01 AccessEd

Access to Education

The State of Education Series

November 2012

A Global Report

Access to Education: Indicators

This presentation includes data on: Total enrollments by region Out of School Children (OOS) of primary

school age Net Enrollment Rates (NER)/Gross

Enrollment Rates (GER) Correlations between GDP per capita and

enrollment rates for each educational level Education equality: Income/gender/location

disparities in education access

Acronym GuideAcronym Name

EAP East Asia and PacificECA Europe and Central AsiaLAC Latin American and the CaribbeanMNA Middle East and North AfricaSAS South AsiaSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaWLD World (Global Aggregate)GER Gross Enrollment RateNER Net Enrollment RateOOS Out of School

GNI p.c. Gross National Income per capitaNAR Net Attendance RateGAR Gross Attendance Ratio

GPI Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)

Summary Less than half of the world’s pre-primary age

students were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010 (48.3%), but enrolment rates have been rising over time. SSA and MNA’s enrolment rates lag far behind other regions with less than ¼ of pre-primary age children enrolled.

In 2010, 90.7% of primary age students worldwide were enrolled in school. The rate has improved since 2000 (84.5%), but little progress has been made since 2008.

60.7 million primary school age children were out of school (OOS) in 2010. Over half of the world's out of school children live in SSA and over 1/5 live in South Asia.

Since 2008, the global rate of children out of school has remained the same at 9.3%.

Summary(continued)

62.5% of secondary school age students were enrolled in 2010, which was an 9.4 percentage point improvement over 2000. SSA lags far behind other regions in secondary enrollments with just over ¼ of students enrolled in 2010.

The global tertiary gross enrollment rate (GER) has gradually improved from 19% in 2000 to 29.2% in 2010 but GERs vary greatly across regions. More than half of youth are enrolled in ECA (55.6%) compared to 6.8% of youth in SSA.

On the global level, gender parity in pre-primary and primary enrolment rates has been achieved. There is a small male bias in secondary enrolment rates (GPI = 0.96) and a female bias in tertiary enrolments (GPI = 1.08).

Pre-Primary Education

How many children are enrolled in pre-primary education?

Around 164 million children were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010. This is up from 134 million in 2005 and 112 million in 1999.

Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (48 and 40 million respectively).

25% of total pre-primary enrollments were in India and 16% were in China.

79 million (48.2%) were girls.

EAP24.3%

ECA

6.4%

HIC

18.1%

LAC12.5%MN

A2.0%

SAS29.1%

SSA7.6%

Share of Total Pre-Primary En-rollments by Region (%)

2010

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012; Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;

HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.

How many children are enrolled?Pre-Primary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER)

Globally, less than half of pre-primary age students were enrolled in pre-primary education in 2010, but all regions increased pre-primary enrolments between 2000 and 2010.

SAS almost doubled its pre-primary GER between 2000 (25.4%) and 2010 (48.3%).

LAC’s GERs are consistently the highest among regions ranging from 56.8% to 70.1%.

SSA and MNA lag behind other regions with 17.7% and 23.8% GERs respectively in 2010.

Pre-Primary Gross Enrolment Rates have increased in all regions since 2000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

34.1 34.7 37.1

40.9

45.648.3

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Gro

ss E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. P

re-P

rimar

y. T

otal

(%)

Which countries have the lowest pre-primary enrollment rates? 8 of the 10 countries

with the lowest pre-primary net enrolment rates (NER) are in SSA.

Of the 130 countries with data, 18 countries had less than 10% of their children enrolled in pre-primary education.

36 countries had less than 25% of their children enrolled in pre-primary.

19 countries had pre-primary enrollments higher than 90%.

10 Countries with the Lowest Pre-Primary Net Enrollment Rates

(2009-2011)

1 Yemen, Rep. 0.35

2 Chad 1.77

3 Burkina Faso 2.75

4 Mali 3.37

5 Djibouti 3.41

6 Cote d'Ivoire 3.54

7 Ethiopia 3.92

8 Guinea-Bissau 4.68

9 Niger 4.76

10 Central African Republic 5.64

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012Notes: Purple data is for 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009;

Data were not available for 84 of 214 countries.

Which countries have increased pre-primary enrollment rates the most? These countries

have increased their pre-primary GERs by 25 to 66 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011.

Half of the countries at least doubled their NER over time.

Algeria improved from 3.4% to 66% – a 1928% improvement.

Only two of these countries have a current NER over 90% – Barbados and Maldives.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Pre-Primary

Net Enrollment RatesPercentage

Points Improved

1999-2001NER

2009-2011NER

% Improved

1 Algeria 66.1 3.4 69.5 1927.9

2 Korea, Rep. 41.0 44.0 85.0 93.0

3 Moldova 37.3 36.8 74.0 101.4

4 Barbados 33.6 62.1 95.7 54.0

5 Sao Tome & Principe 32.4 24.2 56.5 133.8

6 Maldives 30.8 61.4 92.2 50.1

7 Mongolia 29.1 28.4 57.5 102.5

8 Nicaragua 26.7 28.6 55.4 93.5

9 Ghana 26.0 21.5 47.5 120.7

10 Uruguay 25.4 52.9 78.3 48.0

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012; Note: Data were not available for 118 of 213 countries.

Net Enrollment Rate. Pre-Primary (%)

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

Are lower pre-primary enrollment rates related to lower national income per capita?

All the low income countries ($1025 or less) have less than 16% of children enrolled in pre-primary education except Gambia (27%), Kenya (29%), and Tanzania (33%).

24 countries had NERs less than 15%. Only 4 of those had GNI per capita higher than $1100. All the countries were lower than $4780 (Bosnia).

All of the countries with NERs higher than 90% had GNI greater than $12,000 except Thailand, Grenada, and Maldives.

All low income countries had less than one-third of children enrolled in pre-primary education.

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 900000

20

40

60

80

100R² = 0.229337915664789

GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)

Net E

nrol

lmen

t Rat

e. P

re-P

rimar

y. T

otal

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

Ireland

Switzerland

QatarAustralia

Norway

Do gender disparities exist in pre-primary enrollment rates?

Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females.

Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .98 in 2000 to perfect gender parity (1.0) in 2010.

Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.02) in 2010. Only MNA lags behind.

4 of 6 regions have a slight female bias.

Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has been achieved globally and in most regions.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

0.98

0.990.99 0.99 0.99

1.00

WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA


Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Pre

-Prim

ary Female Bias

Male Bias

Do rural/urban disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in ECA?

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

Do income disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in SSA?


% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

Primary Education

How many children are enrolled in primary schools?

Around 691 million children were enrolled in primary school in 2010. This is up from 685 million in 2005 and 655 million in 2000.

Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (182 and 172 million respectively).

21% of total primary enrollments were in India and 15% were in China.

330 million (47.7%) were girls.

EAP

24.9%

ECA3.0%

LAC

9.6%MN

A5.5%

SSA20.0%

SAS

26.4%

HIC10.6%

Share of Total Primary Enrollments by Region (%)

2010

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;


In 2010, 90.7% of primary school age children around the world were enrolled in primary or secondary education.

This figure rose each year between 1999 (83.7%) and 2008, but the figure remained unchanged between 2008 and 2010.

All regions have increased ANERs since 2000, but SSA and SAS improved the most – 16 percentage points in SSA and 14 percentage points in SAS.

Continued…

Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)

Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201060

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

84.585.5

88.7 89.190.7 90.7



Adju

sted

Net

Enr

olm

ent R

ate.

Prim

ary.

Tot

al (%

)

Since 2008, SSA has only improved by 0.1% and SAS by 0.4%.

SAS's improvement moved it closer to other regions by 2010 (92.3%), but SSA still lags far behind with a ANER of 76.2% in 2010.

ECA’s ANER peaked in 2002 at 96.6% and has been lower since.

EAP and LAC are the only 2 regions with ANERs higher than 95% in 2010.

Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201060

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

84.585.5

88.7 89.190.7 90.7



Adju

sted

Net

Enr

olm

ent R

ate.

Prim

ary.

Tot

al (%

)

Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.

Which countries have the lowest primary enrollment rates?

In the top 2 countries (Eritrea and Djibouti), less than half of primary school age children are enrolled in primary school.

All of the countries with the lowest adjusted net enrollment rates (ANER) are in SSA except Djibouti.

Of the 20 countries with the lowest primary ANERs,15 are in SSA.

There is a large range among the listed countries: #10 Gambia’s ANER almost doubles #1 Eritrea’s.

10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Enrollment Rates

(2009-2011)

1 Eritrea 34.9

2 Djibouti 44.6

3 Equatorial Guinea 56.3

4 Nigeria 57.6


6 Niger 62.5

7 Burkina Faso 63.2

8 Mali 67.2


10 Gambia, The 69.3Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012

Notes: Data is Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary (ANER); Purple figures are for 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009.


Which countries have increased primary enrollment rates the most? These countries have

increased their primary ANERs by 22 to 42 percentage points between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011.

Ethiopia and Niger more than doubled their ANERs, but more than 1/3 of children are still not enrolled in Niger.

Only Zambia has increased its ANER to over 90%. All the countries need to continue improving to reach universal primary enrolment.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary

Enrollment RatesPercentage

Points Improved

1999/2000

ANER

2010/2011 ANER

% Improved

1 Ethiopia 41.8 40.4 82.2 103.4

2 Niger 35.4 27.1 62.5 130.5

3 Mozambique 33.9 56.0 89.8 60.5

4 Bhutan 30.8 58.5 89.3 52.7

5 Guinea 30.1 46.9 77.0 64.1

6 Burkina Faso 28.7 34.5 63.2 83.0

7 Mali 25.0 42.2 67.2 59.1

8 Guinea-Bissau 23.8 51.2 75.0 46.5

9 Zambia 21.7 71.0 92.7 30.6

10 Yemen, Rep. 21.5 56.7 78.2 37.8

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Purple is 2011/1999 data; Black is 2010/2000;


Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%)


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

Do countries with low national income per capita have low primary enrollments?

Low income does not necessarily indicate lower primary enrolment rates: Countries with the lowest gross national income (GNI) per capita (<$500) have ANERs ranging from 35% (Eritrea) to 97.5% (Malawi).

Countries with the lowest primary ANERs (less than 75%) have GNI p.c. less than $1270. Equatorial Guinea is the only exception with 56.3% primary ANER and $14,540 GNI pc.

There is no clear association between low national income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates.

0 5000 1000015000200002500030000350004000045000500005500030

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

R² = 0.0987588439630068


Adju

sted

Net

Enr

ollm

ent R

ate.

Prim

ary.

Tot

al

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: ANER data are for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

Equitorial Guinea

Eritrea

Macao, China SAR

Djibouti

Nigeria

Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments?

Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females.

Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010.

Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind.

EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/- 0.02).

All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100.80

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

0.93

0.930.94 0.94

0.96 0.970.97

0.97 0.970.98 0.98



Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or A

djus

ted

Net E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. P

rimar

y

Female Bias

Male Bias

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-

2011)

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Prim

ary

Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments? Half of countries with

data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02).

78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity.

Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1).

Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73.

San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134.

78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments.

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates?

The male primary gross enrolment rate in these countries is much higher than the female gross enrolment rate.

7 of 10 countries are in SSA. 2 are in South Asia and 1 is in MNA.

Of the 20 countries with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 are in EAP (Togo and PNG), and 1 is in LAC (Dominican Republic).

10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates

(2008-2011)

1 Afghanistan 0.694


3 Chad 0.729

4 Angola 0.813

5 Yemen, Rep. 0.817

6 Pakistan 0.818


8 Niger 0.837

9 Guinea 0.838

10 Eritrea 0.838Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012;

Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data; Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most? These countries have

moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year.

6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia.

Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06).

Burundi and India have reached gender parity.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Primary

EnrollmentsPercentage

Points Improved

2000 or 2001 GPI

Most current

GPI

% Improved

1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53

2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73

3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50

4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66

5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55

6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64

7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31

8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61

9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79

10 Djibouti 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011;


Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates?

EAP, ECA, LAC, and MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles.

The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles.

Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2

Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA.

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity

Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Net

Atte

ndan

ce R

ate.

Prim

ary

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)

Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Sur-veys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards

Measurement Studies for 1985-2007

In 1999, 16% of primary school age children were OOS. 42% of children in SSA and almost a quarter of children in SAS were OOS.

By 2010, 9.3% of children were OOS globally, but SSA’s rate was still much higher at 23.8%.

Most of the progress in reducing the rate of children OOS occurred between 1999 and 2008. Since 2008, global and regional rates have basically remained the same.

Which regions have the highest percentage of children out-of-school?

Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

16.315.5

15.1 14.513.1

11.311.1 10.9 10.1 9.3 9.3


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in Edstats, November 2012

Out

-of-s

choo

l rat

e fo

r chi

ldre

n of

prim

ary

scho

ol a

ge (%

). To

tal

Which countries have highest rates of children out-of-school?

More than half of primary-school age children are out of school in Eritrea and Djibouti.

More than a quarter of primary school aged children are out-of-school in 14 countries.

47 countries have more than 10% of children out-of-school.

Nine of ten countries are in SSA.

10 Countries with the Highest Rates of Children Out-of School

(2009-2011)

1 Eritrea 65.1

2 Djibouti 55.4

3 Equatorial Guinea 43.7

4 Nigeria 42.4


6 Niger 37.5

7 Burkina Faso 36.8

8 Mali 32.8


10 Gambia, The 30.7Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012

Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not

available for 61 of 214 countries.

Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%)


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

Which region has the most out of school (OOS) children?

In 2010, ¾ of the world’s out-of-school (OOS) children lived in two regions: SSA and SAS.

Over half (55%) of the world's out of school children lived in SSA.

ECA had the smallest percentage of the world’s OOS children at 1.8% followed by MNA (3.9%) and LAC (4.4%).

Out-of-School Children of Primary School Age by Region (2010)

EAP10.6%

6 Million

ECA1.8% L

AC4.4%

MNA3.9%

SAS21.8%13 Mil-lion

SSA54.4%33 Mil-lion

HIC3.1%



How many primary school age children are out of school (OOS)?

In 1999, 107.7 million children were out of primary school.

The total decreased to 72.6 million in 2005 and 60.7 million in 2010.

There were 47 million fewer children OOS in 2010 than in 1999.

Since 2008, the global number of out-of-school children has grown from 60.66 million to 60.69 million (2009) and 60.73 million in 2010.

The total number of out-of-school children has decreased by 47 million since 1999.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

100,000,000

110,000,000

HIC ECA LAC MNA EAP SAS SSASource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Note: HIC = High Income Countries in all regions

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. P

rimar

y. T

otal

(in

mill

ions

)

How much have regions decreased the total number of OOS children?

SAS and MNA more than halved the total number of OOS children between 1999 and 2010. In SAS, the total number of OOS children decreased by 25.6 million or 66%.

SSA decreased the total number by 12.3 million, which was a 27% decrease between 1999 and 2010, but the total number increased by 1.5 million between 2008 and 2010.

All regions have decreased their total number of out-of-school children since 1999.

SSA SAS EAP MNA LAC ECA0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

35000000

40000000

45000000

500000001999 2008 2010

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. T

otal

(in

mill

ions

)

Which countries have the most out-of-school children?

45.8% of the world’s out-of-school children live in the 10 countries listed here.

Five of the countries are in SSA and 3 are in SAS.

Nigeria almost has as many OOS children as the regional totals for LAC, ECA, and MNA combined (10.9 million).

The US is #8 in the ranking because of the large size of the school age population and also possibly because of a lack of consistent data collection on home-schooled children.

10 Countries with the Most Out-of School Children

(2008-2011)

1 Nigeria 10,542,105

2 Pakistan 5,125,373

3 Ethiopia 2,389,945

4 India 2,278,322

5 Bangladesh 1,835,269

6 Philippines 1,460,431

7 Cote d'Ivoire 1,160,732

8 United States 1,023,231

9 Burkina Faso 1,022,362

10 Niger 1,012,228Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012

Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not

available for 61 of 214 countries.

Are more females out-of-school than males? In 1999, there were

almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-of-school children were female.

In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female.

The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010.

More Females are Out of Primary School than Males

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-SchoolSource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. P

rimar

y (in

mill

ions

)

Where are more females out-of-school? Over half of the

world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia.

South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million.

SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010.

3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

50,000,000

55,000,000

60,000,000

65,000,000

LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSASource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. P

rimar

y. F

emal

e (in

mill

ions

)

Which countries have the most females OOS?

Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries.

36% of the world’s out-of-school females live in the Top 4 countries.

Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more our-of-school females that the sum of all females out-of-school in LAC and ECA.

Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia.

10 Countries with the Most Female Out-of School Children

(2008-2011)

1 Nigeria 5,487,901

2 Pakistan 3,241,203

3 India 1,407,495

4 Ethiopia 1,367,141

5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809

6 Philippines 661,551

7 Bangladesh 591,325

8 Niger 568,884

9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702

10 Burkina Faso 530,731Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012; Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is

2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for 61 of 213 countries.

Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS?

In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points.

A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA.

In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2

Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions.


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Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparityPe

rcen

tage

Poi

nt D

iffer

ence

in th

e %

of C

hild

ren

Out

-of-S

choo

l (M

ale-

Fem

ale,

Urb

an-R

ural

, and

Qui

ntile

1-Q

uint

ile 5

)



Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA?


Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP?

South Asia (SAS)

East Asia and the Pacific (EAP)


Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

Secondary Education

How many children are enrolled in secondary schools? Over 543 million

students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide.

This total is up from 510 million in 2005 and 451 million in 2000.

Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either EAP or SAS.

38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and India (20%)

258 million (47.5%) are girls.

EAP27.4%

ECA6.4%

LAC11.0%

MNA5.8%

SSA8.4%

SAS24.9%

HIC16.0%

Share of Total Secondary En-rollments by Region (%)

2010



In 2000, just over half (53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to 62.5% in 2010.

ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around 80%.

Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions.

Continued…

How many children are enrolled?Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER)

Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

53.1 54.8 57.1 58.761.1 62.5

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLDSource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:

SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

Net E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. S

econ

dary

. Tot

al (%

)

EAP has made the most progress between 2000 (55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and 2008.

SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than 20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%.

Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS.

How many children are enrolled?Secondary – NER (continued)

Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

53.1 54.8 57.1 58.761.1 62.5

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLDSource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:

SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

Net E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. S

econ

dary

. Tot

al (%

)

Which countries have the lowest secondary enrollment rates?

More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost 90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and Angola.

25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled.

Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in SSA.

#10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than #1 Niger’s NER.

#5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to 17.3% in 2011.

10 Countries with the Lowest Secondary Net Enrollment Rates

(2008-2011)

1 Niger 10.2

2 Angola 11.5


4 Burundi 16.2

5 Mozambique 17.3

6 Burkina Faso 17.5

7 Madagascar 23.6

8 Djibouti 24.2

9 Malawi 27.5

10 Eritrea 28.6Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Notes: Figures are most recent year with available data between 2008-2011. Green = 2008; Blue = 2009; Black = 2010; Purple = 2011. Data

were not available for 96 of 214 countries.

Which countries have improved secondary enrolment rates the most? These countries

have improved their secondary net enrolment rates (NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011.

Bhutan has more than doubled its 2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in 2011.

Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Secondary

Net Enrollment RatesPercentage

Points Improved

1999-2001 NER

Most current NER

% Improved

1 Bhutan 32.0 21.7 53.8 147.5

2 Syrian Arab Republic 25.2 41.7 67.0 60.5

3 St. Lucia 25.0 60.3 85.3 41.4

4 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 22.4 67.9 90.4 33.0

5 Dominican Republic 22.1 40.2 62.3 55.0

6 Oman 21.5 68.2 89.7 31.6

7 Indonesia 20.6 46.7 67.3 44.1

8 Venezuela, RB 17.5 54.3 71.8 32.2

9 Kenya 16.0 34.0 50.0 47.0

10 Ghana 15.8 32.9 48.7 48.1Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012;

Notes: Black data is for 2001 or 2010; Purple is 2000 or 2011; Blue is 2009; Data were not available for 123 of 214 countries.

Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%)


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

Do low secondary enrollments relate to low national income per capita?

Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to 85% (Tajikistan).

All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a NER over 70% except Liechtenstein and Uruguay.

Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are Swaziland and Angola.

There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates.

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 900000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100R² = 0.179304519207436


Net E

nrol

lmen

t Rat

e. S

econ

dary

. All

Prog

ram

mes

. Tot

al

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

CAR, Burundi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso

Niger

Norway

Angola

Suriname

Macao, SAR ChinaSwitzerland,

Qatar, Luxembourg

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

0.920.94

0.950.96 0.96 0.96


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or N

et E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. S

econ

dary

Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments?

Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from 0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in 2010.

ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0).

LAC has consistently had higher female NERs.

EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in 2010.

SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time.

SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since 2000.

Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions.

Female Bias

Male Bias

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Sec

onda

ry

Does gender parity exist in secondary enrollments in most countries? Just over half (52%) of

countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments.

Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1.

6 countries have perfect gender parity (1.0): Slovenia, Mauritius, Swaziland, Japan, Indonesia, and Cyprus.

More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs.

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in secondary enrolments?

In 9 of 10 countries, the male GER is much higher than the female GER. In Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate.

8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in South Asia and 1 is in MNA.

Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias.

14 of the top 20 are in SSA.

10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Secondary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

GPI Absolute value from 1

1 Chad 0.42 0.58

2 Afghanistan 0.51 0.49

3 Central African Republic 0.55 0.45

4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.58 0.42

5 Guinea 0.59 0.41

6 Lesotho 1.38 0.38

7 Yemen, Rep. 0.62 0.38

8 Niger 0.66 0.34

9 Angola 0.69 0.31

10 Mali 0.71 0.29

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010 GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR

(2011), and Mali (2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in secondary the most?

These countries have moved from 0.19 to 0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time.

Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity.

The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to 0.85) toward gender parity.

3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender

Parity in Secondary EnrollmentsPercentage

Points Improved

2000/2001 GPI

Most current

GPI

1 Cambodia 0.34 0.57 0.90

2 Sweden 0.27 1.26 0.99

3 St. Lucia 0.27 1.26 0.99

4 Mozambique 0.23 0.64 0.87

5 Senegal 0.21 0.66 0.88

6 Yemen, Rep. 0.21 0.41 0.62

7 India 0.20 0.72 0.92

8 Bhutan 0.19 0.85 1.04

9 Guinea 0.19 0.40 0.59

10 Turkey 0.19 0.73 0.91

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;

Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.

Do income disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA?


South Asia (SAS)

Middle East and North Africa (MNA)

% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in LAC?


Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school


Do regional disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in Asia?



Tertiary Education

How many youth are enrolled?Tertiary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER)

Around 30% of tertiary age youth were enrolled in tertiary education 2010. This figure was a 10 percentage point improvement over 2000 (19%).

ECA has consistently had the highest tertiary GERs of any region. Over half (55.6%) of tertiary age youth were enrolled in 2010 which is a 17 percentage point increase over 2000.

EAP has more than doubled its tertiary GER over time.

SSA lags behind other regions with 6.8% of youth enrolled in 2010.

Almost ¾ of tertiary age youth around the world are not enrolled in tertiary education.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100

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20

30

40

50

60

19.121.5

23.524.9

27.0 29.2



Gro

ss E

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ertia

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otal

(%)

Which countries have the lowest tertiary enrollment rates? These countries have

less than 4% of tertiary age students enrolled in tertiary education.

33 countries have less than 10 percent of tertiary age youth enrolled.

50 countries have more than half of tertiary age youth enrolled.

8 countries have tertiary GERs higher than 80% and 4 countries have tertiary GERs higher than 90%: Finland, the United States, Cuba, and Korea, Rep.

10 Countries with the Lowest Tertiary Gross Enrollment Rates

(2008-2011)

1 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.08

2 Malawi 0.72

3 Niger 1.51

4 Eritrea 1.99

5 Tanzania 2.11

6 Chad 2.17


8 Burundi 3.25

9 Afghanistan 3.33

10 Dominica 3.57Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012

Notes: Figures are most recent year with data between 2008-2011. Purple = 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009; Green = 2008.


Which countries have improved tertiary enrolment rates the most? These countries

have improved their tertiary gross enrolment rates by 27 to 70 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011.

7 countries more than doubled their tertiary GER – Cuba, Venezuela, Cyprus, Montenegro, Czech Rep., Romania, and Armenia.

All of the countries are in LAC or ECA.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Tertiary Gross Enrollment Rates

Percentage Points

Improved

1999-2001 GER

2009-2011 GER

% Improved

1 Cuba 70.0 25.2 95.2 277.8

2 Venezuela, RB 49.8 28.3 78.1 175.6

3 Cyprus 33.0 21.6 54.6 152.8

4 Montenegro 31.1 16.6 47.6 187.9

5 Czech Republic 30.5 30.1 60.7 101.5

6 Romania 30.5 28.4 58.8 107.4

7 Uruguay 29.5 33.8 63.3 87.4

8 Ukraine 27.1 52.4 79.5 51.8

9 Belarus 27.0 55.9 83.0 48.3

10 Armenia 26.6 24.9 51.5 106.7

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Most recent data year available was used from 2008-2011.


Gross Enrollment Ratio. Tertiary

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)


Do countries with higher income per capita have higher tertiary enrollment rates?

Most countries with gross national income (GNI) per capita less than $1000 have tertiary GERs less than 11%. Tajikistan (20%) and Kyrgyz Rep (49%) are the two exceptions.

Countries with GNI pc more than $20,000 have tertiary GERs higher than 50% except for Qatar (10%), Luxembourg (10.5%), Brunei (17.2%), and Liechtenstein (36.0%).

Most countries with a GNI pc higher than $20,000 have tertiary GERs higher than 50%.

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 900000

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80

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R² = 0.202130699748016


Gro

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SCED

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nd 6

). To

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Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

Slovenia

Brunei

Norway

Switzerland

United States Finland

Oman

Luxembourg, Qatar

Belarus

Which regions have reached gender parity in tertiary enrollments?

In 2000, the world gender parity index (GPI) for tertiary enrollments was 1.0 – perfect gender parity. Since then, female GERs have been higher than male GERs, and the GPI has been moving above 1.0.

MNA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity in 2010. LAC and ECA have consistently had higher female GERs, and EAP has reversed from a male bias to a female bias.

SAS and SSA have maintained a strong male bias in tertiary enrolments over time.

Gender disparities in tertiary enrolment rates vary greatly across regions.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.00

1.02 1.041.06 1.07 1.08


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

ate.

Ter

tiary

Female Bias

Male Bias

Does gender parity exist in tertiary enrollments in most countries? Only 9 countries are

within +/-0.05 of gender parity in tertiary enrollments.

63% of countries have a female bias in tertiary enrolments vs. 37% with higher male enrolment rates.

One country – Vietnam – has perfect gender parity (1.0).

In 10 countries, the female GER more than doubles the male GER. These countries are island nations in LAC and Qatar (see next slide).

The majority of countries have higher female enrolment rates than male enrolment rates in tertiary education.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)

Gen

der

Par

ity In

dex

(GP

I) fo

r G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Ter

tiary

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in tertiary enrolments?

10 Countries with the Largest Male Bias in Tertiary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

1 Chad 0.17

2 Congo, Rep. 0.21

3 Afghanistan 0.24

4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.31


6 Eritrea 0.33

7 Guinea 0.33

8 Ethiopia 0.36

9 Benin 0.38

10 Niger 0.38Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;

Notes: Maroon=2011; Black = 2010; Purple = 2009; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for 73 of 213 countries.

10 Countries with the Largest Female Bias in Tertiary

Enrolments(2008-2011)

1 Qatar 5.38

2 Dominica 3.35

3 Antigua and Barbuda 2.58

4 St. Lucia 2.57

5 Guyana 2.52

6 Barbados 2.38

7 Jamaica 2.28

8 Cayman Islands 2.24

9 Bermuda 2.12

10 St. Kitts and Nevis 2.10Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;Notes: Black = 2010; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for

73 of 213 countries.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in post-secondary attendance ratios?

Levels of gender disparity in post-secondary attendance are much lower than levels of location and income disparity. More girls than boys attend post-secondary schools in EAP, ECA, and LAC.

Rural areas have between 5 (SSA) and 15 (LAC) percent lower attendance ratios than urban areas.

Income is the largest source of disparity across regions. Income disparities range from 8 percentage points in SSA to 34 in LAC.2

Income is the largest source of disparity in post-secondary gross attendance ratios in all regions.


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35Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity

Perc

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This presentation utilizes the following data sources:

1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) data in the EdStats Query

The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators and 2011 data for some countries.

The most recent regional aggregate data was from 2010. Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available

in the EdStats Query metadata.

2) Income/Gender/Location Disparity slides were based on data and analysis extracted from:

Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu by Emilio Porta (2011).

Porta, Emilio, Gustavo Arcia, Kevin Macdonald, Sergiy Radyakin, and Misha Lokshin. 2011. Assessing Sector Performance and Inequality in Education. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Data Sources

http://go.worldbank.org/0PX550GYX0

http://go.worldbank.org/R231C7F6T0

http://go.worldbank.org/R231C7F6T0

The State of Education SeriesThe following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website:

Educational Levels: Pre-Primary Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education

Topics: Access Quality Expenditures Literacy Equity Gender

http://go.worldbank.org/WBYFTX6CM0

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/Pre-PrimaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/PrimaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/SecondaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/TertiaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/access.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/quality.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/expenditure.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/AdultLiteracy.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/Equity.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/GenderEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/EquityEd.zip

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