwith low-flow applications is electrolyticozone production. Electrolytic ozonetechnology creates ozone from the oxygenin the water supply stream. Throughhydrolysis, the electrolytic ozone processseparates oxygen from hydrogen in a side-stream of the supply water and producesozone from that oxygen. The resultingozone gas is then effectively mixed withthe main water stream, creating a steadyflow of high-concentration ozonatedwater ready for disinfection and sanitiza-tion. Using electrolytic technology allowssome manufacturers to create compact,yet complete, ozone systems for lightcommercial applications. These productsare unique in that they create highly concentrated ozonated water for low-flowapplications and are easy to install, oper-ate and maintain, making this industrialsanitation and disinfection technologyavailable for point-of-use (POU) applications such as food service.

Delivering Food Service SolutionsThe food service industry is beginning

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to realize that the long list of benefitsozone offers to its suppliers is also availablefor its own operations. While ozone offerssimilar benefits to food service operations,it is not a panacea for all food safety issues.As with any ozone application, under-standing the technology and applying itappropriately is the key to realizing thebenefits ozone can bring to an operation.

Hand sanitation. Managers in all areasof the food industry, from growing andprocessing to food service and grocery,understand that hand hygiene is the firstline of defense against food-borne illnesses.Virtually every hazard analysis and criticalcontrol points plan highlights hand wash-ing as a critical control point. Compactand complete POU ozone systems are nowavailable for hand sanitation stations.

Produce wash. Despite the best effortsof managers in the food service and foodprocessing industries, food-borne illnessassociated with fresh produce continuesto make the headlines and heightenawareness of consumers. Unlike meats,produce is most often served raw andcannot simply be sanitized through highcooking temperatures. Using ozonatedwater to wash produce adds an effectiveantimicrobial process at the final stage of the food supply chain.

Surface sanitation. Ozone is the mostpowerful broad-spectrum microbiologicalcontrol agent available and is a clean tech-nology approved for organic food process-ing. These qualities make ozone a veryeffective and healthy sanitizer in commer-cial kitchens and food service areas.Sanitizing cutting boards, cleaning worksurface areas and disinfecting knives andcooking utensils with ozone can go a longway to eliminate cross-contamination.

Accepted Clean TechnologyPast the point of an emerging tech-

nology, ozone is a widely accepted sani-tizer and disinfectant. The food industryis just one sector that has embraced thebenefits ozone has to offer. Applicationsoutside of the food industry include:groundwater remediation; cooling towerapplications; process water disinfections;high-tech manufacturing; final disinfec-tion of operating rooms; and municipalwater treatment.

As the use of ozone in the food pro-cessing industry continues to expand,innovations in the ozone industry aremaking this clean technology available to the growing food service industry.Companies are employing ozone as a

sanitizer and disinfectant to gain efficien-cies and cut costs. Ozone can drasticallyreduce hot water consumption and limitthe use of traditional chemicals used fordisinfection. For the food service indus-try, ozone can add an additional, more effective barrier against contamination.

How far down the food supply chain can the benefits of ozone reach?Imagine a complete and compact ozone system under your sink at home,

delivering a continuous flow of high-concentration ozonated water ready to wash produce, sanitize hands anddisinfect cutting boards and work surface areas. As food-borne illness continues to make headlines, ozonetechnology is continuing to advancebeyond industrial applications, into the light commercial area of food service and now into the home. wqp

About the AuthorJeremy Ke is operations manager at ElementOzone. He can be reached at 707.747.9600, or by e-mail at [email protected].



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Most drinking water treatment unitadditive or component testing has anationally approved standard thatexplains the details of testing require-ments. Standards are important becausethey provide exact steps that any labora-tory can follow to get similar results.The downside of using and retrievinginformation directly from standards isthat they can be quite extensive withtesting instructions, including numerousreferences to other sections and annexesall throughout to cover just one test.The standards also don’t provide detailsspecific to a particular lab regarding testbench set up, analytical capabilities,standard equipment, etc. To simplifyand improve the process of performingthese tests, a procedure based on thestandards is made and tailored to fitWQA equipment and facilities.

The WQA testing laboratory has an operating procedure or method forevery test that is performed and everypiece of equipment that is utilized.These include in-house calibrations aswell as issues ranging from controllinglaboratory contamination to what to do when the power goes out.

The importance of these proceduresis that they are the first steps towardensuring that a test is done right.Procedures are also vital to the trainingof employees. These procedures—reviewing and referring to the specificstandards the procedures are based on,fully understanding the manufacturer’sinstallation instructions and havingopen communication with the manufac-turer—help ensure that technicians havethe skills to perform a procedure cor-rectly from start to finish.

The Auditing ProcessAuditing is performed two different

ways to ensure the testing process isbeing performed correctly. The firstcheck is to make sure the technicianshave the correct procedure. Every timeWQA gains additional capabilities orobtains new equipment, a new procedureis written. Existing procedures are alsoreviewed each time a standard is updatedor new equipment is obtained in order tosee if any changes are necessary to cor-rectly reflect current practices. Proceduresare reviewed as a whole at least one timeper quarter to make sure nothing hasbeen overlooked during individualreviews. Additionally, if a procedure hasnot been updated or used by a technicianfor two years, the procedure itself isaudited to see if it is still valid and com-patible with the capabilities of the lab.

The second step in auditing proce-dures is to physically shadow the tech-nicians while they are performing sever-al duties using these written standardprocedures. This includes laboratory

techniques such as calibration and use ofequipment, preparing stocks, preparingchallenge tanks, hooking up test units,wetting and conditioning media, collect-ing samples and recording all raw data.

Analytical chemists are also auditedwhile they are analyzing samples on var-ious types of equipment housed in theWQA analytical laboratory. The act ofauditing technicians helps in severalways. Technicians physically act out thesteps of the procedure to demonstratethe clarity and efficiency of the proce-dure. If a step seems especially long ordifficult, technicians suggest differentequipment that may be used, if acceptedin the standard. They might also clarifya step to make it more specific to theWQA laboratory practices.

Internal auditors are trained by completing an ISO/IEC 17025 courseemphasizing auditing. Once trained, an internal auditor can train additionalemployees to assist in the process.Auditors provide a third-party view thatmay not always be observed from withinthe laboratory. Technicians are busy test-ing and, once trained, don’t always havethe chance to consult with fellow employ-ees. Auditors can fill this role by watchingdifferent employees perform the sameprocedure and offering helpful advice onhow someone might have performed astep more efficiently. By working closelywith the technicians, auditors also assistthe managers in employee recognition.

Raw data sheets are also important toensure testing is performed correctly.These sheets are the official record thetechnician takes while performing allcomponents of the test and are based onthe standard operating procedures andstandards that are followed. This isanother way to check that the techni-cian gathers all pertinent information.

All three of these types of documents—standards, internal procedures and rawdata sheets—work together to providetechnicians with the tools they need to besuccessful. Internal auditing ensures thatthey are using their tools correctly. wqp

About the AuthorSarah Zrout, CWS-I, is quality manager for the WQA. She can be reached at 630.929.2541,or by e-mail at [email protected].

wqa forum

LearnMore! For more information relatedto this article, visit the web at www.wqpmag.com/lm.cfm/wq090708


I magine cooking your favorite meal while someone follows you with achecklist, making sure that you include each ingredient in the exactamount and in the correct order, mix using the proper technique and then

cook at the correct temperature for the right amount of time. It could be

pretty intimidating, right? Well, Water Quality Association (WQA) labo-

ratory technicians experience this quite often while performing tests and

being audited, and they are not intimidated one bit. It is a chance to

demonstrate their knowledge and skill and contribute valuable insight

to the quality of the tests performed at WQA.

Step by Step

Internal auditingboosts quality of

laboratory testing

By Sarah Zrout

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27SEPTEMBER 2007

businesscolumn

By G.A. “Andy” Marken

As industries evolved from technicalto entertainment, many companies didaway with press conferences and movedto press events. Whether they are singleor multicompany events, these providebenefits to the press by allowing them toget an overview of what’s new, especiallywhen it is a sponsored event where theycan walk table to table.

The events also serve PR peoplebecause they allow them to gather busi-ness cards and say hello to media mem-bers they will not call or work with forthe rest of the year.

What events don’t do is anything to build an image for the company orhelp establish management as experts in their field.

If it is a company-spons

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