!"#$%&'($&#!)*!+,&#(+$-)&!,+#"!.&!$'/)0*($+1&)#&("*#1&)1&!$&#!"#$%&'()*+&#!'(,-.)'!&

+/012342567(87976:;<741(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032B('493>:4<74126(24C(!/61/>26(!@26674D70

'2($#'1$%61@:/D@(>7;>7074134D(:46A(2(0<266 (624C(2>72(:E(30624C0(0?2117>7C(2?>:00(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(.?724F(

1@7( 17>>31:>A(:E( =>74?@( ,:6A47032(0;240 (<:>7( 1@24( G(<3663:4( 0H/2>7(I36:<717>0J( K( 24(2>72(1@7(03L7(:E(

'/>:;7(K(24C(30(5:1@(7?:6:D3?266A( >3?@(24C( ?/61/>266A( /43H/7M(N:O797>F(1@7(0:?3:P7?:6:D3?26(0A017<0(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032(2>7(1@>721747C(5A(1@7(>2;3C(?@24D70(200:?3217C(O31@(24( 34?>72034D6A(D6:5263L7C(O:>6C(

24C(@/<24(;>700/>70 (:4(1@7(7493>:4<741(0/?@(20(?63<217(?@24D7M(&@7(;/>;:07(:E( 1@30 (;2;7>(30(1:(C:?/P

<741(1@7(1@>7210(1:(7493>:4<74126 (24C(?/61/>26 (0/01234253631A(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032(34(:>C7>(1:(57117>(/4PC7>0124C( 1@7(/43H/7(?@26674D70(:E( 0/0123434D( 63E7(34( 30624C(7493>:4<7410( 1:C2AM(8>2O34D( 6700:40(E>:<(

1@30(2426A030F(1@30(;2;7>(O366 (260:(C30?/00(;:1741326(0:6/13:40 (24C(;>:;:07(>7?:<<74C213:40 (E:>(1@7(E/P1/>7M((

J

J(QRS:D>2;@37(K(!63<21(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307UM(!"#$%$&'(&)*+,(-./'&01%(2%/.'3(N2/1(!:<<302>321(C7(62(-S;/5P63H/7(74(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M(=75>/2>AF(JW(XYJZM(

Archaeological site of Kamuihei-Teiipoka, Hatiheu valley, Nuku Hiva, Fenua Enata (Marquesas Islands)

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

+!$#";*1$+"!9:/.$*1/;%+<& '(=/1*(8'($%+<& .*;/%+& %(>&;?+$?1%+& 1'./+/'(;'& 8';@%(/.8.& A/(&$@'& )%;/B/;C& %1'& .+*D+,& 5'/(E&

'1*>'>&5,&'F$'1(%+&/(B+?'(;'.&.?;@&%.&E+*5%+/G%$/*(&%(>&E+*5%+&'(=/1*(8'($%+&;@%(E'H(P(%442(R7>:F(_>30P

137($S@7/](24C(8267(8:<347APN:O07MI&

!:<;:07C(:E( E397(2>?@3;762D:0(C3007<34217C( :97>( 1@7( 3<<74031A( :E( 1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(.?724F(

=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(JJa(30624C0F(O@74(34?6/C34D(1@7(3>(17>>31:>326(O217>0F(0;24(24(2>72(1@7(03L7(:E(V7017>4('/>:;7M(&@7(&/2<:1/F($2>H/7020F(R2<537>F(%/01>26(24C(+:?371A(2>?@3;762D:0 (;>70741(2 (O3C7(92>371A(:E(

30624C0(?@2340( 1@21( >24D7(E>:<( @3D@(9:6?243?( 30624C0(1:(6:OP6A34D( ?:>26( 21:660M(V@367( 31(5747E310(E>:<(2(

>76213976A(62>D7(C7D>77(:E(2/1:4:<AF(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30(4:471@76700(2(=>74?@(.97>0720(!:667?13931A(1@21(30 (D:97>47C(5A(1@7(N3D@(!:<<3003:47>(:E(1@7(=>74?@(-7;/563?MZ(%0(:47(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370(24C(

&7>>31:>370F(=>74?@(,:6A47032(0@2>70(0:<7(:E( 1@7(;@A03?26F(7493>:4<74126F(0:?326F(24C(7?:4:<3?(E721/>70(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170(266 (2>:/4C(1@7(O:>6CM(+/?@(?@2>2?17>3013?0 (34?6/C7(Q0<266(;@A03?26 (03L7(

24C(D7:D>2;@3?26(30:6213:4F(E>2D367(53:C397>031AF(9/647>253631A(1:(421/>26(C302017>0F(@3D@(;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@F(

2(0?2>?7(421/>26(>70:/>?7(5207F(>7<:174700(E>:<(D6:526(<2>I710F(24C(0<266(7?:4:<370(:E(0?267UMW

870;317(310(0<266(2>72(:E( 7<7>D7C( 624CF( =>74?@(,:6A47032`0(7]1740397( 17>>31:>A( ?:97>0(:97>( GMG(

<3663:4(0H/2>7(I36:<717>0(:E(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(.?724MG(&@7(;@A03?26(?@2>2?17>3013?0(24C(?:401>23410(:E(1@30(7493>:4<741(2>7(C397>07F(20(2>7(1@7(292362567(>70:/>?70(1@7>7M(#4(2CC313:4(1:(310(/43H/7(17>>701>326(7493P

>:4<7410F( =>74?@(,:6A47032`0(;@A03?26(17>>31:>A( 30(?@2>2?17>3L7C(5A( 1@7(3<<74031A( :E( 1@7(,2?3E3?(.?724(

1@21(5:1@(?:447?10(24C( 30:62170(31(E>:<(24A( 62>D7(624C(<20070(5A(0797>26(1@:/024C(<3670M(%4C(C70;317(1@30(>7<2>I2567(D7:D>2;@3?26( >7<:174700F( =>74?@(,:6A47032 (5:2010(24( 25/4C241( 53:C397>031A( 24C(@3D@(

679760(:E(74C7<30<F(O@3?@(<7240(1@21(2(62>D7(4/<57>(:E(0;7?370 (63934D(34(1@707(7?:0A017<0(2>7(E:/4C(4:O@7>7(7607(34(1@7(O:>6CM(&@7(/43H/74700(:E( 1@707(7?:6:D3?26(>70:/>?70(<2I7(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (2(;2>1(

:E(1@7(,:6A47032P$76247032(53:C397>031A(@:10;:1Mb

#1(30(34(1@30(/43H/7(7493>:4<741(1@21(72>6A(,:6A4703240(071167C(1@:/024C0(:E(A72>0(2D:M(.>3D3421P34D(E>:<(+:/1@P'201(%032F(1@7(421397(;:;/6213:40(:E(<:C7>4PC2A(,:6A47032(2>7(1@7(C70?74C2410 (:E(2(?393P

63L213:4(:E( 7]?7;13:426(072E2>7>0(O@:F(O31@:/1(24A(?@2>10(:>(3401>/<7410(24C(2D23401(;>7923634D( ,2?3E3?(1>2C7(O34C0F(<3D>217C(7201O2>C( 1:(?:6:43L7(Q93>1/266A( 797>A(034D67(@25312567(30624C( 34( 1@7(,2?3E3?UMc (%0(

1@707(E3>01(34@25312410(O7>7(?:4E>:417C(O31@(1@7(>76213976A(63<317C(>70:/>?70(:E(E34317(30624C0F(1@7A(@2C(1:(

2C2;1(1:( 1@707(47O( ?:4C313:40(1:(0/>9397(24C( 1@>397M(N:O797>F(1@7A( 260:(2617>7C(1@707(02<7(7493>:4P<7410(1:(<2I7(1@7<(<:>7(@25312567M(+3</61247:/06A(<:6C34D( 1@7( 30624C0`(7?:6:D3?26( 0A017<0(1:( 1@73>(

2C92412D7(24C(5734D(0@2;7C(5A(1@7<F(72>6A(,:6A4703240(C7976:;7C(2(?/61/>7(24C(2(0:?371A(341>3403?266A(

X

X(R7>:F(%442F($S@7/]F(_3>0137F(24C(8:<347APN:O07F(8267M(Q#417D>2134D(8302017>(-30I(-7C/?13:4(24C(!63<217(!@24D7(%C2;1213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?UM(!63<217(24C(87976:;<741(ZF(4:M(W(dXYJJeB(ZJYPZXcMZ(Q,>S0741213:4(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307UM(J(=/1*(('8'($3KB3(XYYfM(8#-'\(K(83>7?13:4(C7(6`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b(!>313?26('?:0A017<(,2>147>0@3;(=/4CM(Q'?:0A017<(,>:E367B(,:6A47032P$3?>:47032([3:C397>031A(N:10;:1UM($2A(XYYcMc(+<31@F([:4437F(g24(87($37>::;F($2>?F(g:4(R62@4F(-3?@2>CF(24C("247F(_>30M(61*..1*%>.&%(>&6?+$?1'.L&M&:/.$*1,&*B&$@'&N*1+>O.&)'*K+'.3([7CE:>CB(=3>01('C313:4(7C313:4F(XYJXM(,>341M

634I7C( 1:( 1@73>( 7493>:4<741( 24C( C77;6A( 2O2>7( :E( 1@73>( C7;74C74?7(:4( 31Ma ( ,7>@2;0( 57?2/07( :E( 1@7(

0?2>?74700(:E(7<7>D7C(624C(O31@34(1@7(3<<74031A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?F(:>(57?2/07(:E( 1@7(</1/26(2C2;1213:4(:E(;:;/6213:40(24C(:E( 1@7(7?:0A017<0(1@7A( 6397C(34F(,:6A470324( ?/61/>7(;62?70(2(01>:4D( 7<;@2030(:4(34C3P

93C/260`(24C(?:<</431370`(1370(1:(1@73>(624C(dB'(?%(34(&2@31324(24C($2>H/7024eMf(N2934D(2(C77;(?:447?P13:4(O31@(1@73>( 624C(24C(;62?34D(2(01>:4D(3<;:>124?7(:4(1@7(4:13:4(:E( >7?3;>:?31AF(,:6A4703240 (4/>1/>7C(

24C(?2>7C(E:>(1@73>(624C(57?2/07(1@7A(/4C7>01::C(1@21(31(O:/6C(;>:93C7(E:>(1@7<(34(>71/>4M(

*;:4(1@7(2>>3926(:E( '/>:;724(7];6:>7>0(24C(<3003:42>370(34(1@7(6217(73D@17741@(?741/>AF(@:OP797>F(,:6A470324(0:?371370 (?@24D7C(>2C3?266A(24C(;>:E:/4C6AM(&@7(?:<;67](0:?326(01>/?1/>70(1@21(<234P

12347C(2(?39363L213:4(:4(>701>3?17C(624C(2>720(E:>(?741/>370(O7>7(C30>/;17C(24C(E:>797>(2617>7C(5A(V7017>4(?:6:43L213:4(24C(7924D763L213:4M($:>7:97>F('/>:;724( 0/5^7?1397(3417>;>71213:40(:E( ,:6A470324( ?/61/>7(

34E6/74?7C(1@73>(/4C7>0124C34D(24C(2??:/410(E>:<(1@707(>7<:17(30624C0F(?:41>35/134D(1:(;2341(24(2>13E3P

?326(;3?1/>7(:E(,:6A47032 (1@21(01366(;7>92C70(1:C2AM(%0(7]7<;63E37C(5A(=>74?@(;23417>(,2/6(R2/D/34`0(O:>I(34(&2@313F(1@7(7>:13?30<(24C(7]:13?30<(;7><72134D(1@>:/D@(V7017>4( 3<2D34213:4(C7E347C(,:6A47032(20(2(

;>3<31397(24C(/4?@24D34D( 07]/26(;2>2C307MJY (%60:F(340172C(:E( 2??/>2176A(C70?>3534D( 1@7(&2@313240`(O766P:>D243L7CF(341740397(2D>3?/61/>26(0A017<0(24C(?:<;67](0:?37126 (01>/?1/>7F(72>6A(V7017>47>0(;:>1>2A7C(1@7(

1>:;3?26 (/1:;32(:E(7EE:>16700 (25/4C24?7(1@7A( E241203L7C(K( ;7>;71/2134D( 620134D(<30?:4?7;13:40 (1@21(2>7(

01366(C77;6A(>::17C(34(V7017>4(?:667?1397(?:40?3:/04700(1:C2AMJJ

#4(2CC313:4(1:(0:?37126(?@24D70F(=>74?@(,:6A47032(E2?70(2(4/<57>(:E(1@>7210(1:(310(7493>:4<74126(

0/01234253631AM(%0 (1@7(7EE7?10(:E(?63<217(?@24D7(57?:<7(4:1(:46A(34?>72034D6A(2;;2>741(5/1(260:(<:>7(24C(<:>7(0797>7F(=>74?@(,:6A470324(30624C0(477C(1:(03</61247:/06A(12?I67(300/70(:E( 072(67976(>307F(34?>7207C(

7]1>7<7(O721@7>(797410F(7>:03:4F(C>:/D@10F(24C(?63<217(92>3253631AMJX((#4C77CF(1@7(0<266(03L7F(6:O(76792P

13:4F(24C(0?2>?7( >70:/>?70(:E( <24A( 30624C0( 34( 1@7( >7D3:4(<2I7(1@7<( ;2>13?/62>6A( 9/647>2567( 1:( 1@707(1@>7210(O@367(672934D( 1@7<(C30;>:;:>13:42176A( 2EE7?17C(5A(?63<217(?@24D7M( #4(2CC313:4(1:( 1@7(7493>:4P

<74126(3<;63?213:40(:E(2 (O2><34D(?63<217F(?63<217(?@24D7(@20(2 (03D43E3?241(3<;2?1(:4(=>74?@(,:6A470324(;:;/6213:40M(%0 (O721@7>(;2117>40 (?@24D7(24C(57?:<7(<:>7(/4;>7C3?12567(24C(072(67976(1@>721740(1@7(

97>A(7]30174?7(:E(4/<7>:/0(30624C0F(340/62>(;:;/6213:40(E2?7(01>70070(>76217C(1:(E>70@O217>(0?2>?31AF(E::C(

07?/>31A( ;>:567<0F( 24C(;/563?(@7261@( 300/70MJZ( %0 (31( 30( 34?>72034D6A( C3EE3?/61(E:>( ?:<</431370(1:(0/01234(1@7<076970(34(1@7(E2?7(:E(?:4012416A(O:>07434D(7493>:4<74126(;>700/>70F(0:<7(2>7(1@>721747C(1:(E677(

1@73>(@:<70F(30624C0F(:>(?:/41>370(1:(57?:<7(?63<217(>7E/D770MV@367(1@7(7493>:4<741(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30(?@24D34D(21(2(E201(;2?7F(0:?371A(30(260:(/4C7>D:34D(

2(0@3E1M( =>:<( 1@7(72>63701(E:><(:E( D6:526(?:447?17C4700(1@21(O20(7];6:>213:4(24C(<3003:40(1:(<:C7>4P

C2A(D6:5263L213:4(24C(310(3<;63?213:40F( =>74?@(,:6A470324(0:?371A( @20(74C/>7C(=>74?@(;:6313?26(24C(?/6P

Z

a(_3>?@F(,21>3?I(g341:4M(Q,>7@301:>3?(+/5030174?7(,2117>40(34(1@7(\:>1@7>4($2>H/7020(#0624C0F(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(M1;@%'*+*E,&P&)@,./;%+&M($@1*K*+*E,&/(&Q;'%(/%(aF(4:M(J(d%;>(JfcZeB(XWPWYMf(_2@4F($3>32<M(Q&2@313(#417>1O347CB(%4?701>26("24CF(&:/>301(,:01?2>CF(24C(\/?672>(&701(+317UM(M8'1/;%(&M($@1*R

K*+*E/.$(JYXF(4:M(J(d$2>(XYYYeB(cPXbMJY(V26C>:/;F(N721@7>M(Q&>297634D(-7;>70741213:40B(\:2(\:2F($242:(&/;2;2/(24C(R2/D/34`0("7D2?A(34(1@7(,2?3E3?UM(S*?1(',.(JJF(4:M(X(dXYJYeB(JPXfMJJ("7;:E0IAF(8242M(QR2>C740(:E('C74h(%4('1@4:@301:>3?(-7?:401>/?13:4(:E($2:@3(d&2@31324e(!/6139213:4UM(T@'&M8'1/R

;%(&7*;/'$,&*B&J$@(*@/.$*1,&WbF(4:M(J(dJfffeB(JPXfMJX(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMJZ(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeM

1/>26(>/67(E:>(:97>(2(?741/>AMJW(&@30('/>:;724(C:<34213:4(@20 (0@2;7C(,:6A470324(O2A(:E(63E7(34(4/<7>:/0(

O2A0F(O@71@7>(31(30(1@>:/D@(1@7(C>2013?(V7017>43L213:4(:E(O2A(:E( 63E7(:>(1@7(5::<(34(1:/>30<M(N:O797>F(1@7(?:4134/7C(?:6:4326(:;;>7003:4(@20(260:(67E1(C77;(O:/4C0 (34(,:6A470324(?/61/>7M(&@7(C302;;72>24?7(:E(

1>2C313:426( 639763@::C0F( 1@7( 6:00(:E( 1>2C313:426(624D/2D70F(24C(1@7(74C/>34D(?/61/>26(:;;>7003:4(6397C(5A(=>74?@P0;72I34D( ,:6A4703240( 1:C2A( 2>7( 266( ?:407H/74?70( :E( ?:6:4326( >/67( 24C( 1@7( 25074?7( :E( 076EP

C717><34213:4M

2'1<=#"*!;)%61@:/D@(5:1@(1@7(,2?3E3?(24C(=>74?@(,:6A47032(2>7(7]1>7<76A( C397>07(>7D3:40F(<24A(:E( 1@7(30P

624C0(1@7>7( 0@2>7(1@7(?:<<:4( E721/>70 (:E( 0<266(;@A03?26( 03L7F(D7:D>2;@3?26(>7<:174700F( /4;2>266767C(53:C397>031AF(@3D@(;:;/6213:4( D>:O1@(>2170F( >701>3?17C( 624C(>70:/>?70F(D>721(>76324?7(:4(<2>347(7?:0A0P

17<0(24C(1>7<74C:/0(0:?326F(7?:4:<3?F(24C(7493>:4<74126(9/647>253631AMJG

N301:>3?266AF(=>74?@(,:6A47032(O20(071167C(5A(O2970(:E( 072E2>7>0(O@:07(201:430@34D(4293D213:426(

0I366(266:O7C(1@7<(1:(;:;/6217(93>1/266A(797>A(034D67(34@25312567(30624C(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(.?724(34(O@21(@20(

5774(>7?:D43L7C(1:(57(Q:47(:E(1@7(<:01(D7:D>2;@3?266A( 7];240397(;>7@301:>3?(?:6:430213:40(5A(24A(:47(D>:/;(:E( ?6:076A(>76217C(;7:;670U(34(@301:>AMJb( (=:66:O34D(1@7(;:;/62134D(:E(,2?3E3?(30624C0F(24?3741(,:6AP

4703240(03</61247:/06A( 5>:/D@1(C>2<213?(24C(O3C70;>72C(<:C3E3?213:40(1:(1@7(624C0?2;7(24C(2C2;17C(1@73>(?/61/>7(1:(1@7(63<31213:40(34@7>741(1:(30624C(7493>:4<7410M(&@7(?:<;67](0:?371370(1@21(1@7A(70125P

630@7C(0/012347C(@/<24(63E7(34( 63<317CP>70:/>?7(7493>:4<7410 (E:>(?741/>370(24C(>79726(1@7(E347(52624?7(

1@7A(2?@3797C(571O774(1@7(0:?326(24C(7?:6:D3?26(?:401>23410 (:E( 63934D(34(0<266(30624C0M(#4(1@7(E376C(:E(2D>3P?/61/>7F(E:>(7]2<;67F(1@7($2`:@3(d421397(,:6A4703240e( ?/6139217C(Wc(;6241(12]2(21(1@7(13<7(:E( '/>:;724(

?:412?1MJc((#4(:>C7>(1:(/1363L7(</?@(:E(1@7(30624C(624C0?2;7F(1@7A(/07C(03](C3EE7>741(?>:;;34D(0A017<0(1@21(O7>7(2C2;17C(1:(1@7(0;7?3E3?31370(:E(;6241(0;7?370(24C(0:36 (?:4C313:40MJa( (&:(<2]3<3L7(1@73>(2D>3?/61/>26(

;>:C/?13931A(O@367(740/>34D(2(0/012342567(E::C(0/;;6A(:97>(1@7(6:4DP17><F($2`:@3(?/613921:>0(3417403E37C(

1@73>( 2D>3?/61/>26( A376C0(1@>:/D@(92>3:/0(<7?@2430<0(0/?@(20(Q1@7(C7976:;<741(:E( ?/6139217C( 92>371370(O31@(/43H/7(H/2631370F(17>>2?34DF(3417>?>:;;34DF(6:4D(E266:O(;7>3:C0F(24C(</6?@34DUMJf( (%0(2(O@:67F(1@707(

17?@43H/70(C30;62A(1@7(;>:E:/4C(7?:6:D3?26(I4:O67CD7(24C(2D>3?/61/>26(7];7>1307(@76C(5A($2`:@3(E2><P7>0M

&@7(434717741@(?741/>A(5>:/D@1(/43<2D342567(?@24D7(1:( 24?3741(,:6A470324(0:?371370M(%0(:97>(

fYi(:E( 6:?26(;:;/6213:40(;7>30@7C(:E(C307207(C/>34D(1@7(E7O(C7?2C70(E:66:O34D(?:412?1(O31@('/>:;7240(24C(0/>939:>0(O7>7(@72936A(!@>3013243L7C(24C(2DD>7003976A(0/5^/D217C(1:(?:6:4326(>/67(24C(?/61/>26(3<;7P

>32630<F(1>2C313:426(0:?371370(?:662;07CM(%0($:A>24C(24C(%4D76:(7];6234F( Q2E17>(5734D( 2(?:6:4326(;>:17?P1:>217(:E(=>24?7(E>:<(JaWX(1:(JaaYF(1@7(E:><7>(_34DC:<(:E(&2@313(O20(2447]7C(5A(=>24?7(5A(%?1(:E( ZY(

W

JW($:A>24CF(%6234F(24C(%4D76:F(&:4AM(Q!24(1@7(,:6A470324("24D/2D70([7(*07C(34(1@7(,>:?77C34D0(:E(1@7(%007<56A(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032hUM(U/;$*1/%&V(/='1./$,&*B&N'++/(E$*((WX(dXYJJeB(XffPZYGMJG(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMJb(%6674F($7634C2(24C($?%63017>F(%4C>7OM(Q&@7(N2I272([72?@(0317F($2>H/7024(?:6:43L213:4F(24C(<:C760(:E('201(,:6A470324(87976:;<741UM(M1;@'*+*E/;%+&Q;'%(/%(WG(dXYJYeB(GWPbGMJc"7;:E0IAF(8242(24C(_2@4F()7443E7>M(Q!/61392134D(24('?:6:D3?26(24C(+:?326([2624?7B('6317(87<24C0(24C(!:<<:47>(_4:O67CD7(34(%4?3741($2`:@3(%D>3?/61/>7F(+:?371A(#0624C0UM(M8'1/;%(&M($@1*K*+*E/.$(JJZF(4:M(X(dXYJJeB(ZJfPZZGM(Ja("7;:E0IA(24C(_2@4M(Q!/61392134D(24('?:6:D3?26(24C(+:?326([2624?7UM(ZJfPZZGMJf("7;:E0IA(24C(_2@4M(Q!/61392134D(24('?:6:D3?26(24C(+:?326([2624?7UM(ZJfPZZGM

87?7<57>(JaaY(24C(70125630@7C(20(2 (?:6:4AUMXY ( (&@7(?:6:4A(57?2<7(2(17>>31:>326(74131A(^/01(57E:>7(1@7(

+7?:4C(V:>6C(V2>F(24C(Q<:>7(;2>13?/62>6AF(2E17>(@2934D(5774(24(:97>0720(17>>31:>A(E>:<(JfWb(1:(XYYZF(=>74?@(,:6A47032`0 (0121/0(O20(?@24D7C(1:( 24(:97>0720(?:<</431A(O31@(2(C7D>77(:E( 2/1:4:<A(5A( 1@7(

?:40131/13:426(>79303:4(:E($2>?@(XaF(XYYZUMXJ

%61@:/D@(24(3<;:>1241(017;(1:O2>C0 (34C7;74C74?7F(1@30(C7D>77(:E(2/1:4:<A(304`1(02130E2?1:>A(1:(

266M( %??:>C34D( 1:(=>74?@( ,:6A47032`0(7]P;>703C741(.0?2>(&7<2>/F( 1@7(?:6:4326(0A017<(@20(5774(7]2?7>P

5217C( 5A( 1O:( C7?2C70(:E( 2/1:4:<AMXX ( ( #4C77CF( 20( &>S<:4( 7];62340F( 1@7( 349701<7410( 1@21( E:66:O7C(=>74?@(4/?672>(170134D(34($/>/>:2(21:66(34(1@7(JfbY0(Q@297(1>240E:><7C(24(7?:4:<A(1@21(E:><7>6A(>7637C(

:4(076EP0/5030174?7(341:(24( j2003017C(7?:4:<A`U(O@3?@(4:O(>76370(:4(E/4C0(E>:<(1@7(C:<342134D(<234P624CM(%0(=>24?7`0(E3424?326(20030124?7(1:(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (>72?@70(kJGY(<3663:4(;7>(A72>F(31(@20(?>7217C(2(

?A?67(:E(C7;74C74?7(1@21(<2I70(,:6A4703240(@3D@6A(>763241(:4(1@707(0/503C370(1:(<2341234(@3D@(?:40/<;P

13:4(>2170 (:E( 7];740397(3<;:>17C(D::C0MXZ( (*4136(1@7(JfbY0F( =>74?@(,:6A47032`0(7];:>10(K( 0/?@(20(

?:;>2F(<:1@7>P:EP;72>6F(:>(9243662(K( >7;>707417C(fYi(:E(3<;:>1(34?:<7F(A71(34(1@7(JfcY0(1@30(>213:(

?:662;07C( 1:( JYi( 24C( E766( 20( 6:O( 20( bi( 34( 1@7(

JfaY0MXW ( ( &@30(C>2013?(?:662;07( >7E67?10(1@7(;>:PE:/4C( ?@24D7(1@21( 2EE7?17C( 1@7( =>74?@( ,:6A47P

0324(0:?371A(24C(1@7(7?:4:<3?(C7;74C74?A(1@21(4:O(;/10(076EP0/EE3?374?A(E/>1@7>(:/1(:E(>72?@M

&@7( E:66:O34D( 07?13:40( O366( 7];6:>7( 1@7(

C3EE7>741(7493>:4<74126(24C(?/61/>26( ?@26674D70(1@21(=>74?@( ,:6A47032(E2?70(1:C2AM( +:<7(:E( 1@7(

<:01(03D43E3?241( 1@>7210 (1:( 0/0123434D( 63E7( 34( 1@30(>7D3:4(2>7(1@7(7493>:4<74126(?@24D70(?2/07C(5A(

?63<2?13?(?@24D7M(

G

XY($:A>24CF(%6234F(24C(%4D76:F(&:4AM(Q!24(1@7(,:6A470324("24D/2D70([7(*07C(34(1@7(,>:?77C34D0(:E(1@7(%007<56A(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032hUM(U/;$*1/%&V(/='1./$,&*B&N'++/(E$*((WX(dXYJJeB(XffPZYGM(XJ($:A>24C(24C(%4D76:M(Q!24(1@7(,:6A470324("24D/2D70([7(*07CUM(XffPZYGMXX(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaMXZ(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaMXW(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaM

Makatea, in the Tuamotu archipelago, is a former atoll island lifted by geological processes that is now at the heart of cli-mate adaptation discussions in the region.

1%'>$&#)?@) ,'!+(%+!=) /'!;(A) &BB&1$()"B)1/+.'$&)1%'!=&)"!),*/!&#'2/&) B#&!1%) >"/-!&(+'!)&1"(-(C$&.()9T@'&%>='1.'&'BB';$.&*B&;+/8%$'&;@%(E'&%(>&.'%&+'='+&1/.'&K1'.'($&./E(/B/;%($&1/.W.&$*&$@'& .?.$%/(%5+'&>'R

='+*K8'($&*B&)%;/B/;&X.+%(>&6*?($1/'.&%(>&T'11/$*1/'.&%(>&$@'& +*(ER$'18&'BB';$.& *B& ;+/8%$'&;@%(E'&8%,&

$@1'%$'(& $@'& ='1,& 'F/.$'(;'& *B& .*8'& *B& $@'83H& R& ,2?3E3?( #0624C0( =>2<7O:>I( E:>( %?13:4( :4( !63<217(

!@24D7MIY

?@?)(89)D8E8D):FG8!@24D70(34(7?:0A017<0(24C(?63<217(@297(:??/>>7C(34(1@7(;201(24C(@297(26>72CA(03D43E3?2416A(3<P

;2?17C(@/<24(0:?371370MXb(l71(241@>:;:D743?(D6:526(O2><34DF(1@>:/D@(1@7(<200397(5/>434D(:E(E:0036(E/760(

24C(C7E:>701213:4F(?:40131/170(2(47O(?@26674D7(/4;>7?7C7417C(1:(<24I34CM(&@7(797>P34?>72034D(?:4?74P

1>213:40 (:E( D>774@:/07( D2070( 34^7?17C( 341:( 1@7( '2>1@`0 (21<:0;@7>7( 2>7(C24D7>:/06A( 34?>72034D( <724(D6:526(17<;7>21/>70F(?2/034D( 072(67976(1:(>307(5A( 1@7><26(7];2403:4(24C(<76134D(:E( 3?7(0@7710 (24C(D62P

?37>0(O:>6CO3C7MXc ( +72(67976(>307(26>72CA( 2EE7?10(?:20126(?:<</431370F( ;2>13?/62>6A( 1@7(4/<7>:/0( 6:OP6A34D( 30624C0( E:/4C(34( 1@7( ,2?3E3?F(24C( 3<;2?10( 1@7( 25/4C24?7(24C(H/2631A( :E( E>70@O217>(292362567(:4(

1@707(30624C0MXa( (#4(1@30 (?:417]1F(:47(:E(1@7(<:01(E/4C2<74126(34^/013?70(2EE7?134D(;7:;670 (:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(

1@21(@20(5774(@3D@63D@17C(34(1@7(#0624C0(=3>01(>7;:>1( 30(1@21(Q1@7A(572>(631167(1:(4:(>70;:40353631A( E:>(1@7(D>297(7493>:4<74126(;>:567<0(?:4E>:4134D(1@7(O:>6CF(A71(1@7A(@297(5774(1@7(E3>01(1:(E776(1@73>(C701>/?P

1397(3<;2?10(:4(:/>(?63<217(24C(:?7240UMXf

.E( 1@707(1@>7210F(:47(:E(<:01(4:12567(24CF(2>D/256AF(07>3:/0(7EE7?10(:E( ?63<217(?@24D7(:4(0<266(

30624C(4213:40(63I7(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30 (072(67976(>307M(%0(2(97>A(074031397(34C3?21:>(:E( ?63<217(92>3253631AF(

072(67976(@20(92>37C( 1>7<74C:/06A(:97>( 1@7(?:/>07(:E( 1@7('2>1@`0 (@301:>AF(<2346A( E:66:O34D( 62>D7P0?267(D7:6:D3?(797410 (24C(?63<217(92>3253631AM(=:>(7]2<;67F(1@7(E:><213:4(:E( 1@7(%412>?13?2(3?7(0@771F(17?1:43?(

2617>213:40( 1:( :?724( 520340F( 0:62>( >2C3213:4( 92>3213:40(24C( 9:6?243?( 7>/;13:40( @297( 266( 3<;2?17C( 072(67976MZY((.97>(1@7(6201(1O:(?741/>370F(@:O797>F(<24I34C(@20(2EE7?17C(072(67976(34(24(/4;>7?7C7417C(O2A(

5A(7<31134D(3<;:>1241(H/24131370(:E(D>774@:/07(D2070(034?7(1@7(C2O4(:E(1@7(#4C/01>326(-79:6/13:4M(.97>(

1@7(6201(GY(A72>0F(>7072>?@(9700760 (24C(%>D:(E6:210 (@297(<720/>7C(2(>2;3C(34?>7207(34(1@7(1@7><26(7];24P03:4(:E( :?7243?(O217>0F(O@3?@(30(1@7(>307(34(072(67976(C/7(1:(1@7(:?7240(12I34D(/;(<:>7(9:6/<7(20(1@73>(

O217>0(D71(O2><7>M(&@7(<76134D(:E(D62?37>0(24C(3?7(0@7710(30(1@7(:1@7>(D>721(?:41>35/1:>(1:(072 (67976(>307F(24C(1@30(E>:L74(O217>(@20 (5774(C:?/<7417C(1:(92430@(^/01(20(H/3?I6AMZJ( (+72(67976 (>307(30(4:1(?:40301741(

1@>:/D@:/1(1@7(O:>6Cm(34(E2?1F(62>D7P0?267(?63<2?13?(;2117>40(:E(O217>(24C(23>(C301>35/13:4(20(O766(20(D7:P

6:D3?(;@74:<742(:E(/;63E1(:>(0/503C74?7(672C(1:(03D43E3?241(072(67976(92>3253631AMZX( (#4(1@7(?207(:E(=>74?@(

b

XG(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370(24C(&7>>31:>370M(Q,2?3E3?(#0624C0(=>2<7O:>I(E:>(%?13:4(:4(!63<217(!@24D7(XYYbPXYJGUM(XYYGMXb(N257>67F(+3<:4(24C(!@7;01:O("/01AF(%67]M(Q!24(!63<217(#4E6/74?7(!/61/>26(87976:;<741h(%(g37O(1@>:/D@(&3<7UM(J(=/1*(8'($&%(>&:/.$*1,(bF(4:M(Z(d%/D(XYYYeB(ZWfPZbfMXc(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMXa(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771MXf(#0624C0(=3>01M(Q%44/26(-7;:>1U(dXYJXeMZY($7A003D42?F([74:31(24C(!2L74297F(%44AM(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937O(:E(,>70741PC2A(24C(-7?741P;201(!@24D70(24C(g2>3P253631AU3&S*?1(%+&*B&Z'*>,(%8/;.(Ga(dXYJXeB(fbPJYfMZJ($7A003D42?(24C(!2L74297M(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937OU3&fbPJYfMZX($7A003D42?(24C(!2L74297M(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937OU3&fbPJYfM

,:6A47032F($7A003D42?(24C(!2L74297(0@:O( 1@21(1@7(

>217(:E( 072(67976(>307(30(D>7217>(34(,2;7717F(1@7(?2;3P126( :E( =>74?@( ,:6A47032F( 1@24( 1@7(D6:526( 297>2D7MZZ(

&@30 (30 (03D43E3?241F(70;7?3266A(D3974(1@21(072(67976(>307(?:/6C(>72?@(aY(?<(25:97(?/>>741(679760(5A(1@7(A72>(

XJYYMZW((%61@:/D@(<24A(:1@7>(1@>7210(74C24D7>(6:OP

6A34D(21:660 (K(0/?@(20 (?:>26(5672?@34D(672C(5A(34?>720P34D( 072(0/>E2?7(17<;7>21/>7(:>(D>7217>(7>:03:4(24C(

C2<2D7C(?2/07C(5A( 3417403E37C(01:><0(K( 31(30 (?>313?26(1@21(21:660(/>D7416A(200700(1@73>(9/647>253631A( 1:( 1@30(

20;7?1( :E( ?63<217( ?@24D7MZG ( ( #4C77CF( 1@73>( 6:OP

7679213:4( <2I7( 1@7<( ;2>13?/62>6A( 9/647>2567( 1:(E6::C34D( 24C( 34/4C213:4( 200:?3217C( O31@( >2307C( 072(

679760MZb((V@367( 31(2EE7?10(93>1/266A(797>A( ?:/41>A(O31@(

?:20163470F(072(67976(>307(C30;>:;:>13:42176A(2EE7?10(,2?3E3?(0<266(30624C(4213:40(O@:07(17>>31:>370(2>7(74P

13>76A(?:<;:07C(:E(0<266F(30:6217CF(24C(0:<713<70(7]1>7<76A(6:OP6A34D(30624C0M(

?@H)&I6:8J8)K89678:)8E8L6G( ,2?3E3?(30624C(?:/41>370(24C(17>>31:>370(34?6/C34D(=>74?@(,:6A47032(2>7(0/5^7?1(1:(@3D@(679760(:E(>30I(

E>:<(7]1>7<7(?63<2?13?( 797410(24C( 92>3253631AMZc( ($:>7:97>F(421/>26(24C(7493>:4<74126(C302017>0(?:4P

134/7(1:(;:07(24(74:><:/0(1@>721(1:(0/012342567(C7976:;<741(34(1@7(>7D3:4M(=>:<(JffY(1:(JfffF(E:>(7]P2<;67F(1@7(,2?3E3?(>7D3:4(@2C(1@7(@3D@701(>2170(:E( C302017>P>76217C(<:>12631AF(;7>?7412D7(:E( ;:;/6213:4(

2EE7?17CF(24C(C2<2D7(?:010(;7>(?2;312(D>:00(4213:426(;>:C/?1(34(1@7(O:>6CMZa

=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(9/647>253631A( 1:(7]1>7<7(O721@7>(797410(24C(E6::C34D( 92>370(2?>:00 (310 (17>>3P

1:>AM(&0/42<30F(?A?6:470 (24C(?A?6:43?(0O7660(>7;>70741(<2^:>( 34/4C213:4(>30I0(E:>(=>74?@(,:6A470324(30P

624C0(C7;74C34D(:4(1@73>(@73D@1(25:97(072(67976F(:>(1@7(;>7074?7(:E(;>:17?134D(E>34D34D(>77EM(=:>(7]2<P;67F(10/42<30(2>7(2(<2^:>(@2L2>C( 34(=74/2('4212(d$2>H/7020(30624C0e(57?2/07(:E(1@7(2>?@3;762D:`0(25P

074?7(:E(?:>26(>77EMZf( (!A?6:470(260:(?:40131/17(2(@2L2>C(E:>(=>74?@(,:6A47032F(42<76A( 34(1@7(%/01>26(#0P624C0(24C(34(1@7(+:?371A(24C(&/2<:1/(2>?@3;762D:0(C/>34D('6(\3n:(+:/1@7>4(.0?366213:4(A72>0MWY(#4(XYJYF(

E:>(7]2<;67F(?A?6:47(.63 (?2/07C(3<;:>1241(C2<2D7(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032F(70;7?3266A(O@7>7(31(@31(624C(24C(

c

ZZ($7A003D42?(24C(!2L74297M(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937OU3&fbPJYfMZW($7A003D42?(24C(!2L74297M(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937OU3&fbPJYfMZG(V::C>:EE7F(!:634M(Q-77EP30624C(1:;:D>2;@A(24C(1@7(9/647>253631A(:E(21:660(1:(072P67976(>307UM(Z+*5%+&%(>&)+%('$%1,&6@%(E'(bX(dXYYaeB(ccPfbMZb(V::C>:EE7F(!:634M(Q-77EP30624C(1:;:D>2;@AUM(ccPfbMZc(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370(24C(&7>>31:>370M(Q,2?3E3?(#0624C0(=>2<7O:>I(E:>(%?13:4(:4(!63<217(!@24D7(XYYbPXYJGUM(XYYGMZa(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMZf(o137447F(+2</76M(Q$2>347(#4/4C213:4(N2L2>C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032B(R7:<:>;@3?(#<;2?10(:E(&>:;3?26(!A?6:47(.63(34(=75>/2>A(XYJYUM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&7*;/'$,<&!*(>*(<&7K';/%+&)?5+/;%$/*(.(ZbJ(dXYJXeB(XJPZfMWY(o137447F(+2</76M(Q$2>347(#4/4C213:4(N2L2>C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(XJPZfM

Newly built tsunami shelter in Tikehau, Tuamotu archipel-ago.

C701>:A7C( cYi( :E( 1@7( @:/070( :4( 1@7( 30624C( :E(

&/5/23MWJ ( ( N3D@( 30624C0( 7];7>374?7C( @729A( >2340(24C(624C063C70(:4(0177;(06:;70F( O@367(6:OP6A34D(21:660( 0/EP

E7>7C( 1@7( <2^:>31A( :E( 3<;2?10 ( 24C( 7];7>374?7C( >77E(C2<2D7F( /4C7>O217>( 5:/6C7>( 1>240;:>1F( 17>>701>326(

5:/6C7>( 1>240;:>1F(024CA( 30624C(<3D>213:4F( 24C(572?@(

7>:03:4MWX ( !A?6:43?( 0O7660F( O@3?@( :>3D34217( E>:<( ?AP?6:470(:??/>>34D( :/103C7(:E( =>74?@(,:6A47032F(2>7(4:1(

/4?:<<:4(731@7>M(%61@:/D@(1@7(E>7H/74?A(:E(?A?6:470(304`1(63I76A(

1:(?@24D7(34(1@7(E2?7(:E(?63<217(?@24D7F(1@73>(34174031A(

30 (7];7?17C( 1:( 34?>7207(C>2<213?266A( 57?2/07( :E( 34P?>7207C( 072P0/>E2?7( 17<;7>21/>70MWZ ( [A( O72I7434D(

>77E0( 24C( 7007413266A( C701>:A34D( 1@73>( >7036374?7( 1:(7]1>7<7(O721@7>(797410F(?A?6:470(?:/6C(@297(2(C79P

2012134D(3<;2?1(:4(1@7(7<7>D7C(;2>10(:E(21:660 (:>(?:20126(L:470(5:>C7>7C(5A(?:>26MWW( (+3<362>6AF(?63<217(

?@24D7(O366 (3417403EA(7]1>7<7(O721@7>(797410F(0/?@(20 (01:><0F(?A?6:470F(E6::C0F(C>:/D@10(24C(@721(O2970(20(O766(20(@73D@174(:97>266(?63<217(92>3253631A(24C(/4;>7C3?1253631AM(

+34?7(1@7(O:>6C(02O(1@>77(13<70(<:>7(O721@7>P>76217C(421/>26(?21201>:;@70(34(1@7(6201(C7?2C7(1@24(34(1@7(JfbY0FWG( ?63<2?13?(?@24D7(?:40131/170(2(?672>(C24D7>(E:>(1@7(E/1/>7(:E(=>74?@(,:6A470324(30P

624C0(24C(?:/6C(57(?21201>:;@3?M(&@7(30624C0`(97>A(7]30174?7(30(1@>721747C(24C(C3>7?16A( 3<;2?10(1@7(@/P

<24(?:<</431370(63934D(24C(C7;74C34D(:4(1@7<M

?@M)&:4GF4L) +?2117>7C(:97>(2 (9201(7];2407(:E(:;74(:?724(O@:07(O34CF(O297F(24C(?/>>741(;2117>40(92>A(:97>(

13<7F( ,2?3E3?( 30624C0( 24C( 2>?@3;762D:0( @297( 2( O3C7( 92>371A( :E( QD7:6:D3?26( :>3D34F( 2D7F( 03L7F( 24C(

7679213:4UMWb((-7D2>C6700(:E(1@30(C397>031AF(?:20126(7>:03:4(30 (2 (07>3:/0(300/7(E:>(266(,2?3E3?(30624C(4213:40MWc((.E( 1@707(C3EE7>741(1A;70(:E( 30624C0F(21:660(2>7(;2>13?/62>6A(9/647>2567(1:(1@30(1@>721M(!:<;:07C(:E( Q;::>6A(

?:40:63C217C(?2>5:4217(024C(24C(D>2976UF(Wa (21:660(E:><( 0:<7(:E( 1@7(5:C370(:E( 6:OP6A34D( 30624C0(<:01(1@>721747C(5A(0@:>76347(7>:03:4M(.47(:E(1@7(<:01(;>:<34741(E2?1:>0(34E6/74?34D(7>:03:4(:4(1@707(30624C0(

2>7(O2970F(O@3?@(261@:/D@(92>A34D(03D43E3?2416A(1@>:/D@(13<7(24C(D7:D>2;@3?(6:?213:4F(;62A(2(97>A(3<;:>P

a

WJ(o137447F(+2</76M(Q$2>347(#4/4C213:4(N2L2>C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032B(R7:<:>;@3?(#<;2?10(:E(&>:;3?26(!A?6:47(.63(34(=75>/2>A(XYJYUM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&7*;/'$,<&!*(>*(<&7K';/%+&)?5+/;%$/*(.(ZbJ(dXYJXeB(XJPZfMWX(o137447F(+2</76M(Q$2>347(#4/4C213:4(N2L2>C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(XJPZfMWZ(+26921F([7>42>C(24C(V36I340:4F(!6397M(Q!A?6:470(24C(!63<217(!@24D7(34(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?UM(4'=?'&>"#;*+*E/'L&+%&T'11'&'$&+%&U/'&bbF(4:M(X(dXYJJeB(JYGPJJGMWW(+26921(24C(V36I340:4M(Q!A?6:470(24C(!63<217(!@24D7UM(JYGPJJGMWG(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMWb(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(S*?1(%+&*B&6*%.$%+&4'.'%1;@(XWF(+;7?326(#00/7(P(#0624C(+12170(21(-30IB(R6:526(!63<217(!@24D7F(87976:;<741(24C(,:;/6213:4(d=266(JffceB(JcZPXYWM(;M(JcGM(Wc(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(S*?1(%+&*B&6*%.$%+&4'.'%1;@(XWF(+;7?326(#00/7(P(#0624C(+12170(21(-30IB(R6:526(!63<217(!@24D7F(87976:;<741(24C(,:;/6213:4(d=266(JffceB(JcZPXYWMWa(V::C>:EE7F(!:634M(Q-77EP30624C(1:;:D>2;@A(24C(1@7(9/647>253631A(:E(21:660(1:(072P67976(>307UM(Z+*5%+&%(>&)+%('$%1,&6@%(E'(bX(dXYYaeB(ccPfbM(;M(ccM

This motu in Rangiroa atoll highlights the extreme vulner-ability of low-lying islands to the pressures of erosion and sea level rise.

1241( >:67( 34( ;@A03?26( ?:20126( ;>:?70070M( %60:F( ?:>26( >77E0(24C( :1@7>( ?26?3/<( ?2>5:4217(01>/?1/>70(2>7(

O3C70;>72C(34(1@7(2>72(24C(34E6/74?7(O217>(679760(24C(?/>>7410(34(1@7(?:20126(L:47M(=34266AF(1@7(0/;;6A(:E(421/>26(572?@(<217>326(0@2;70(1@7(E2?7(:E(?:20163470(24C(?24(:>3D34217(731@7>(E>:<(17>>701>326 (:>(?2>5:4P

217(0:/>?70MWf

!:20163470(2>7(97>A(CA42<3?(7493>:4<7410(1@21(2>7(4:1(01213?(1@>:/D@(13<7F(5/1(>21@7>( 34(?:4P

01241(79:6/13:4MGY( (#4(1@21(O2AF(0@:>763470(2C2;1(1:(?@24D70(34(O297F(?/>>741F(:>(07C3<741(1>240;:>1(;21P

17>40(/4136 (2(47O(7H/3635>3/<(30(>72?@7CM((%0(R36637(7];62340F(Q1@7(0@:>76347(0@:/6C(57(?:403C7>7C(20(2(CAP42<3?(5/EE7>(L:47(>21@7>(1@24(2(01213?(E721/>7(E:>(?:20126(<242D7<741(;/>;:070UMGJ( (*4E:>1/42176AF(@/P

<24I34C(>2>76A(12I70(1@707(076EP>7D/62134D(572?@(CA42<3?0(341:(2??:/41(57E:>7(C30>/;134D(1@7<M(=:>(7]P2<;67F(024C(7]1>2?13:4F(024C(>717413:4(C793?70F(>7?62<213:4(:E(0@:>7E>:41(624CF(24C(072O2660 (266(2>7(C3EP

E7>741(01>/?1/>26(7>:03:4(?:41>:6(<720/>70(:>(2117<;10(1:(<313D217(?63<217(?@24D7P200:?3217C(@2L2>C0(34(

1@7(?:20126(L:47(1@21(0:<713<70(<2I7(<2117>0(O:>07MGX((&@7(<:139213:4(57@34C(1@707(34313213970 (30 (/4PC7>0124C2567(K(34C77CF(1@7(1@>7210(1@21(?:20126(E6::C34D(24C(0797>7(7>:03:4(;:07(1:(30624C0(?:<</431370(

2>7(97>A( >726M(N:O797>F(2617>34D( 421/>26(;>:?70070 (34(0/?@(2 (O2A(>2>76A(;>:97(1:(57(E>/31E/6F(24C(:E174(<2I7(7>:03:4(O:>07(34(1@7(6:4D(17><M(%(57117>(2617>421397(O:/6C(57(1:(266:O(?:2016347(;>:?70070(1:(2/1:P

>7D/6217(421/>266A(:>(( (1:(06:O(17>>701>326(7>:03:4(1@>:/D@(4:4P01>/?1/>26(7>:03:4(?:41>:6(<720/>70(0/?@(

20(E:>701>AMGZ([7?2/07(21:66(30624C0(2>7(2<:4D(1@7(<:01(E>2D367(624C(2>720(:4(72>1@F(1@7A(2>7(7]1>7<76A(9/647>P

2567(1:(7>:03:4(24C(:1@7>(421/>26(24C(@/<24P34C/?7C(7493>:4<74126(?@24D70MGW((

?@N);:45O76%0(1@7(?@24D70(34(?63<217(O366 (672C(1:(<:>7(7]1>7<7(24C(/4;>7C3?12567(O721@7>(;2117>40F(Q0:<7(

;62?70(O366 (>7?7397(<:>7(>234E266F(24C(34(:1@7>(2>720F(6700(>234E266F(:>(<:>7(3417407(>234E266 (5/1(:E(2(0@:>17>(

C/>213:4(O@3?@(O366(>70/61(34(C>:/D@10UMGG((&@7(1O:(62117>(?2070(<2A(672C(1:(<:>7(E>7H/741(:>(6:4DP620134D(;7>3:C0(:E( C>:/D@1M(#4(2CC313:4(1:(1>7<74C:/06A( 34?>72034D(O217>(3407?/>31AF(6:4D( 7;30:C70(:E( C>:/D@1(

?24(@297(:1@7>(7EE7?10(0/?@(20(D>7216A(34?>72034D( 1@7(>30I(:E( E:>701(E3>70F(:>(@2>C7434D(1@7(0:36(24C(1@/0(

>7C/?34D(310(?2;2?31A(250:>5(>234(:4?7(;>7?3;31213:4(C:70(?:<70Gb

f

Wf(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4UM(JcZPXYWMGY(-24IAF('/D747M(Q\21/>7(24C(01253631A(:E(21:66(30624C(0@:>763470B(R3657>1(#0624C(?@234F(_3>35213F(7H/21:>326(,2?3p?UM(7'>/8'($*+*E,(Ga(dXYJJeB(JaZJPJaGfMGJ(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4UM(JcZPXYWMGX(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4UM(JcZPXYWMGZ(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMGW(R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(S*?1(%+&*B&6*%.$%+&4'.'%1;@(XWF(+;7?326(#00/7(P(#0624C(+12170(21(-30IB(R6:526(!63<217(!@24D7F(87976:;<741(24C(,:;/6213:4(d=266(JffceB(JcZPXYWMGG(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771MGb(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M

1%'>$&#)H@)'!)*!1&#$'+!)B*$*#&A)+.>'1$()"B)1/+.'$&)1%'!=&)"!)$%&)>&">/&)"B)B#&!1%)>"/-!&(+'

90*1&(*D<&D'&.%,&$@%$&E+*5%+/G%$/*(&1'B'1.&$*&$@'&/(;1'%./(E&';*(*8/;<&K*+/$/;%+<&%(>&;?+$?1%+&+/(W%E'.&5'R

$D''(& *(;'R>/.$%($& ;*88?(/$/'.3& T@'1'& 1'8%/(.<& @*D'='1<& %(*$@'1& W/(>& *B& E+*5%+/G%$/*(& $@%$&@%.& 1'R

;'/='>&;*8K%1%$/='+,&+'..&%$$'($/*(L&'(=/1*(8'($%+&E+*5%+/G%$/*(H3Y[

H@?)B:8G7K968:)G74:69O8G) =>70@O217>(25/4C24?7(24C(29236253631A( 34( =>74?@(,:6A470324(30624C0(30(0797>76A(74C24D7>7C(5A(?63<217(?@24D7(24C(310 (3<;2?10M(V@367(?63<217(?@24D7(O366(63I76A(2617>(>234E266(;2117>40FGa(31(O366(260:(5>34D(

25:/1(?A?6:470F(>3070(34(072(67976F(24C(01:><(0/>D70M(&@707(;@74:<742(O366 (34?>7207(1@7(>30I(:E( 026347(

341>/03:4(341:(1@7(O217>(12567F(:>(34(:1@7>(O:>C0(1@7(>30I(:E( 0261O217>(?:412<342134D(D>:/4CO217>(0/;P;6370Gf(K(O@3?@( 34( 1/>4(O366(C7?>7207(1@7(2<:/41(:E( E>70@O217>(292362567(E:>(@/<24(?:40/<;13:4(24C(

2D>3?/61/>7M(&@30(30 (2(;2>13?/62>6A(07>3:/0(300/7F(4:1256A(57?2/07(0<266(,2?3E3?(30624C0(:E174(C7;74C(:4(2(034D67(0:/>?7(:E( E>70@(O217>(0/?@(20(>234O217>(:>(0@266:O(D>:/4CO217>(674070(E:>(0/>93926MbY((%0 (1@7(<2P

^:>31A(:E(30624C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032(2>7(6:OP6A34D(?:>26(21:660F(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30(21(>30I(:E( D>297(E>70@P

O217>(0?2>?31A(5A(C>:/D@1(24C(072(67976(>307P34C/?7C(026347(341>/03:4(:E(D>:/4CO217>M($:>7:97>F(O217>(0/;;6A(24C(H/2631A(@297(6:4D(5774(2(<2^:>(;>:567<(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370(

24C(&7>>31:>370F(34?6/C34D(=>74?@(,:6A47032M(#4?>72034D(C7<24C(E:>(O217>(5A(Q/>524(2>720F(D>:O34D(;:;/P6213:4F(34C/01>370 (24C(?:<<7>?326(2D>3?/61/>7U(E/>1@7>(7]2?7>5217(1@7(01>234(:4(E>70@O217>( 0/;;6370(26P

>72CA(200:?3217C(O31@(Q92>32567(>234E266(;2117>40F(;:66/13:4(:E(7]30134D(0/;;6370(24C(347EE3?3741(/02D7(24C(

O2017UM(bJ ( (V@367(1@7>7(2>7(92>3:/0 (C7D>770(:E( 0797>31A( :E( ?@7<3?26(;:66/13:4(24C(026347( 341>/03:4(:E(E>70@O217>(0/;;6370(1@>:/D@:/1(1@7(>7D3:4F(;:66/17C(D>:/4CO217>(@20(5774(634I7C(1:(C307207(:/15>72I0M(

%61@:/D@(7413>76A(;>:17?134D(1@707(0<266 (30624C0(E>:<(?63<217(?@24D7P>76217C(O217>(01>700(30 (/42?@379P2567(C/7( 1@7( 0@77>( ?:<;67]31A( :E( E>70@O217>( 0/;;6A( 1@>7210F( 57117>( E>70@O217>(<242D7<741( 30 (O766(

O31@34(>72?@MbX(

H@H)B44P)G8Q5:F6R#4(2??:>C24?7(O31@(1@7(*4317C(\213:40`(=::C(24C(%D>3?/61/>7(.>D243L213:4F( E::C(07?/>31A(30 (C7P

E347C(20(Q2(?:4C313:4(E:>(266(;7:;67F(21(266 (13<70F(@2934D(5:1@(;@A03?26F(0:?326(24C(7?:4:<3?(2??700(1:(0/EP

E3?3741F(02E7(24C(@7261@A(92>371A(:E( E::CF(02130EA34D(C3712>A(477C0(24C(E::C(;>7E7>74?70(O@367(@2934D( 24(

JY

Gc(,2>I0F([>2C67A(24C(&3<<:40(-:57>10F()M(QR6:5263L213:4F(g/647>253631A(1:(!63<217(!@24D7F(24C(,7>?7397C(#4^/013?7UM(7*;/'$,&%(>&\%$?1%+&4'.*?1;'.F(Jf(dXYYbeB(ZZcPZGGMGa(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMGf(V::C>:EE7F(!:634M(Q-77EP30624C(1:;:D>2;@A(24C(1@7(9/647>253631A(:E(21:660(1:(072P67976(>307UM(Z+*5%+&%(>&)+%('$%1,&6@%(E'(bX(dXYYaeB(ccPfbMbY('53F(_>30137F("7O30F(\24?AF(24C(!:>92624F(!2>6:0M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(!@24D7(24C(&@73>(,:1741326(N7261@('EPE7?10(34(+<266(#0624C(+12170B(#4E:><213:4(E:>(%C2;1213:4(,624434D(34(1@7(N7261@(+7?1:>UM(J(=/1*(8'($%+&:'%+$@&)'1R

.K';$/='.(JJWF(4:M(JX(d87?7<57>(XYYbeB(JfGcPJfbZMbJ(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGM(XM(bX('53F(_>30137F("7O30F(\24?AF(24C(!:>92624F(!2>6:0M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(!@24D7(24C(&@73>(,:1741326(N7261@('EPE7?10(34(+<266(#0624C(+12170B(#4E:><213:4(E:>(%C2;1213:4(,624434D(34(1@7(N7261@(+7?1:>UM(J(=/1*(8'($%+&:'%+$@&)'1R

.K';$/='.(JJWF(4:M(JX(d87?7<57>(XYYbeB(JfGcPJfbZM

2?1397(24C(@7261@A(63E7(34(2(0/012342567(<2447>UM(bZ ((%??700(1:(63E7P0/0123434D(E::C(30 (0/?@(2(?741>26(4:13:4(

1:(@/<24(C7976:;<741(1@21(31(@:6C0 (24(3<;:>1241(;62?7(34(4/<7>:/0(<2^:>(@/<24(>3D@10(1>721370M(N:OP797>F(34?>72034D6A(3417407(1>:;3?26(?A?6:470F(3>>7D/62>(>234E266 (;2117>40F(E6::C34D( 34(6:O(6A34D(24C(?:20126(

2>720F(026347(341>/03:4( 34(D>:/4CO217>( 0/;;6370F(?:20126(7>:03:4(24C( 34?>7207C(>2170(:E( ?:>26(5672?@34D(1@>72174(E::C(;>:C/?13:4(34(,2?3E3?(30624C0M(+/?@(0A<;1:<0(:E(241@>:;:D743?(?63<217(?@24D7(2>7(26>72CA(

0@:O34D(K(34(1@7(6201(C7?2C7F(E:>(7]2<;67F(Q1@7>7(O7>7(1@>77(13<70(<:>7(O721@7>P>76217C(421/>26(?2120P

1>:;@70(34(1@7(O:>6C(1@24(34( 1@7(JfbY0F(<:016A(34(1@7(E:><(:E( E6::C0(24C(O34C01:><0UMbW( (%CC313:4266AF(1@7( =%.( >7;:>1(C:?/<7410( 1@21( Q1@7>7( 30(2(O:>>A34D( 1>74C(0O77;34D( 2?>:00(,2?3E3?( #0624C0(1:C2A(1@21(

C7<24C(E:>(E::C(30(34?>72034D6A(5734D(07>93?7C(5A(3<;:>10UMbG( (&@30(1>74C(34?>72070(1@7(9/647>253631A(,2P?3E3?(30624C(4213:40(63I7(=>74?@(,:6A47032(1:(9:621367(O:>6C(?>:;(;>3?70(20(O766(20(797>P34?>72034D(E:0036(E/76(

?:01(24C(0?2>?31AM(#4(?:4?6/03:4F(?63<217(?@24D7(O366(03D43E3?2416A(24C(E/66A(2EE7?1(1@7(7413>7(E::C(07?/>31A(

34(1@7(,2?3E3?F(O@71@7>(1@>:/D@(C371(:>(34?:<7(D747>2134D(2?13931370(E:>(?:<</431370(24C(7?:4:<370M(

H@M)>53DFQ)789D67)FGG58G#4(2CC313:4(1:(@2934D(2(?672>(24C(07>3:/0(3<;2?1(:4(7?:0A017<(@7261@F(?63<217(?@24D7(260:(07>3P

:/06A(2EE7?10(@/<24(O766P5734DM(%0(7];62347C(5A(_73<F(Q571O774(JfcY(24C(JfffF(?63<217P>76217C(797410(

2??:/417C( E:>( fYi(:E( 1@7(O:>6C`0 (C302017>P>76217C(E212631370F(O31@( 1@7(O:>6C`0(;::>(C30;>:;:>13:42176A(2EE7?17CUMbb( (%0(2(9/647>2567(;7:;67(O@:F(O@367(5747E3134D( E>:<(1@7(7?:4:<3?(20030124?7(:E(<234624C(

=>24?7F(>7<234(4:471@76700(0/5^7?10 (1:(?63<217(3401253631AF(1@7(@7261@(:E(1@7(34@25312410(:E( =>74?@(,:6AP47032(O366(57(/4C743256A(3<;2?17C(5A(?63<217(?@24D7M(+;7?3E3?266AF(1@7(7EE7?10(:E(?63<217(?@24D7(0/?@(20(

O2><34D(17<;7>21/>70F(E6::C34DF(24C(/402E7(C>34I34D(O217>(QO366(34?>7207(1@7(67976(:E(O217>5:>47(24C(

97?1:>P5:>47(C3072070(0/?@(20(?@:67>2F(1A;@:3CF(<262>32(24C(C74D/7U(34(1@707(7?:0A017<0Mbc(('974(063D@1(92>3213:40(34(2<53741(17<;7>21/>7(24C(>234E266F(97D71213:4F(:>(O217>(29236253631A(<2A(34E6/74?7(1@7(C301>3P

5/13:4(24C(25/4C24?7(:E( <24A( :E( 1@707(97?1:>0M( %60:F( 1@7(1>:;3?26(24C(0/51>:;3?26( ?63<217( E:/4C( 34(=>74?@( ,:6A47032F( ;::>( ;/563?( @7261@( ;>2?13?70F( 342C7H/217( 34E>201>/?1/>7F( ;::>( O2017( <242D7<741(

;>2?13?70F( 34?>72034D(D6:526(1>2976F(24C(?@24D34D( ?63<213?(?:4C313:40(?2126AL7(1@7(1>240<3003:4(:E( 1@707(

C3072070Mba(($24A(0<266(30624C(012170(2>7(;2>13?/62>6A(9/647>2567(1:(1>:;3?26(?A?6:470F(01:><(0/>D70F(E6::C34DF(

24C(C>:/D@1M('53(71(26M(7];6234(1@21(Q1@707(797410 (?24(@297(5:1@(0@:>1P(24C(6:4DP17><(7EE7?10(:4(@/<24(@7261@F(34?6/C34D(C>:O434DF(34^/>370F(34?>7207C(C307207(1>240<3003:4F(C7?>72070(34(2D>3?/61/>26(;>:C/?139P

31AF(24C(24(34?>7207C(34?3C74?7(:E( ?:<<:4(<74126(C30:>C7>0UMbf( ([7?2/07(1@707(;:1741326(3<;2?10(2>7(

7]1>7<76A(?:<;67](24C(@2>C(1:(7926/217F( 1@7(1>/7(@7261@(5/>C74(:E( ?63<217(?@24D7(30(C3EE3?/61( 1:(E/66A(

JJ

bZ(=::C(24C(%D>3?/61/>26(.>D243L213:4M(Q!63<217(?@24D7(24C(=::C(+7?/>31A(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370UM(-:<7F(XYYaM(WMbW(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMbG(=::C(24C(%D>3?/61/>26(.>D243L213:4M(Q!63<217(?@24D7(24C(=::C(+7?/>31AUM(fMbb(_73<F($2>IM(Q[/36C34D(N/<24(-7036374?7B(&@7(-:67(:E(,/563?(N7261@(,>7;2>7C4700(24C(-70;:407(20(24(%C2;1213:4(1:(!63<217(!@24D7UM(M8'1/;%(&S*?1(%+&*B&)1'='($%$/='&]'>/;/('(ZGF(4:M(G(dXYYaeB(GYaPGJbMbc(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMba('53F(_>30137F("7O30F(\24?AF(24C(!:>92624F(!2>6:0M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(!@24D7(24C(&@73>(,:1741326(N7261@('EPE7?10(34(+<266(#0624C(+12170B(#4E:><213:4(E:>(%C2;1213:4(,624434D(34(1@7(N7261@(+7?1:>UM(J(=/1*(8'($%+&:'%+$@&)'1R

.K';$/='.(JJWF(4:M(JX(d87?7<57>(XYYbeB(JfbYM(bf('53F(_>30137(71(26M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(N7261@('EE7?10UM(JfGfM(

2??:/41(E:>M(=:>(7]2<;67F(C>:/D@10(24C(E6::C0(@297(24(3<;2?1(:4(;/563?(@7261@(5A(>7C/?34D(E>70@O217>(

H/2631A(24C(H/24131AF(24C(1>:;3?26(?A?6:470(?:/;67C(O31@(C>:/D@10 (34?>7207(1@7(>30I(:E(@7261@PC2<2D34D(O36CE3>70McY ( ($:>7:97>F( 300/70(211>35/17C( 1:(072( 67976( >307( 1@21(34?6/C7( ?:20126(E6::C34DF( 93:6741(01:><(

0/>D70F(02634213:4(:E(E>70@O217>(0/;;6370F(24C(C2<2D7(1:(?:20126(7?:0A017<0(266 (2>7(E2?1:>0(1@21(@297(24(3<;2?1(:4(;/563?(@7261@(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032McJ(

#4(1@7(E2?7(:E( 1@707(?@26674D70F(31(57?:<70(?672>(1@21(>7C/?34D(@/<24(9/647>253631A(;62A0(2(I7A(

>:67(34(<343<3L34D(?63<217(?@24D7(>30IMcX( (&@30(?24(57(2?@3797C(34(1O:(O2A0B(1@>:/D@(<313D213:4(:>(2C2;P1213:4M(%0(_73<(2??/>2176A(C70?>3570F(Q<313D213:4(;:63?370(E:?/0(:4(>7C/?34D(1@7(@2L2>CF(731@7>(5A(?:41>:6P

634D( 1@7(7<3003:40(:E( D>774@:/07( D2070(:>(5A( ?2;1/>34D( 24C( 07H/7017>34D( 1@:07(7<3003:40UF(O@7>720(Q2C2;1213:4(;:63?370(E:?/0(:4( >7C/?34D( 1@7(9/647>253631AF( 5A( 12I34D( 017;0 (1:(<2I7(0:?326(24C(7493>:4P

<74126(0A017<0(<:>7(>70363741(1:(1@7(7EE7?10(:E(?63<217P>76217C(@2L2>C0UMcZ( ( #4( 1@30(?:417]1F(;>2?13?34D(

?:<</431AP5207C(;/563?(@7261@(>72C34700(2?13931370(34?>7207(@/<24(>7036374?7(1:(421/>26(C302017>0M(!:/P;67C(O31@(2C7H/217(;:63?370(21(1@7(4213:426(24C(3417>4213:426(67976F(0/?@(34313213970 (C7?>7207(@/<24(9/6P

47>253631A(1:(C302017>0McW

H@N)1DFJ968):8S5O88G( %0(1@7(7EE7?10(:E(?63<217(?@24D7(O:>074F(;:;/6213:40 (:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032F(70;7?3266A(:E( 6:OP6A34D(?:>26 (21:660F(2>7(C30;>:;:>13:42176A(2EE7?17C(5A(?63<217(?@24D7M(#4(1@7(<:01(7]1>7<7(?2070F(1@7(3<;2?10(

:E(?63<217(?@24D7(?24(57(0/?@(1@21(1@7A(<2I7(63E7(:4(24(30624C(34@25312567M(&@30(672C0(1:(?63<217(<3D>2P13:4F(O@3?@(?24(57(0774(20(1@7(/613<217(E:><(:E( ?63<217(2C2;1213:4(<720/>7McG((!%-'(#417>4213:426(@20(

26>72CA(C:?/<7417C(1@30(;@74:<74:4B( Q&@7( 34E6/74?7(:E( 7493>:4<74126(?@24D7(:4(@/<24(<:53631A(30(

C30?7>43567(24C(D>:O34DUMcb(,:;/6213:40(63934D(:4(=>74?@(,:6A470324(6:OP6A34D(21:660(2>7(21(2(;2>13?/62>6A(@3D@(>30I(:E(@2934D(1:(<3D>217(E:>(?63<217(>720:40(34(1@7(E/1/>7M(

!63<217(<3D>213:4( 30( 2(07>3:/0(<2117>(O31@(?>/?326( 3<;63?213:40( E:>( 1@7(C30;62?7C( ;:;/6213:40M(+@:/6C(2(?:/41>A(C7?3C7(1:(>76:?217F(1@7(E3>01(C7?303:4(31(@20(1:(12I7(30(O@74(1:(<2I7(1@7(<:97(K( 30(31(571P

17>(1:(D:(20(0::4(20(;:003567(0:(20(1:(;>79741(24A(/447?7002>A(@/<24(:>(<217>326(6:0070F(:>(O366(31(:46A(

57(;:003567(1:(D21@7>(1@7(<:<741/<(24C(/>D74?A(1:(>76:?217(:4?7(2(C302017>(:??/>0hcc ( (V@7>7(1:(<3PD>217(1:(30(2 (?>313?26(H/7013:4(20(O766M(V@367(E34C34D(2(47O(;62?7(1:(071167(O:/6C(57(3C726(1:(;>707>97(1@7(

3417D>31A(:E(1@7(C30;62?7C(;7:;67F(3417D>213:4(341:(2 (47O(?/61/>7(<2A(57(1@7(:46A(E7203567(0:6/13:4(K( 1@21(30F(3E(?:/41>370(2>7(O36634D(1:(O76?:<7(7413>7(?:/41>370(O31@34(1@73>(5:>C7>0M(

\21/>266AF(0/?@(;7><24741(>76:?213:4(1:(24:1@7>(?:/41>A(;>707410 (2C92412D70(20(O766(20(C>2OP

52?I0M(l:/4D7>(D747>213:40(<2A( 57(2567(;/>0/7(<:>7(7C/?213:426(24C(7?:4:<3?(:;;:>1/431370(34(1@7(

JX

cY('53F(_>30137(71(26M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(N7261@('EE7?10UM(JfGfMcJ('53F(_>30137(71(26M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(N7261@('EE7?10UM(JfGfMcX(_73<F($2>IM(Q[/36C34D(N/<24(-7036374?7B(&@7(-:67(:E(,/563?(N7261@(,>7;2>7C4700(24C(-70;:407(20(24(%C2;1213:4(1:(!63<217(!@24D7UM(M8'1/;%(&S*?1(%+&*B&)1'='($%$/='&]'>/;/('(ZGF(4:M(G(dXYYaeB(GYfMcZ(_73<F($2>IM(Q[/36C34D(N/<24(-7036374?7UM(GYfMcW(_73<F($2>IM(Q[/36C34D(N/<24(-7036374?7B(&@7(-:67(:E(,/563?(N7261@(,>7;2>7C4700(24C(-70;:407(20(24(%C2;1213:4(1:(!63<217(!@24D7UM(M8'1/;%(&S*?1(%+&*B&)1'='($%$/='&]'>/;/('(ZGF(4:M(G(dXYYaeB(GJGMcG(":/D@>AF($2>A2447(24C($?%C2<F()247M(Q_3>35213(K(>76:?213:4(24C(2C2;1213:4UM(0*1;'>&]/E1%$/*(&4'=/'D&ZJF(!63P<217(!@24D7(24C(830;62?7<741(d.?1(XYYaeB(GJMcb(!%-'(#417>4213:426M(Q#4(+72>?@(:E(+@7617>B($2;;34D(1@7('EE7?10(:E(!63<217(!@24D7(:4(N/<24($3D>213:4(24C(830P;62?7<741UM($2A(XYYfMcc(_76<24F(#624M(Q!207(+1/CA(K(#0624C('92?/213:4UM(0*1;'>&]/E1%$/*(&4'=/'D&ZJF(!63<217(!@24D7(24C(830;62?7<741(d.?1(XYYaeB(XYPXJM

47O(?:/41>AF( 0/?@(20(2??700(1:( D>7217>(7C/?213:4( :>(1:(2 (<:>7(E6:/>30@34D( ^:5(<2>I71F(O@7>720 (:6C7>(

?313L740(<2A(57(/4O36634D(1:(67297(1@73>(@:<7M(%60:F(;:;/6213:40(?:/6C(7];7>374?7(D>721(C3EE3?/61A( 34(20P03<362134D( 2( 47O( ?/61/>7(24C( 2??7;134D( 1@7( 97>A(

C3EE7>741(926/70(:E(V7017>4(?2;3126301(0:?371AM(*4PC7>6A34D( 1@707( H/7013:40 (:E( 2C2;1213:4( 62A0( 1@7(

07>3:/0(C24D7>( :E( ?:<;67176A( 6:034D( 1@7( /43H/7(

,2?3E3?(30624C(?/61/>70(1@21(2>7(26>72CA(1@>721747C(:E(C302;;72>34DM([7?2/07F(20(":?I7(7];62340F(Q31(30(

@3D@6A(/463I76A(1@21(:47(>7?3;3741(4213:4(O366(D>241(20A6/<(1:(24(7413>7(?:/41>AFUca( ?63<217(>7E/D770(

O366(57(C393C7C(/;(2?>:00(2(</6131/C7(:E(?:/41>370F(

<2I34D( ?/61/>26(0/>93926(266(1@7(<:>7( 3<;:003567M(#E(0/?@(62>D7P0?267(?63<217(<3D>213:4(:??/>0(34(1@7(

E/1/>7F(O7( 20(2(@/<24( ?:<</431A(@297(1:( 07>3P:/06A(;:4C7>( 1@7(0:?326(24C(?/61/>26(?:010(200:?3P

217C(O31@(1@7(C302;;72>24?7(:E(7413>7(?:/41>370Mcf

1%'>$&#)M@)')1%'!=+!=)T"#/;A)1"!(&U*&!1&()"B)1"/"!+V'$+"!)'!;)=/"2'/+V'$+"!)"!)!'$+,&)B#&!1%)>"/-!&(+'!)("1+&$-)

M@?)>4W5D96F4L)O:4K67']?700397(;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@(30(2(;2>13?/62>6A(?@26674D34D(;>:567<(57?2/07(31( 30(5:1@(C3EE3?/61( 1:(

<242D7(24C(31(:E174(?:403C7>7C( 1@7(</613;637>( :E( 797>A(:1@7>( 300/7M( %0( 31(7];:47413266A(<2D43E370(1@7(

?:<;67]31A( :E( 24A( :1@7>( 0:?326( :>( 7493>:4<74126( ?@26674D7F( 31( 30 (?>313?26( 1@21( 1@7( 300/7(:E( ;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@( >7?7397( ;2>13?/62>( 2117413:4( 34( 310(:O4( >3D@1F( 70;7?3266A( 034?7(;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@( >2170(2>7(7]P

;7?17C( 1:( I77;( 34?>72034D( E:>( 21( 67201( 1@7( 47]1( 1@>77( C7?2C70( 34( <:01( ,2?3E3?( #0624C( !:/41>370( 24C(

&7>>31:>370MaY((&@7(*4317C(\213:40 ('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(C712360 (0:<7(:E( 1@7(7493>:4<74126(?:407PH/74?70(:E(7]?700397(;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@B(Q:97>?>:OC34D(260:(@20(07>3:/0(?:407H/74?70(E:>(;:66/13:4(24C(

7493>:4<74126(?:412<34213:4(34(0:<7(30624C0F(4:1(:46A(E>:<(07O2D7F(5/1(260:(E>:<(C30;:026(:E( 243<26(O2017(d70;7?3266A(E>:<(;3D0e(24C(@:/07@:6C(D2>52D7UMaJ((":?I7(7];62340(1@21(1@7>7(30 (260:(2 (634I(571O774(

;:;/6213:4(24C(@/<24(O766P5734DB(Q31(30 (793C741(1@21(1@7>7(30(2(01>:4D(?:>>76213:4(571O774(24(34?>7207(34(

;:;/6213:4(C74031A(34(0<266(2>720F(0;2>I7C(5A(?63<217(?@24D7P34C/?7C(<3D>213:4F(24C(2(C7?6347(34(@/<24(C7976:;<741(34C3?21:>0M(#1(30(3<;:>1241(1:(7<;@203L7(1@30(?:>>76213:4(34(:>C7>(1:(C703D4(;:63?A(>70;:4070(

1@21(2CC>700(1@7(>::1(?2/070(:E(1@7(639763@::C(C7?6347UMaX

JZ

ca(":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:4B(+/CC74(!>3030(24C(":4DP&7><(87976:;P<7410UM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcGF(4:M(Z(dXYYfeB(JcaM(cf(":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4UM(JcaMaY(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMaJ(*\',(24C(+,-',M(Q,2?3E3?('493>:4<741(./16::IUM(XYYGMaX(":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:4B(+/CC74(!>3030(24C(":4DP&7><(87976:;P<7410UM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcGF(4:M(Z(dXYYfeB(JcaPJcfM

This resort on the island of Tikehau illustrates the boom in tourism in French Polynesia since the 1960s.

M@H)$45:FGJ&@7(01/4434D(421/>26(7493>:4<741(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30(1@7(E:/4C213:4(E:>(1@7(30624C0`(0/??700P

E/6(1:/>30<(C7976:;<741(24C(2(03D43E3?241(34?:<7PD747>2134D(:;;:>1/431A(E:>(1@7(?:/41>AM(N:O797>F(/4P>7D/6217C( 1:/>30<(;>2?13?70(<2A( @297( 0797>7(47D21397(3<;2?10(:4( 1@7( 7493>:4<741( 24CF( 34( 1/>4F( 1@7(

1:/>30<(34C/01>A(31076EM(%0(2(>70/61F(1@7(7?:1:/>30<(34C/01>A(0@:/6C(O:>I(?6:076A(O31@(7493>:4<74126(?:4P

07>9213:4(2D74?370(1:(;>:<:17(2O2>74700(24C(0/012342567(<242D7<741(:E( 1@7(1:/>301(200710(:E( 421/>26(2>720MaZ( #4( 1@30 (O2AF( 1:/>30<(2?13931370(<2A(?:4134/7(34(2 (>70;:403567(O2A(O@367(1>720/>34D(1@7(421/>26(

>70:/>?70(/;:4(O@3?@(1@7A(C7;74CM

M@M)!5QD89:)68G6FLO)'974(1@:/D@(=>24?7(O20 (O766(2O2>7(1@21(1@7A(O:/6C(672C(1:(O3C70;>72C(>2C3:2?1397(24C(?@7<3P

?26(?:412<34213:4(:E( 1@7(624CF(1@7($S1>:;:67(?:4C/?17C(4/?672>(170134D(2?13931370 (34(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (34(

1@7(JfGY0(24C(JfbY0F(?:4134/7C(1@7<(1@>:/D@:/1(1:(1@7(JfaY0(34(4:>1@7>4(,:6A47032(24C(7974(?2>>37C(1@7<(:/1( 341:(1@7(JffY0(34(1@7(=>74?@(&7>>31:>370MaW( ([7?2/07(31(O2417C(1:(70125630@(31076E( 20(2(O:>6C(

;:O7>(2E17>(V:>6C(V2>(##F(=>24?7(;62?7C(1>7<74C:/0(3<;:>124?7(:4(1@707(17010(1:(1@7(7]1741(O@7>7F(21(

1@7(13<7F(Q$/>/>:2(21:66(O20(0774(20 (93126(1:(=>24?7`0(>7123434D(310(0121/>7(20 (2 (O:>6C(;:O7>UMaG((V@367(31(D>7216A(5747E3117C(=>24?7(:4(1@7(3417>4213:426(D7:;:631?0(0?747F(4/?672>(170134D(?:40131/17C(5:1@(2(;>:P

E:/4C(;@A03?26(24C(;0A?@:6:D3?26(1>2/<2(E:>(,:6A4703240M(%6:4D(O31@( C72C6A(>2C3213:4F(?/61/>26(?@24D7(24C(2?13931AF((1@7(3401266213:4(:E(1@7(!741>7(:E(\/?672>('];7>3<741213:4(34(JfbZ(?2/07C(3<<3D>213:4(E>:<(

<234624C(=>24?7(1:(0IA>:?I71Mab

M@N)'3G8LQ8)4S)G8DSCP868:JFL96F4L[7?2/07(1@7(30624C0(:E( =>74?@(,:6A47032(2>7(01366(D:97>47C(/4C7>(=>74?@(>/67F(1@7(?:/41>A(62?I0(

?:<;6717(076EPC717><34213:4(24C(2?13976A(C752170( 1@7(?:6:4326(;:O7>`0(>:67(34(1@7(D:97>424?7(:E( 1@7(

?:/41>AM(&@30 (1@7<7(@20(5774(/4C7>(2(?:401241(24C(79:6934D(C30?/003:4(E>:<(1@7(74C(:E(V:>6C(V2>(&O:(

1:(1:C2AM(=>:<(JfWG(1:(1@7(<3CPJfcY0F(34(2(?:417]1(:E(2(13D@17434D(:E(=>74?@(?:41>:6F(1@7(:;;:0313:4(57P1O774(%/1:4:<3010(24C(;>:;:47410(:E(^/>3C3?26(24C(?/61/>26(2003<36213:4(1:(1@7(=>74?@(?:6:43L7>(C7E347C(

1@7(;:6313?26(0?747(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032M(8/>34D(1@7(JfcY0F(@:O797>F(&>S<:4(7];62340(1@21(Q1@7>7(O20(2(0@3E1(E>:<(24(2617>421397(571O774(:E(<:>7(:>(6700 (2??7;124?7(:E(=>74?@(>/67(1:(<:>7(:>(6700(>7E/026B(1@7(

E376C(57?2<7(01>/?1/>7C(5A(24(:;;:0313:4(571O774(%/1:4:<3010(24C(#4C7;74C7413010UMac(( #4(1@30(07407F(

;:6313?0( 34( =>74?@( ,:6A47032(2>7(4:O(;:62>3L7C( 571O774(2/1:4:<3010F(O@:(O30@(1:( >7<234( 200:?3217C(O31@(=>24?7F(24C(34C7;74C7413010F(O@:(2C9:?217(E:>(1@7(>7?:D4313:4(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032(20(2(0:97>73D4(

4213:4Maa((!:407H/7416AF(=>74?@(,:6A470324(;:6313?0(2>7(4:1(?:401>/?17C(:4(1@7(01>/DD67(571O774(C3EE7>P

JW

aZ(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMaW(*\',(24C(+,-',M(Q,2?3E3?('493>:4<741(./16::IUM(XYYGM(aJMaG(_4355F(8293CM(Q+31134D(:4(2(g:6?24:B(&>:/567(34(1@7(=>74?@(&>:;3?0UM(T@'&\'D&!'%>'1(bc(dJfaWeB(ZPGMab(+?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4(:E(!:417<;:>2>A(=>74?@($3D>2410(34(&2@313F(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM()%;/B/;&7$?>/'.(ZJF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYYaeB(XGPGXMac(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(T@'&S*?1(%+&*B&)*+,('./%(&7*;/'$,(JJGF(4:M(Z(d+7;1(XYYbeB(XbWMaa(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaM

741(0:?326(D>:/;0F(5/1(7007413266A(:4(;:0313:40 (34(>76213:4(1:(=>24?7`0(;>7074?7(34(,:6A47032Maf( (&@30(E/4P

C2<74126(:;;:0313:4(571O774(1@7(1O:(<:97<7410(;7><72170 (266(20;7?10(:E( 0:?371A(24C(4:1(:46A(C7<P:401>2170(31076E(34(;:6313?26(0121/0F(5/1(260:(34(C397>D741(?:4?7;13:40(:E(1@7(,:6A470324(O:>6C(31076EMfY(

']P;>703C741( :E( =>74?@( ,:6A47032( .0?2>( &7<2>/( @20( 2C9:?217C( E:>( 0797>26( A72>0 ( E:>( 1@7( >7P340?>3;13:4( :E( =>74?@( ,:6A47032( :4( 1@7( *4317C( \213:40 ( 6301( :E( \:4P+76EPR:97>434D( &7>>31:>370( 1:(

C7?:6:43L7MfJ (N:O797>F(=>24?7(@20(6:4D( >703017C(7<24?3;213:4(<:97<7410(E>:<(24A(:E( 310(>7<23434D(

,2?3E3?(?:6:4370M(#4C77CF(1@30(?:6:4326(;:O7>(30(5:1@(>76/?1241(1:(>7634H/30@(1@7(2C92412D7:/0(D7:;:6313?26(24C(7?:4:<3?(2C92412D70(:E(1@7(>70:/>?7P>3?@(17>>31:>370(24C(']?6/0397('?:4:<3?(q:470 (/4C7>(310 (C:<3P

4213:4F( 24C( 30 ( 2E>23C( 1@21( :47( 17>>31:>A`0( 34C7;74C74?7(O:/6C( ;>7?3;31217( 1@7( :1@7>0`( 7<24?3;213:4(1@>:/D@(2(C:<34:(7EE7?1MfX

&@7(63<310(:E( 076EPC717><34213:4(:E( 1@7(,:6A470324(;7:;67(@20 (260:(34E6/74?7C(1@7(O2A(421/>7(30(

937O7C(24C(7?:0A017<0(2>7(?:407>97C(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032M(%0(1@7(V7017>4(937O0(2>7(3<;:07C(:41:(D:9P7>424?7(24C(;:63?A(0A017<0F(Q34C3D74:/0(;7:;670`(?:4?7;10F( ;>34?3;670F(<:C760(24C(7EE:>10(1:(7];6:>7(

2617>421397(C7976:;<741(;21@0(@297(62>D76A(5774(:97>6::I7CUMfZ( (+2C6AF(1@30(;@74:<74:4(01366(7]3010(E:>(2(92>371A(:E(>720:40M(=3>01(:E(266F(34C3D74:/0(;7:;67(@297(5774(;:>1>2A7C(34(V7017>4(71@4:?741>3?(?:6:43P

2630<(24C(<:C7>43L213:4(1@7:>370(20(01/55:>46A(?634D34D(1:(1@7(;201(24C(>7^7?134D(1@7(3479312567(?@24D70(

1@21(O366(5>34D(1@7<(1:(1@7(0:P?2667C(Q5747E310U(:E(<:C7>4(V7017>4(0:?371AM(+7?:4C6AF(34C3D74:/0(;7:P;670(@297(5774(?:<;67176A(7]?6/C7C(E>:<(1@7(C7976:;<741(;>:?700 (5A(7]1>7<7(0:?326 (24C(D7:D>2;@3?26(

<2>D34263L213:4M(%60:F(1@7(0/0;3?3:4(1@21(1@7A(>70301(C7976:;<741(E:>(1@7(02I7(1@7(02I7(:E(31F(:>(1@21(1@7A(>72?1( C7E7403976A(1:( D6:5263L213:4`0(3<;2?1(:4(6:?26(?/61/>70F( @297(;>797417C(1@7<( E>:<(<72434DE/66A(

?:41>35/134D( 1:( 1@7(?:417<;:>2>A( 0/01234253631A( C75217M(=34266AF( 7];7>374?7(@20( 12/D@1( ?7>1234(34C3D7P

4:/0(;7:;670(1:(57(O72>A(:E(74D2D34D(34(C326:D/70(1@21(?24(<2I7(1@7<(6:07(?:41>:6(:E(1@73>(I4:O67CD7F(:>(57?:<7(124D67C(34(2501>2?1(C752170(25:/1(300/70(1@21(2EE7?1(1@73>(97>A(0/>93926MfW

M@X)15D65:9D)4WW:8GGF4L[7?2/07( 1@7(C3?@:1:<A(571O774( 2/1:4:<3010 (24C( 34C7;74C7413010(;7><72170 (=>74?@(,:6A47P

0324(0:?326F(?/61/>26F(24C(;:6313?26(0124C;:3410F(1@7(1O:(D>:/;0(@297(C3EE7>34D(0124?70(>7D2>C34D( =>24?7`0(?/61/>26 (C:<34213:4(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (20(O766(20(1@7(C7E34313:4(:E(=>74?@(,:6A470324(?/61/>7M(=:>(7]2<P

;67F(&>S<:4(7];62340 (1@21(Q1@7(%/1:4:<3010`(4:13:4(:E( 2(?/61/>26(0;7?3E3?31A(>7010(:4(1@7(2??7;124?7(:E(1@7(211>35/170(3<;:07C(:4(,:6A470324(?/61/>7(5A(1@7(?:6:43L7>F(O@7>720(1@7(#4C7;74C7413010(>7^7?1(1@707(

211>35/170F(O@3?@F( 34( 1@73>( 937OF(:46A( ;7>;71/217(?:6:4326(C:<34213:4UMfG ( &@30( 1O:(C3EE7>741( 0?@::60(:E(

1@:/D@1(24C(;:6313?26(937O0(1@30(34E6/74?7(1@7(97>A(O2A(,:6A4703240(1@34I(:E(1@7<076970(24C(1@73>(O:>6CM(

JG

af(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaMfY(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(":D3?0UM(XGfPXaaMfJ(Q!:4ES>74?7(C7(,>7007(C/(,>S03C741(&7<2>/(0/>(62(>S340?>3;13:4(C7(62(,:6A4S037(0/>(62(63017(C70(;2A0(4:4(2/1:4:<70(r(CS?:6:4307>UM()1-./>'(;'3KBM()24(ZJF(XYJZM("2(,>S03C74?7(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M(=75(XZF(XYJZMfX(_4355F(8293CM(Q+31134D(:4(2(g:6?24:B(&>:/567(34(1@7(=>74?@(&>:;3?0UM(T@'&\'D&!'%>'1(bc(dJfaWeB(ZPGMfZ("::<30F(&7>>74?7M(Q#4C3D74:/0(,:;/6213:40(24C(+/012342567(87976:;<741B([/36C34D(:4(#4C3D74:/0(%;;>:2?@70(1:(N:63013?F(+76EP8717><347C(87976:;<741UM(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($(XaF(4:M(G(dXYYYeB(afbMfW("::<30F(&7>>74?7M(Q#4C3D74:/0(,:;/6213:40(24C(+/012342567(87976:;<741M(afZPfJYMfG(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(T@'&S*?1(%+&*B&)*+,('./%(&7*;/'$,(JJGF(4:M(Z(d+7;1(XYYbeB(XbfM

%61@:/D@(1>2C313:426(,:6A470324(?/61/>7(@20(1>7<74C:/06A(0/EE7>7C(E>:<(?:4134/7C(=>74?@(?:6:P

432630<F(=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(>7?741(>7621397(2/1:4:<A(@20(266:O7C(31(1:(C30124?7(31076E(?/61/>266A(E>:<(1@7(<234624CM(=:>(7]2<;67F(:47(A72>(2E17>(@2934D(2??7C7C(1:( Q3417>426(2/1:4:<AU(34(JfaWF(1@7(=7013926(:E(

+:/1@(,2?3E3?(%>10(d24C(1@7(&3/>23(?7675>213:40(1@21(1::I(;62?7(:4(1@7(JW1@(:E()/6Ae(O7>7(>7;62?7C(5A(N7392(3( &2@313( =7013926( 24C( C30200:?3217C( E>:<( 1@7( =>74?@( 4213:426(

?7675>213:4Mfb(&@30(52624?7(:E(;:O7>(1@/0(?@24D7C(34(2(O2A(1@21(

E29:>7C( 1@7( 7<7>D74?7( :E( 2( ,:6A470324( ?/61/>26( 3C74131A( Q34(?:41>2C30134?13:4(1:(1@7(=>74?@UMfc

&@7(?/61/>26(:;;>7003:4( ?2>>37C( :/1(5A( =>24?7(C:704`1(:46A(:>3D34217(E>:<(1@7(67D2?A(:E(?:6:43L213:4F(1@:/D@M(!/>>741(

=>74?@( ?313L740 ( >703C34D( 34( =>74?@( ,:6A47032( ;7>;71>217( 1@73>(

:O4(0@2>7(:E( ?/61/>26(3<;7>32630<(24C(?:41>35/17(1:(0:?326(174P03:40( 571O774( 1@7( 1O:( D>:/;0M( &@7(<2^:>31A(:E( 1@707( =>74?@(

?313L740(E>:<(=>24?7(2>7(?3936(07>92410(E>:<(1@7(<234624C(?@2>P2?17>3L7C(5A(1@73>(76317(0121/0(24C(17<;:>2>A(>703C74?7(34(,:6AP

47032M(%>13E3?3266A(;>:<:17C(1:(1:;(;:0313:40 (24C(>7O2>C7C(O31@(

03D43E3?241(0/503C370(24C(5:4/070F(1@7A(E:017>7C(24(34?:<7(C30P;2>31A(0:(D>721(24C(71@43?266A(C393C7C(1@21(31(?>7217C(03D43E3?241(

17403:40( 571O774( ;:;/6213:40M( =:>( 7]2<;67F( Q'/>:;724( 24C(2003<36217CU(@:/07@:6C0(<2I7(/;(:46A(XYi(:E(1:126(@:/07@:6C(

4/<57>0( 5/1( cXi( :E( 3417667?1/260( 24C( 0743:>( <242D7<741M(

Q,:6A470324U(@:/07@:6C0F(34(?:41>201F(<2I7(/;(Gai(:E(1:126(5/1(?:40131/17( :46A( JYi( :E( 3417667?1/260 ( 24C( 0743:>( <242D7<741(

24C( aXi( :E( E2><7>0( 24C( cbi( :E( 56/7P?:662>( O:>I7>0Mfa ( ( &@7(17<;:>2>A(0121/0(:E(;:017C(?3936 (07>92410 (?>72170(2(?:401241(>747O26(:E(47O?:<7>0F(?:41>35/170(1:(?>7P

2134D( 2(01>:4D( C3?@:1:<A(571O774(E:>73D4(24C( 6:?26F(24C(E:017>0(2(?63<217(:E( <301>/01(E:>( 1@707(47O(

>703C7410(O@:(2>7(>76/?1241(1:(3417D>217(1:(,:6A470324(O2A(:E(63E7(24C(?/61/>7Mff

+2C6AF(20 (7];62347C(5A(+?@/E1F(Q=>24?7(@20(2C:;17C(24(Q2003<36213:4301U(<:C76(:E( 3417D>213:4(E:>(

310(3<<3D>2410(24C(17>>31:>370F( 20(:;;:07C( 1:( :1@7>(?:/41>370(2C9:?2134D(2(Q</613?/61/>26301U(<:C76(:E(0:?371A(1@21(?7675>2170(C397>031AUMJYY((&@30(;:63?A(@20 (67C(1:(01>/?1/>26(71@43?(C39303:40(1@21(2>7(C3EE3?/61(1:(

5>72?@(34(<:C7>4(=>74?@(,:6A470324(0:?371AM(&@707(C39303:40(2>7(?:4134/266A(>734E:>?7C(5A(1@7(;:62>3L2P

13:4(:E( 71@43?(;7>?7;13:40(24C(C393C34D(71@43?31A(571O774(Q1@7<U(24C(Q/0UF(2(;>:?700(1@21(@20(7]3017C(034?7(1@7(72>63701(?:6:4326(13<70M(&@7(K*K%"%(dO@317(;7>0:4(34(&2@31324e(<34:>31A(30(2567(6397(34(2(?6:07C(

?3>?/31(24C(34(24(26<:01(?:<;67176A(2/1:4:<:/0(<2447>(34(>7D2>C0(1:(1@7(,:6A470324(;:;/6213:4F(20(31(30(634I7C(1:(=>24?7(34(310(797>A(2?13931AMJYJ( (-21@7>(1@24(1>A34D(1:(3417D>217(:>(2C2;1(1:(1@7(17>>31:>A(:>(310(

34@25312410F( 1@7(=>74?@(<34:>31A(12I70(2C92412D7(:E( 1@7(0A017<(:E( @3D@7>(;2A(24C(7];21>3217(0/503C370(

Jb

fb(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(":D3?0UM(XbWMfc(&>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(":D3?0UM(XbWMfa(+?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4(:E(!:417<;:>2>A(=>74?@($3D>2410(34(&2@313F(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM()%;/B/;&7$?>/'.(ZJF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYYaeB(XGPGXM(ff(+?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4UM(XGPGXMJYY(+?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4(:E(!:417<;:>2>A(=>74?@($3D>2410(34(&2@313F(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM()%;/B/;&7$?>/'.(ZJF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYYaeB(XaMJYJ(+?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4UM(XGPGXM

Fishermen in the island of Tikehau have noticed a considerable decrease in fish abundance and diversity in the span of their lifetime.

24C(5:4/070M(&@30(30(3417>70134D(57@293:>(E>:<(2(;:;/6213:4(1@21F(34(1@7(<234624CF(53117>6A(?>313?3L70(3<P

<3D>2410(E:>(1@73>(/4O36634D4700(:>(34253631A(1:(2C2;1(1:(4213:426(?/61/>7M

M@Y)2F4PFE8:GF6R)D4GG=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(/43H/7(53:C397>031A(24C(7?:0A017<0(2>7(?>313?26(E:>(0:?326(24C(7?:4:<3?(C7P

976:;<741(20(O766(20 (E:>(1@7(<23417424?7(:E( 700741326(7?:0A017<(E/4?13:40M(']1>7<76A(9/647>2567(57P

?2/07(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(D7:D>2;@3?(?:<;67]31A(24C(30:6217C(421/>7F(1@7(53:C397>031A(E:/4C(34(1@7(E397(2>?@3;762D:0(C30;62A0(7]1>7<76A( @3D@( 679760 (:E( 74C7<30<( 24C( 30(2<:4D( 1@7(<:01( 74C24D7>7C( 34( 1@7(

O:>6CMJYX

&@7(<234(E2?1:>0(>70;:403567(E:>(5:1@(0;7?370(24C(0/5P0;7?370(7]134?13:4(2>7(34920397(26374(0;7P

?370F(@/4134DF(24C(2D>3?/61/>7MJYZ((.1@7>(1@>7210(1:(53:C397>031A(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032(34?6/C7(6:DD34DF(@253P

121(2617>213:4(24C(6:00F(;:66/13:4F(:97>P7];6:31213:4(:E( 421/>26( >70:/>?70( 24C( C701>/?1397( @2>9701(

17?@43H/70F( />5243L213:4F( 24C( D6:526( ?63<217(?@24D7M( &@>7210( 1:( 53:C397>031A( 2>74`1( 63<317C( 1:(

30624C0F( 1@:/D@M(&@7(?:<5347C(>30I0(:E(<:>7(E>7P

H/741(?217D:>A(W(24C(G(?A?6:470F(34?>7207C(:?724(17<;7>21/>70F( :?724( 2?3C3E3?213:4( 24C( 072( 67976(

>307(07>3:/06A(1@>72174(?:>26(>77E0(1@>:/D@:/1(1@7(>7D3:4FJYW(O@367(C7?>72070(34( 1/42(24C(:1@7>( E30@(

01:?I0(20 (O766(20(24(34?>7207(34(?3D/217>2(;:30:4P

34D(:/15>72I0(2>7(7];7?17CMJYG

%61@:/D@( 7493>:4<74126( ;>707>9213:4( 30(

;2>13?/62>6A(?>313?26(:4(30624C0(O@7>7(74C7<3?(0;7P?370 (2>7(70;7?3266A(9/647>2567(5A(1@73>(0<266(;:;/P

6213:4( 03L7F( 1@7( C7<24C0( :E( 34?>72034D( @/<24(

;:;/6213:40(:4( 63<317C(624C(>70:/>?70(<2I7(31(C3EE3?/61(1:(;>:17?1(421/>26(2>720M( "A:4(82@6(260:(2EE3><0(1@21( Q0172CA( @253121( C701>/?13:4F( ?:<;71313:4F( 24C(;>7C213:4( 5A( 341>:C/?7C( 0;7?370 (E/>1@7>( 34?>7207(

;>700/>7( :4( 421397( 0;7?370UMJYb ( ( !:407>934D( 53:C397>031A( 34( 1@7(<:C7>4( ?:417]1( :E( @3D@( ;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@F(C717>3:>213:4(:E( 1>2C313:426(0A017<0F(;::>(7493>:4<74126(2O2>74700F(62?I(:E( ?2;2?31A(1:(12?I67(

53:C397>031A(6:00F(24C(;::>(3417D>213:4(:E(7493>:4<741(24C(C7976:;<741(34(;:63?A(C7?303:4P<2I34D(30(;2>P

13?/62>6A(?@26674D34DMJYc(($:>7:97>F(=>74?@(24C(,:6A470324(937O0(24C(<71@:C0(:4(2?@37934D(?:407>9213:4(:/1?:<70(C397>D7(03D43E3?2416AM(%0 (_7;;76(71(26M(2>13?/6217F(Q1@7>7(2>7(C3EE7>741(012I7@:6C7>(;7>?7;13:40(

24C(;>2?13?70(:E(?:407>9213:4M(&@7(V7017>4(0?37413E3?(?:4?7;1(:E( ?:407>9213:4(077I0 (1:(;>:17?1(0;7?370(

Jc

JYX(!>313?26('?:0A017<(,2>147>0@3;(=/4CM(Q'?:0A017<(,>:E367B(,:6A47032P$3?>:47032([3:C397>031A(N:10;:1UM($2A(XYYcMJYZ(+L25:F()/C31F(_@O2^2F(\A36F(R2>4711F(+17;@74F(24C([/1?@2>1F(+1/2>1M(QR6:526(,2117>40(24C(8>397>0(:E(%9324(']134?P13:40(21(1@7(+;7?370(24C(+/50;7?370("7976UM()!Q7&Q\J(cF(4:M(JY(dXYJXeB(7WcYaYM(C:3BJYMJZcJs^:/>426M;:47MYYWcYaYJYW(+26921F([7>42>C(24C(V36I340:4F(!6397M(Q!A?6:470(24C(!63<217(!@24D7(34(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?UM(4'=?'&>"#;*+*E/'L&+%&T'11'&'$&+%&U/'&bbF(4:M(X(dXYJJeB(JYGPJJGMJYG(+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeMJYb("A:4(82@6F(%>1@/>M(Q.?72432`0($:01(,>70034D('493>:4<74126(!:4?7>40UM(M85/*(JZF(4:M(GPb(d&@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?F(JfaWeB(XffMJYc(!>313?26('?:0A017<(,2>147>0@3;(=/4CM(Q'?:0A017<(,>:E367B(,:6A47032P$3?>:47032([3:C397>031A(N:10;:1UM($2A(XYYcM

Monoï has been used throughout Polynesia for centuries and is made from coconut oil and tiare flowers.

57?2/07(:E( 1@73>( 701@713?(:>( 79:6/13:42>A( 926/7M($:01( ,2?3E3?( #0624C7>0(937O(1@73>(53:C397>031A(20(2(>7P

0:/>?7(:E(D>721(?/61/>26(24C(0/5030174?7(3<;:>124?7F(O@7>7(?:407>9213:4(02E7D/2>C0(1@707(>70:/>?70(E:>(?:4134/7C(0/;;6A(:>(?/61/>26(>720:40MUJYa((#4(1@30 (O2AF(,:6A4703240(3417D>217(421/>7(24C(?:403C7>(@:63013P

?266A(20(2(>70:/>?7(E:>(</613;67(;/>;:070F(O@367(1@7(V7017>4(;>7C:<34241(937O(30 (1@21(;7:;67(0@:/6C(57(E74?7C(:EE(421/>7(E:>(310(;>:17?13:4M(870;317(1@707(C3EE7>74?70F(;:003567(?:407>9213:4(0:6/13:40(1:(;>:17?1(

1@7(E6:>2(24C(E2/42(:E(1@30(53:C397>031A(@:10;:1(34?6/C7(?:<</431AP5207C(?:407>9213:4(2>720F(?:407>92P

13:4(7417>;>3070F(1>2C313:426(>70:/>?7(<242D7<741(<71@:C0F(20 (O766(20(1@7(70125630@<741(:E(<2>347(;>:P17?17C(2>720MJYf

1%'>$&#)N@),'!+(%+!=)<!"T/&;=&A)')$#';+$+"!'/)1*/$*#&)'$)#+(<

N@?);:9J96FQ)Q79LO8G)FL)K9R)4S)DFS8)9LP)6:9PF6F4L9D)DFE8DF744P"72C34D(0/5030174?7(63E701A670 (:4(E34317(624C(>70:/>?70F(24?3741(,:6A4703240(70125630@7C(0:?371370(

1@21( E/66A( /1363L7C( 1@73>( 7493>:4<741( O@367( <242D34D( 31( 0/01234256AM( &@7( ?:4134/213:4( :E( 0:?371A( C7P;74C7C(:4( 1@7(O307(/07(:E( >70:/>?70F(24C(01>3?1( 74E:>?7<741(5A( 125::0(24C(@/4134D( 0720:40(740/>7C(

0/012342567( /07M( #4( <24A( >7D2>C0F( 1@7(<:01( /40/012342567(20;7?10(:E( 63E7( 34( 1@7(<:C7>4(,2?3E3?(@297(:>3D34217C(E>:<(1@7(>307(:E(?20@(7?:4:<A(24C(>70:/>?7(7];6:31213:4MJJY(

#4(1@7(,2?3E3?(>7D3:4F(1@7>7(30(2 (@301:>A(:E(0@3E134D(?/6139213:4(24C(2D>3?/61/>26(3417403E3?213:4(C21P

34D( 52?I(21(67201(WYYY(A72>0MJJJ( ( #4C77CF(72>6A( E2><34D( 0A017<0(34( 1@7(>7D3:4(O7>7(?@2>2?17>3L7C(5A(2(O3C7(C397>031A( :E( 0@3E134D( ?/6139213:4( 0A017<0M(&@707(E2><34D(0A017<0(2>7(:E174(>7E7>>7C(1:(20 (2D>:E:>P

701>A(57?2/07(:E( 1@7(Q@3D@( 3417D>213:4(:E(/07E/6(1>770(E:>(;>:C/?13:4F(0@2C7F(;@A03?26(0/;;:>1(:E(:1@7>(?>:;0F(71?U(341:(1@7(2D>3?/61/>26(;>:?700MJJX(&@30(?/6139213:4(0A017<(O20(0:(;>7926741(1@21(31(O20 (C70?>357C(

20(5734D(Q1@7(<234012A(:E(<:01(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(;:;/6213:40U(20(6217(20(1@7(JfaY0MJJZ

&@>:/D@(?:40/<7>(D::C0F( 63E701A67F( 624D/2D7F(<:C7>43L213:4F(24C(D6:5263L213:4F(V7017>43L213:4(:E(O2A(:E( 63E7(1@>721740(?/61/>26(0/01234253631A( 34(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (5A(1>240E:><34D(?/61/>26(>3?@4700(24C(

C397>031A(341:(2(<23401>72<F(V7017>4F(@:<:D74:/0(?/61/>7M

N@H)/4GG)4S)6:9PF6F4L9D)D9LO59O8G&@7(24?3741(,:6A4703240`(201:430@34D(2?@3797<741(:E( 1>240P,2?3E3?(9:A2D34D(>72?@7C(1@7(@73D@1(

:E(310(C3EE3?/61A(34(1@7('2017>4(,2?3E3?F(QO@7>7(3417>P30624C(C30124?70(2>7(9201(24C(1@7(D>721(O34C0(24C(?/>P

Ja

JYa(_7;;76F(R/442>F($:>>30:4F(!62>7F(V21634DF(83?IF(&/3O2O2F($2>3I2F(24C(-:/4C0F(#022?M(Q!:407>9213:4(34(&>:;3?26(,2?3E3?(30624C(!:/41>370B(V@A($:01(!/>>741(%;;>:2?@70(2>7(=23634DUM(6*(.'1=%$/*(&!'$$'1.(GF(4:M(W(dXYJXeB(XGbPXbGMJYf(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMJJY(!>2OE:>CF($2>1@2M(Q+/012342567(87976:;<741(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(J(=/1*(8'($%+&7;/'(;'&%(>&T';@(*+*E,(XcF(4:M(JX(dJffZeB(XXabPXXfYMJJJ($7>1LF(.67F([3>?@P&@:<074F(&:>574F('657>634DF([:F(-:1@2/074F(+25>342F([7?@([>//4F(&@36C7F(-77457>DF(%47117F(=:DF([^2>47F('D0<:07F(-:4^2F(24C([>7/434DP$2C074F(N74>3IM(Q!@24D70(34(+@3E134D(!/6139213:4(+A017<0(:4(+<266(,2P?3E3?(#0624C0UM(T@'&Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcaF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYJXeB(JcGPJacMJJX($7>1LF(.67F([3>?@P&@:<074F(&:>574F('657>634DF([:F(-:1@2/074F(+25>342F([7?@([>//4F(&@36C7F(-77457>DF(%47117F(=:DF([^2>47F('D0<:07F(-:4^2F(24C([>7/434DP$2C074F(N74>3IM(Q!@24D70(34(+@3E134D(!/6139213:4(+A017<0(:4(+<266(,2P?3E3?(#0624C0UM(T@'&Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcaF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYJXeB(JcGMJJZ($7>1LF(.67F(71(26M(Q!@24D70(34(+@3E134D(!/6139213:4(+A017<0UM(JcGM

>7410(?:4E:/4C34DUMJJW((\:471@76700F(634D/3013?(1>2?70(17013EA(1:(1@7(C30134?1(0:?326(24C(?/61/>26(E:><0(1@21(

7<7>D7C(E>:<(797>A(47O6A(071167C(D>:/;M(%60:F(1@707(0:?326(D>:/;0(3417>2?17C(O31@(72?@(:1@7>(24C(?:4P134/7C(1:(C:(0:(O766(2E17>(3431326(071167<741F(7974(O@74(21(D>721(C30124?70(E>:<(72?@(:1@7>MJJG

V@367(1@7(=>74?@( @297(>7?:D43L7C( 624D/2D7(20(24(74C/>34D( >7D3:426(Q300/7UJJb( E>:<(1@7(72>6A(C2A0(:E( ?:6:43L7>(<3003:43L213:4( 1:( 1@7(<:C7>4(2C<34301>213:4(:E( =>74?@( ,:6A47032F( 634D/3013?(17403:40(

;72I7C(E:66:O34D(V:>6C(V2>( ##(O31@(1@7(70125630@<741(:E(<36312>A( 52070(34(1@7(JfbY0(1:(C7976:;(2(4/P

?672>(1701(?7417>(dQ67(!741>7('];7>3<74126(C/(,2?3pH/7UeM(&@30(@301:>3?266A(?@2>D7C(;7>3:C(;/1(1@7(:4D:P34D( 624D/2D7(17403:40(34(1@7(>7D3:4(341:(012>I(>7637EM(&@7(0:?326(C7;>7?3213:4(:E( 1>2C313:426(&2@31324(?/6P

1/>7(57?2<7(9303567(34(1@7(C7?63434D( >:67(:E(&2@31324(624D/2D7(34(797>AC2A(24C(2C<34301>21397(2EE23>0MJJc((!2/034D(24(/;>:2>(E:>(0;72I34D(&2@31324(34(1@7(;>:P=>74?@(24C(2003<36213:4301(2007<56AF(&2@31324(;:6313P

?324( 24C(4213:426301(,:/92422(2(.:;2(0;>72C( 1@7(?:4?7;1(:E( 2(634D/3013?(?>3030( 1@>:/D@(@30 (01>:4D( 624P

D/2D7(2C9:?2?A(O:>IMJJa( ( +3</61247:/06AF(6:?26( 9:3?70(7<5>2?34D(2 (01>:4D( ;>:1:P4213:426301(24C(2413P4/?672>( 0124?7(?@2<;3:47C(&2@31324( 624D/2D7(?2/07M(\:1256AF(;:71(N74>3(N3>:(74?:/>2D7C(2(>71/>4(1:(

1>2C313:4(24C(>7^7?13:4(:E('/>:;724(@25310(24C(<7412631370(5A(/>D34D($'&(?(%_%F(1@7(;7:;67F(1:(O>317(24C(0;72I(34(&2@31324MJJf

!/>>7416AF(:46A(=>74?@(d1@7(C:<34241( 624D/2D7e( 30(/07C(20 (1@7(624D/2D7(:E(7C/?213:4(34(=>74?@(

,:6A47032(O@367(&2@31324(:>(:1@7>( ,:6A470324( 624D/2D70(d1@7(@7>312D7(624D/2D70e( 2>7(1:67>217C( 34(0<266(2<:/410(K(JbY(<34(;7>(O77I(2?>:00 (1@7(O@:67(?/>>3?/6/<(034?7(JfaX(K(57?2/07(1@7A(2>7(200/<7C(4:1(1:(

74@24?7(2?2C7<3?(;>:D>700MJXY( (+1/C370(?:4C/?17C(34(1@7(&2@313(2>72(?:4E3><7C(1@21(7974(53634D/26(;2>P7410(0;:I7(<2346A(=>74?@(O31@(1@73>(?@36C>74(24C(1@21(266(:E(1@7(&2@31324(01/C7410 (0;:I7(<2346A(=>74?@(21(

@:<7(24C(21(0?@::6M(\:?/0(71(26M(34E7>(E>:<(1@30(34E:><213:4(1@21(Q34(1@30(0:?3:634D/3013?(?:417]1F(?:<;67](

;0A?@:6:D3?26(;@74:<742(:E( 17403:4(571O774(1@7(C703>7(1:(3417D>217(24C(E72>(:E( 2003<36213:4(<2A(57(;>70741(34(1@7(34C393C/26UMJXJ( ( #4C77CF(A:/4D(&2@313240(03</61247:/06A(O241(1:(576:4D( 1:(1@7(;>7926741(

=>74?@(?/61/>7(24C( 624D/2D7(24C( C:(4:1( O241( 1:( 6:07( ;2>1(:E( 1@73>( 3C74131A( 5A( >7634H/30@34D( &2@31324(?:<;67176AM(&@30(672C0(1:(2 (C77;(?:41>2C3?13:4(E761(5A(?@36C>74(0;72I34D(&2@31324(20 (2(E3>01(624D/2D7M(%0(

1@7A(03</61247:/06A(749A(24C(>70741(1@7(<:>7(;>7013D3:/0(=>74?@( 624D/2D7F(1@7A( 2>7(7<:13:4266A(24C(

?/61/>266A(2112?@7C(1:(2(624D/2D7(1@21(0:?371A(@20(C7926/7CMJXX

*4E:>1/42176AF(1@30(;@74:<74:4(634I7C(O31@(34?>7207C(=>74?@( 672>434D(06:O0(C:O4(:>(7974(>7P

97>070(1@7(672>434D(:E(&2@31324(:>(:1@7>(@7>312D7(624D/2D70M(\:1(:46A(C:70(;::>(@7>312D7(624D/2D7(C7976P

Jf

JJW($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(!%(E?%E'&%(>&6*88?(/;%$/*((Xa(dXYYaeB(ZcbMJJG($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(ZbZPZaGMJJb($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(ZbZPZaGMJJc($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(ZbZPZaGMJJa($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(!%(E?%E'&%(>&6*88?(/;%$/*((Xa(dXYYaeB(ZbZPZaGMJJf($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(!%(E?%E'&%(>&6*88?(/;%$/*((Xa(dXYYaeB(ZbZPZaGMJXY(\:?/0F(#0257667F(R/3<2>CF(,@363;;7F(g7>42/C:4F()2?H/70F(,232F($3>:07F(!:047E>:AF(.63937>F(24C(=6:>34F(%D4t0M(Q'EPE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<(E:>(1@7(2?H/30313:4(:E(:>26(24C(O>31174(=>74?@(24C(&2@31324(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(T'%;@/(E&%(>&T'%;@'1&J>?;%$/*((Xa(dXYJXeB(XJPZJMJXJ(\:?/0F(#0257667F(71(26MM(Q'EE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<UM(XXMJXX(\:?/0F(#0257667F(R/3<2>CF(,@363;;7F(g7>42/C:4F()2?H/70F(,232F($3>:07F(!:047E>:AF(.63937>F(24C(=6:>34F(%D4t0M(Q'EPE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<(E:>(1@7(2?H/30313:4(:E(:>26(24C(O>31174(=>74?@(24C(&2@31324(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(T'%;@/(E&%(>&T'%;@'1&J>?;%$/*((Xa(dXYJXeB(XJPZJM

:;<741(672C0(1:(C3EE3?/61370(34( 672>434D( 1@7( 07?:4C(624D/2D7F(5/1(31(260:( 47D213976A( 3<;2?10(0/??700 (34(

0?@::6MJXZ((&:(<313D217(1@7(C302;;72>24?7(:E(&2@31324(2<:4D(A:/4D(D747>213:40F(0?@::60(0@:/6C(?:4134/7(624D/2D7(C7976:;<741(:E(1@30(@7>312D7(624D/2D7(1@>:/D@(53634D/26(172?@34DM(&@7>7(2>7(E:/>(2>D/<7410(34(

E29:>(:E( 53634D/2630<(34(=>74?@(,:6A470324(0?@::60M(=3>016AF(Q,:6A470324(;7:;67(2>7(<:>7(:>(6700(2?13976A(?:4170134D(2003<36213:4(24C(D6:5263L213:4(24C(2>7(C7<24C34D(1@21(1@73>(634D/3013?(24C(?/61/>26(@7>312D7(57(

2?I4:O67CD7CF(;>:<:17C(24C(;2007C(:4UMJXW(&@30(C:70(4:1(<724(1@21(,:6A470324(4213970(>7^7?1(E:>73D4(

?/61/>26 (34E6/74?70M( #4(E2?1F(1@7A( 2>7(I774(1:(O76?:<7(:1@7>(34E6/74?70(34(:>C7>( 1:(;>:<:17(1@73>(:O4(;>:?700(:E( ?/61/>26(>747O26F(5/1(1@7A(>70741(1@7(QD6:11:?741>3?U(24C(QD6:11:;@2D3?U(21131/C70(1@21(@297(

2??:<;2437C(=>74?@( ?:6:43L213:4M(+7?:4C6AF( 1@7(>70/610(:E( 3417>4213:426(;0A?@:634D/3013?( >7072>?@(341:(1@7(7EE7?10(:E(53634D/2630<(:4(?:D431397(C7976:;<741(;>:93C7(2>D/<7410(34(E29:>(:E(53634D/26(7C/?213:4M(

&@3>C6AF(03<362>(;>:D>2<0(?:4C/?17C(34(:1@7>( ?:/41>370(34?6/C34D(\7O(!267C:432(@297(@2C(;:031397(>7P

0/610M("2016AF(&2@31324(3401>/?13:4(672C0(1:( >76213976A( 01>:4D( &2@31324(>72C34D(;>:E3?374?A( 24C(2 (;:031397(7EE7?1(34(1@7(6:4D(>/4(:4(2?2C7<3?(?:<;7174?7FJXG(O31@:/1(24A(C30>/;13:40(1:(1@7(01/C7410(=>74?@(>72CP

34D(;>:E3?374?AM(#4C77CF(1@7(01/CA(34C3?217C(1@21(1@7(7];7>3<74126(D>:/;(0?:>7C(03D43E3?2416A(@3D@7>(1@24(1@7(?:41>:6(D>:/;(:4(1@7(&2@31324(>72C34D(1701F(5/1(C3C(4:1(:4(1@7(=>74?@(>72C34D(1701M

N:O797>F(:1@7>(624D/2D70(0;:I74(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (</014`1(57(E:>D:1174(5A(24(7]2DD7>217C(

7<;@2030(:4(1@7(<:>7(O3C76A( 0;:I74(&2@31324M(#4(1@7(E3D@1(1:(2C9:?217(E:>(1@7(>7926:>3L213:4(:E( 1>2C3P13:426(624D/2D70F(6:?26(3C3:<0(:1@7>(1@24(&2@31324(:E174(E266(57@34CM(=:>(7]2<;67F(:47(?:40/61241(;2>13?/P

62>6A(?:<<3117C(1:($24D2>7924(624D/2D7(<23417424?7(24C(>793926F(O@74(C30?/0034D(1@7(47O0(5>:2C?201(1@21(?:<</43?217C(1@7(,>703C741326( :>C7>(763<342134D( -7:(&2@313( dQ1@7( 624D/2D70(:E( &2@313Ue( E>:<( 1@7(

67]3?:4(34(E29:>(:E(-7:($2j:@3(dQ1@7(624D/2D70(:E(,:6A47032Ue(1:(34?6/C7(1@7(:1@7>(624D/2D70 (0;:I74(34(

1@7(17>>31:>Ae(2007>17C(>21@7>(53134D6AB(Q#1`0 (4:1(O:>1@(1@7(1>:/567(1:(7974(02A(-7:($2j:@3F(1@7>7(30(:46A(&2@31324( 4:OUMJXb ( ( !:407H/7416AF( 7EE:>10(</01(57(<2C7( 1:(;>:<:17( 1@7(/4C7>0124C34DF( 2??7;124?7F(

672>434DF( 24C( /07(:E( 1@707(:1@7>( 624D/2D70 (34( 2CC313:4(1:( 1@7(<23401>72<(&2@31324M(=:>( 7]2<;67F( 1@7($24D2>7924( 624D/2D7F(O@3?@(30 (?:403C7>7C(2(C3267?1(:E(&2@31324F(0@:/6C(4:1(57(013D<213L7C(5A(&2@31324(

0;72I7>0(:4(1@7(;>7<307(1@21(310(1:42631A(30(;7>?7397C(20(<:>7(>/DD7CM(

N@M)#5:9D)64)5:39L)JFO:96F4L)9LP)FGD9LP)P8G8:6FSFQ96F4LV@71@7>(1@7A(2>7(<3D>2134D(1:(?31370(34(072>?@(:E(57117>(:;;:>1/431370F(D>7217>(?:447?17C4700 (1:(

1@7(O:>6CF(:>(2 (<:>7(<:C7>4(63E701A67F(<:>7(24C(<:>7(34@25312410(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032(67297(1@73>(@:<7(

30624C0(1:(^:34(cGiJXc(:E( 1@73>( E766:O(?:/41>A<74( 63934D(:4(&2@313(:>($:`:>72M(&@30(;@74:<74:4(C>2340(

1@7(A:/4D7>(D747>213:40(2O2A(E>:<(1@73>(@:<7(30624C0(24C(2??767>2170(1@7(C302;;72>24?7(:E(1>2C313:426(I4:O67CD7(24C(639763@::C0M($:>7:97>F(>2;3C6A(7];24C34D(/>524( ;:;/6213:40(D>7216A( 34?>7207(C7<24C0(

E:>(34E>201>/?1/>7(24C(/13631A(07>93?70F(70;7?3266A( 34(17><0(:E(O217>(0/;;6A(24C(02431213:4M(V@367(<24A(:E(1@707( ;>:567<0( ?24(57(2CC>7007C( ;2>16A( 1@>:/D@(01>217D3?(;@A03?26( 24C( 7493>:4<74126( ;624434DF( 1@7(

XY

JXZ(\:?/0F(#0257667F(71(26MM(Q'EE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<UM(XXMJXW(\:?/0F(#0257667F(71(26MM(Q'EE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<UM(XXMJXG(\:?/0F(#0257667F(71(26MM(Q'EE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<UM(XJPZJMJXb($2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(!%(E?%E'&%(>&6*88?(/;%$/*((Xa(dXYYaeB(ZbZPZaGMJXc(QRS:D>2;@37(K(!63<21(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307UM(!"#$%$&'(&)*+,(-./'&01%(2%/.'3(N2/1(!:<<302>321(C7(62(-S;/5P63H/7(74(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M(=75>/2>AF(JW(XYJZM

0:?3:P7?:4:<3?(C>397>0(:E(/>5243L213:4(2>7(:E174(4213:4PO3C7(;@74:<742(1@21(?244:1(57(0:697C(5A(6:?26(

0:6/13:40(26:47MJXa

%0(C:?/<7417C(5A(":?I7F(:47(:E( 1@7(34C3>7?1(7EE7?10(:E(>3034D( D6:526(17<;7>21/>70(34(,2?3E3?(30P

624C(4213:40(30(1@21(>703C7410 (2>7(57?:<34D(E:>?7C(Q1:(<3D>217(E>:<(<:>7(9/647>2567(:/17>(30624C0(1:(1@7(?2;3126(30624CF(672C34D(1:(</1/266A(>734E:>?34D(?A?670(:E(7?:4:<3?(24C(7493>:4<74126(C7?63470UMJXf((!:<P

53434D(O31@(:1@7>(<3D>21:>A(;/66(34E6/74?70(24C(@3D@(/>524(;:;/6213:4(D>:O1@F(1@30(7493>:4<741266A(34P

C/?7C(3417>426(<3D>213:4( 30(?:41>35/134D( 1:(@3D@(/>524( D>:O1@( >2170M(%0(2(>70/61F(;:;/6213:4( C74031370(@297( C>2013?266A( 34?>7207C( :4( ?741>26( 30624C0F( O@3?@( ?24( >70/61( 34( C7?>72034D( @/<24( C7976:;<741(

34C3?21:>0MJZY(V@367(/>5243L213:4(@20(?:41>35/17C(1:(4213:426(C7976:;<741(5A( 1>240E:><34D(1:O40(341:(?7417>0(:E(7<;6:A<741F(;:6313?0F(?/61/>7F(7C/?213:4(24C(07>93?7(;>:9303:4F(/>524(D>:O1@(260:(477C0(1:(57(

?2>7E/66A(<242D7CF(20(31(30(2 (0:/>?7(:E(7493>:4<74126(C7D>2C213:4F(:97>;:;/6213:4F(/47<;6:A<741F(0:P

?326(17403:4(24C(?>3<7MJZJ(

N@N)/4GG)4S)6:9PF6F4L9D)ZL4KD8PO8[7?2/07(1@7A( @2C(1:( 6397(O31@34(1@7(<7240(:E( E34317(30624C0(O31@(63<317C(421/>26(>70:/>?70F(24P

?3741(,:6A4703240(0:?371370(1>2C313:4266A(C7976:;7C(2(@3D@(0740313931A( 1:(7493>:4<74126(E77C52?I0M(%E17>(

?741/>370(:E( 1>326(24C(7>>:>F(1@7A(C7976:;7C(2(>7<2>I2567(?2;2?31A(1:(C717?1(7493>:4<74126(C301>700(24C(1@7(7?:6:D3?26(I4:O67CD7( 1:( >70;:4C(2;;>:;>32176AM( &@>:/D@(1@7(70125630@<741(:E( E67]3567( 340131/13:40(

1>240<3117C(1@>:/D@(>31/260F(>763D3:/0(;>2?13?70F( 24C(:>26(@301:>AF( ,:6A4703240(;2007C(C:O4(1@30 (I4:O6P7CD7(E>:<(D747>213:4(1:(D747>213:4M(#1(30(1@30(?:667?1397(<7<:>A(1@21(/4C7>6370(1@7(?/01:<2>A(;>2?13?70(

O@3?@(C717><347C(1@7(/07(24C(<242D7<741(:E(421/>26(>70:/>?70MJZX

&@7(C717>3:>213:4(:E( 1>2C313:426(624C(24C(072(174/>7(0A017<0(20(O766(20 (1@7( 6:00(:E( 1>2C313:426(I4:O67CD7(@20 (5774(C71>3<74126(1:(421/>26(>70:/>?7(<242D7<741(24C(@/<24(O76E2>7(34(=>74?@(,:6A47P

032M(%0(?20@(7?:4:<370(;>:D>7003976A(>7;62?7C( 1@7(1>2C313:426(0/5030174?7(7?:4:<370(:E( ,2?3E3?( 30624C(4213:40(21( 62>D7F( 1@7( E:><7>( @297( ?:41>35/17C( 1:( 1@7( C7;6713:4( :E( 421/>26( >70:/>?70( 24C( 7?:0A017<(

C7D>2C213:4MJZZ

N@X)15D65:9D)FP8L6F6R)Q:FGFG&@7(?/61/>26(3C74131A(?>3030(E761(5A(<24A(,:6A470324(0:?371370(017<0(E>:<(1@7(6:00(:E(</?@(:E(1@73>(1>2C3P13:426(I4:O67CD7(E>:<(1@7(72>63701(C2A0(:E(?:6:43L213:4(1:(1@7(?/61/>26(24C(;:6313?26(C:<34213:4(7]7>17C(

5A(=>24?7(1:(1@30(C2AM(V@367(1@7(300/7(30(34?>7C356A(9201(24C(?:<;67]F(:47(0@:>1(5/1(176634D(7]2<;67(:E(1@7(

O2A( 34(O@3?@('/>:;7240(2617>7C(,:6A403240`(07407(:E( 3C74131A(30 (1@7(C39303:4(:E(.?72432M('/>:;724(?/6P

XJ

JXa(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGMJXf(":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:4B(+/CC74(!>3030(24C(":4DP&7><(87976:;P<7410UM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcGF(4:M(Z(dXYYfeB(JcJPJaYMJZY(":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:4UM(JcJPJaYMJZJ(!:44766F():@4M(Q'67;@2410(34(1@7(,2?3E3?h(,2?3E3?(*>5243L213:4(24C(310(830?:417410UM(M./%&)%;/B/;&U/'DK*/($(GXF(4:M(X(d%/D/01(XYJJeB(JXJPJZGMJZX(%DD2>O26F(-3<^@3<M(R6:5263L213:4F(":?26('?:0A017<0F(24C(1@7(-/>26(,::>M(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($3(g:6M(ZWF(\:M(aF(;;M(JWYGPJWJaM(XYYbMJZZ(*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493P>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGM

1/>26(3<;7>32630<(34(,:6A47032(57D24(72>6A(24C(E/4C2<741266A(0@2;7C(:/103C7>(;7>?7;13:40(:E(1@30(>7D3:4(

1:(1@30 (C2AM([A(2>531>2>36A(07?13:434D(.?72432(341:(E:/>(<234(>7D3:40(K(,:6A47032F($76247032F($3?>:47032F(24C($262A032(K( 34(JaZXF(=>74?@(7];6:>7>( )724P+S5201374(!S02>(8/<:41(C`*>93667(?>7217C( /447?7002>A(

C30134?13:40( 571O774( ,:6A470324( ;7:;670 ( 0:676A(5207C( :4( ;@A03?26( 2;;72>24?7( 24C( 1>2310MJZW ( %0(

&?@7>ISL:EE( 7];62340F( Q31(</01( 57(E3><6A( 7<;@2P

03L7C( 1@21( 1@7( E:/>E:6C( C39303:4( :E( .?72432(O20(4:1(@2><6700(24C(@2C(631167(1:(C:(O31@(D7:D>2;@AM(

%( ?6:07(>72C34D(:E(8/<:41(C`*>93667(JaZX( ;2;7>(?672>6A(0@:O0(1@7(3417413:4(1:(?:41>35/17(1:(>2?326(

1@7:>370 (:E( @/<24( 92>3213:4F( 24C( 4:1( 03<;6A( 1:(

2CC(1:( 1@7(?2>1:D>2;@3?(?:667?13:4(:E( 1@7(=>74?@(\29AUMJZG ( ( +2C6AF(1@7(2C:;13:4(:E( 1@30(?62003E3?2P

13:4( 1:C2A( 30( 0:( ?:<;6717( 1@21( 310( 67D313<2?A( 30(4797>( >7?:403C7>7CM( !>72134D( 07;2>213:40(O@7>7(

1@7A( C3C4`1(7]301F( 1@30(2>13E3?326(C39303:4( 30(:47( :E(

1@7(72>63701(7]2<;670 (:E(V7017>4(<243;/6213:4(:E(,:6A4703240`(?/61/>26(3C74131AM((

&:C2AF(;7:;67(63934D(34(=>74?@(0;72I34D(,:6A47032(2>7(01366(C7E3434D(1@73>(:O4(?/61/>26(3C74131A(20(C70?74C2410(:E(421397(,:6A4703240(O31@(O@:<(1@7A(@297(6700(24C(6700 (34(?:<<:4(24C(20(?313L740(:E(2(

?:/41>A(O@:07(;:6313?26F(7?:4:<3?F(24C(?/61/>26(C:<34213:4(1@7A(>7^7?1M

#8Q4JJ8LP96F4LG#4(:>C7>(1:(2?@3797(6:4DP17><(7493>:4<74126(24C(?/61/>26(0/01234253631AF(=>74?@(,:6A47032(</01(

01>3I7(1@7(>3D@1(52624?7(571O774(>7<23434D(:;74(1:(1@7(:/103C7(O:>6C(24C(;>707>934D(1@7(?/61/>26(>3?@P

4700 (24C(421/>26(572/1A(O31@34(310(2>?@3;762D:0M(,2>13?/62>6AF(?63<217(?@24D7(<313D213:4(24C(2C2;1213:4(<720/>70(2>7(?>313?26(1:(;>707>97(1@7(3417D>31A(:E(=>74?@(,:6A470324(7493>:4<741(24C(0:?371AM(+3<362>6AF(

1@7(926:>3L213:4(:E($2`:@3(?/61/>7(O366 (;>:<:17(1@7(>7036374?A(24C(O766P5734D(:E(=>74?@(,:6A470324(0:?3P71A(34(24(34?>72034D6A(3417>?:447?17C(E/1/>7M(

!:407>9213:4(34313213970(</01(34?6/C7(?/01:<2>A(624C:O47>0(O@:(2>7(1@7(;:;/6213:40(1@21(@297(

:??/;37C(1@7(624C(E:>(D747>213:40F(20(7]?6/C34D(1@7(?:<</431A(34(C703D434D(24C(3<;67<74134D(2(;>:^7?1(30 (2(;>:974(<2^:>(?2/07(:E(E236/>7MJZb( ( !:<</431A(349:697<741( 30(?741>26 (1:(1@7(0/??700(:E(0/012342567(

C7976:;<741(34313213970F(20( 30(1@7(C7976:;<741(:E( 2617>421397(639763@::C0(24C( ?2;2?31A(5/36C34D( 1:(7<P;:O7>(?:<</431370 (1:(57?:<7(>70363741M(.4(1@7(3417>4213:426(67976F(266(012I7@:6C7>0(349:697C(34(0/01234P

2567(C7976:;<741(34313213970(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(</01(077I(1:(763<34217(1@7(;7>92C34D(?63<217(:E(<301>/01(24C(

XX

JZW(&?@7>ISL:EEF(+7>D7M(Q%(":4D(24C(*4E:>1/4217(g:A2D7(1:O2>C0(1@7(u#497413:4u(:E(1@7($76247032s,:6A47032(830P134?13:4(P(JGfGPJaZXUM(T@'&S*?1(%+&*B&)%;/B/;&:/.$*1,(ZaF(4:M(X(8/<:41(Cu*>93667u0(839303:40(:E(.?72432B(=/4C2<74126(,>7?34?10(:>(%>531>2>A(!:401>/?10h(d+7;1(XYYZeB(JcGPJfbMJZG(&?@7>ISL:EEF(+7>D7M(Q%(":4D(24C(*4E:>1/4217(g:A2D7UM(JcGPJfbMJZb(_7;;76F(R/442>F($:>>30:4F(!62>7F(V21634DF(83?IF(&/3O2O2F($2>3I2F(24C(-:/4C0F(#022?M(Q!:407>9213:4(34(&>:;3?26(,2?3E3?(30624C(!:/41>370B(V@A($:01(!/>>741(%;;>:2?@70(2>7(=23634DUM(6*(.'1=%$/*(&!'$$'1.(GF(4:M(W(dXYJXeB(XGbPXbGM

Faafaite, Tahitiʼs traditional sailing canoe from the Polyne-sian Voyaging Society

1@7(;7>0301741(347H/2631370(;7><72134D(47D:13213:40MJZc((#4(:>C7>(1:(2?@3797(1@707(D:260F(7493>:4<741(24C(

C7976:;<741(300/70(0@:/6C(57(57117>(3417D>217C(1:(C76397>(<2]3</<(3<;2?1(24C(@:63013?(0/012342567(C7P976:;<741M( %60:F( 24( 21<:0;@7>7(:E( 1>/01( 0@:/6C( 57(;>:<:17C( 1@>:/D@( >7;7217C( ?:4E3C74?7P5/36C34D(

<720/>70(24C(2C2;134D(;>:^7?10 (1:(1@7(0;7?3E3?31370(:E(2(?:/41>A`0(?/61/>7F(340131/13:40F(17?@4:6:D370F(24C(I4:O67CD7M([A(O:>I34D(1:O2>C0(5/36C34D(=>74?@(,:6A47032`0(?2;2?31AF(O7(?24(?:01(7EE7?13976A(34?>7207(310(

>7036374?7(2D23401(?63<217(?@24D7(>76217C(C302017>0 (24C(7<;:O7>(1@30(4:4P0:97>73D4(4213:4(;201(310(</?@(

C75217C( ?:6:4326(@301:>AM(%0(,2>I0 (24C(&3<<:40(2C<3>256A( 0/<<2>3L7F(Q2CC>70034D( ?63<217(34^/013?7(30(1@7>7E:>7(24(7<347416A(;>2?13?26(O2A(:E(>70:6934D(1@7(47D:132134D(C72C6:?IUMJZa(

14LQD5GF4L) 870;317(310(>76213976A(0<266(2>72(:E( 7<7>D7C(624CF(=>74?@(,:6A47032(30(2(E20?342134D(?:/41>A(1@21(30 (>7<2>I256A(C397>07(5:1@(34(53:C397>031A(24C(34(?/61/>26 (>3?@4700M(#1(?/>>7416A(E2?70(<24A(?@26674D70(;7>P

123434D(1:(D6:526(?63<217(?@24D7F(0/?@(20(072(67976(>307F(7]1>7<7(O721@7>(797410F(7>:03:4F(24C(C>:/D@1M(%60:F(1@7(?:/41>A(30(7];7>374?34D(?/61/>26(0/01234253631A(300/70(34(1@7(?:417]1(:E(?/61/>26(C:<34213:4(24C(

34?>72034D( D6:5263L213:4F( 42<76A( 6:00 (:E( 1>2C313:426( ?/61/>7F(V7017>43L213:4(:E(O2A( :E( 63E7F( ?/61/>26( :;P

;>7003:4F(24C(?@24D70(34(1>2C313:426(639763@::C0M(V@367(0/?@(?@26674D70(<2A(2;;72>(C2/4134DF(2(?/61/>26(>793926(<:97<741(@20(7<7>D7C(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032 (24C(;>:<:170(3C720(:E( 1>2C313:426($2`:@3(?/61/>7F(

D>7217>(7493>:4<74126(0/01234253631AF(24C(2(<:>7(@:63013?(O2A(:E( 63E7M(&@30 (<:97<741(1:/?@70(<24A(20P;7?10 (:E(0:?371AF(24C(20(+<31@(7];62340(1@21(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032F(1@7(Q2O2>74700(:EF(24C(3417>701(34F(,:6AP

470324( ?/61/>7( 30 ( ?6:076A( 200:?3217C( O31@( 2(;:;/62>(<:97<741( 1:O2>C0( ;:6313?26( 2/1:4:<A( 24C( 076EP

C717><34213:4(E:>( ,:6A470324(?:<</431370MUJZf( ($/?@( 34( 1@21(02<7(<:97<741F(4/<7>:/0(34C3D74:/0(D>:/;0(2>7(3497013D2134D(<:>7(@:63013?(2617>4213970(1:(V7017>4(<:C760(:E(C7976:;<741F(/4C7>63434D(1@7(

C3EE7>741(O2A0(:E( ?:4?7;1/263L34D(24C(2?@37934D(0/012342567(C7976:;<741M( #4C77CF("::<30(1@:/D@1E/66A(>7<2>I0(1@21(Q1@7(;21@O2A( 1:(740/>34D(1@7(E/1/>7(O766P5734D(:E(@/<24I34C(24C(1@7(;62471(6370(4:1( 34(

63<316700(D>:O1@F(?:40/<;13:4(24C(Q<:>7P<2>I71UF(5/1(34(2(?>721397(>73417D>213:4(:E(7?:4:<AF(0:?371AF(

24C(7?:6:DAUM140(($2A(1@30(57(1@7(;21@(O7(266(12I7(E:>(:/>(E/1/>7F(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032(24C(57A:4CM(

XZ

JZc(,2>I0F([>2C67A(24C(&3<<:40(-:57>10F()M(QR6:5263L213:4F(g/647>253631A(1:(!63<217(!@24D7F(24C(,7>?7397C(#4^/0P13?7UM(7*;/'$,&%(>&\%$?1%+&4'.*?1;'.F(Jf(dXYYbeB(ZGJMJZa(,2>I0(24C(&3<<:40M(QR6:5263L213:4F(g/647>253631A(1:(!63<217(!@24D7F(24C(,7>?7397C(#4^/013?7UM(ZGJMJZf(+<31@F(%4312M(Q%>?@27:6:DAF(6:?26(@301:>A(24C(?:<</431A(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(N*1+>&M1;@%'*+*E,(WXF(4:M(Z(dXYJYeB(ZcbMJWY("::<30F(&7>>74?7M(Q#4C3D74:/0(,:;/6213:40(24C(+/012342567(87976:;<741B([/36C34D(:4(#4C3D74:/0(%;;>:2?@70(1:(N:63013?F(+76EP8717><347C(87976:;<741UM(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($(XaF(4:M(G(dXYYYeB(fYZM

T"#<()1+$&;

%DD2>O26F(-3<^@3<M(R6:5263L213:4F(":?26('?:0A017<0F(24C(1@7(-/>26(,::>M(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($3(

g:6M(ZWF(\:M(aF(;;M(JWYGPJWJaM(XYYbM

((((((((((((((((%6674F($7634C2(24C($?%63017>F(%4C>7OM(Q&@7(N2I272([72?@(0317F($2>H/7024(?:6:43L213:4F(24C(

<:C760(:E('201(,:6A470324(87976:;<741UM(M1;@'*+*E/;%+&Q;'%(/%(WG(dXYJYeB(GWPbGM(

(((((((((((((((%66324?7(:E(+<266(#0624C(+12170M(Q87?62>213:4(:4(!63<217(!@24D7UM(XYYfM

((((((((((((((((!23F(V74^/F("74D23D47F($211@37/F([:>62?7F(+3<:4F(!:66340F($211@7OF(!:O24F(&3<F($?,@2C74F(

$3?@276F(&3<<7><244F(%]76F(,:O7>F(+?:11F([>:O4F():07;@347F($74I70F(!@>301:;@7F(\D2>3F(%>:42F(g34P?741F('<<24/76F(24C(V3C6240IAF($211@7OM(Q$:>7(7]1>7<7(0O34D0(:E(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(?:497>D74?7(

L:47(C/7(1:(D>774@:/07(O2><34DUM(\%$?1'&WaaF(4:M(cWJJ(dXYJXeB

((((((((((((((((!2<;5766F():@4M(Q!63<217(!@24D7F(-76:?213:4F(24C(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:<</431370UM(*4397>031A(:E(

V23I21:F(87;2>1<741(:E(R7:D>2;@AF(&:/>30<(24C('493>:4<74126(,624434DM(f(\:97<57>(XYYfM

(((((((((((((((!%-'(#417>4213:426M(Q#4(+72>?@(:E(+@7617>B($2;;34D(1@7('EE7?10(:E(!63<217(!@24D7(:4(N/<24($3P

D>213:4(24C(830;62?7<741UM($2A(XYYfM(

!6270074F(N74>3(24C(g24([2I76F($2>134M(Q&@7<7(24C(g2>3213:40B(&@7(87976:;<741(:E(83EE7>74?70(34(,:6A470324(+:?3:P,:6313?26(.>D243L213:40UM(`/a>1%E'(&$*$&>'&T%%+R<&!%(>R&'(&U*+W'(W?(>'(JbXF(4:M(XsZ(

dXYYbeB(XJaPXbaM

( Q!:4ES>74?7(C7(,>7007(C/(,>S03C741(&7<2>/(0/>(62(>S340?>3;13:4(C7(62(,:6A4S037(0/>(62(63017(C70(

;2A0(4:4(2/1:4:<70(r(CS?:6:4307>UM()1-./>'(;'3KBM()24(ZJF(XYJZM("2(,>S03C74?7(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M(=75(XZF(XYJZM(

(

!:44766F():@4M(Q'67;@2410(34(1@7(,2?3E3?h(,2?3E3?(*>5243L213:4(24C(310(830?:417410UM(M./%&)%;/B/;&U/'DK*/($(GXF(4:M(X(d%/D/01(XYJJeB(JXJPJZGM

!>2OE:>CF($2>1@2M(Q+/012342567(87976:;<741(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(J(=/1*(8'($%+&7;/'(;'&

%(>&T';@(*+*E,(XcF(4:M(JX(dJffZeB(XXabPXXfYM(

!>313?26('?:0A017<(,2>147>0@3;(=/4CM(Q'?:0A017<(,>:E367B(,:6A47032P$3?>:47032([3:C397>031A(N:1P

0;:1UM($2A(XYYcM

875t47F($2>?M(Q"70("24D/70(C7(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307(71(62(!:40131/13:4B("357>1SF(oD2631SF(=>217>P

431SUM(((U/;$*1/%&V(/='1./$,&*B&N'++/(E$*((WX(dXYJJeB(ZYcPZXfM(

XW

((((((((((((((('53F(_>30137F("7O30F(\24?AF(24C(!:>92624F(!2>6:0M(Q!63<217(g2>3253631A(24C(!@24D7(24C(&@73>(,:174P

1326(N7261@('EE7?10(34(+<266(#0624C(+12170B(#4E:><213:4(E:>(%C2;1213:4(,624434D(34(1@7(N7261@(+7?1:>UM(J(=/R1*(8'($%+&:'%+$@&)'1.K';$/='.(JJWF(4:M(JX(d87?7<57>(XYYbeB(JfGcPJfbZM

((((((((((((((('53F(_>30137(24C(+7<74L2F()24M(Q!:<</431AP[207C(%C2;1213:4(1:(1@7(N7261@(#<;2?10(:E(!63<217(

!@24D7UM(M8'1/;%(&S*?1(%+&*B&)1'='($%$/='&]'>/;/('&ZGF(4:M(G(d\:9(XYYaeB(GYJPGYcM

( o137447F(+2</76M(Q$2>347(#4/4C213:4(N2L2>C0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032B(R7:<:>;@3?(#<;2?10(:E(

&>:;3?26(!A?6:47(.63(34(=75>/2>A(XYJYUM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&7*;/'$,<&!*(>*(<&7K';/%+&)?5+/;%$/*(.(ZbJ(dXYJXeB(XJPZfM(

(

(((((((((((((((=::C(24C(%D>3?/61/>26(.>D243L213:4M(Q!63<217(?@24D7(24C(=::C(+7?/>31A(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/4P1>370UM(-:<7F(XYYaM

( QRS:D>2;@37(K(!63<21(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307UM(!"#$%$&'(&)*+,(-./'&01%(2%/.'3(N2/1(!:<<302>P

321(C7(62(-S;/563H/7(74(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M(=75>/2>AF(JW(XYJZM(

(((((((((((((((R7>:F(%442F($S@7/]F(_3>0137F(24C(8:<347APN:O07F(8267M(Q#417D>2134D(8302017>(-30I

-7C/?13:4(24C(!63<217(!@24D7(%C2;1213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?UM(6+/8%$'&%(>&^'='+*K8'($(ZF(4:M(W(dXYJJeB(ZJYPZXcM

(((((((((((((((R36637F(-3?@2>CM(Q!2/070(:E(!:20126('>:03:4(34(,2?3E3?(#0624C(\213:40UM(S*?1(%+&*B&6*%.$%+&4'.'%1;@(XWF(+;7?326(#00/7(P(#0624C(+12170(21(-30IB(R6:526(!63<217(!@24D7F(87976:;<741(24C(,:;/6213:4(d=266(JffceB(

JcZPXYWM(

(((((((((((((((N257>67F(+3<:4(24C(!@7;01:O("/01AF(%67]M(Q!24(!63<217(#4E6/74?7(!/61/>26(87976:;<741h(%(g37O(

1@>:/D@(&3<7UM(J(=/1*(8'($&%(>&:/.$*1,(bF(4:M(Z(d%/D(XYYYeB(ZWfPZbfM(

(((((((((((((((N2>1<244F([710AM(Q-71@34I34D(!63<217(-7E/D770(24C(!63<217(!:4E63?1B(-@71:>3?F(-72631AF(24C(1@7(,:6313?0(:E(,:63?A(830?:/>07UM(S*?1(%+&*B&X($'1(%$/*(%+&^'='+*K8'($&XX(dXYJYeB(XZZPXWbM

(

(((((((((((((((#0624C0(=3>01M(Q%44/26(-7;:>1U(dXYJXeM

(((((((((((((((_2@4F($3>32<M(Q&2@313(#417>1O347CB(%4?701>26("24CF(&:/>301(,:01?2>CF(24C(\/?672>(&701(+317UM(M8'1/;%(&M($@1*K*+*E/.$(JYXF(4:M(J(d$2>(XYYYeB(cPXbM

(

(((((((((((((((_73<F($2>IM(Q[/36C34D(N/<24(-7036374?7B(&@7(-:67(:E(,/563?(N7261@(,>7;2>7C4700(24C(-70;:407(20(24(%C2;1213:4(1:(!63<217(!@24D7UM(M8'1/;%(&S*?1(%+&*B&)1'='($%$/='&]'>/;/('(ZGF(4:M(G(dXYYaeB(GYaP

GJbM

(((((((((((((((_76<24F(#624M(Q!207(+1/CA(K(#0624C('92?/213:4UM(0*1;'>&]/E1%$/*(&4'=/'D&ZJF(!63<217(!@24D7(24C(

830;62?7<741(d.?1(XYYaeB(XYPXJM(

XG

(((((((((((( _76<24F(#624M(Q#0624C(+7?/>31A(24C(8302017>(83;6:<2?A(34(1@7(!:417]1(:E(!63<217(!@24D7UM(

!'.&6%@/'1.&>'&+%&7-;?1/$-F(bZ(dXYYbeB(bJPfWM(

_7;;76F(R/442>F($:>>30:4F(!62>7F(V21634DF(83?IF(&/3O2O2F($2>3I2F(24C(-:/4C0F(#022?M(Q!:407>92P13:4(34(&>:;3?26(,2?3E3?(30624C(!:/41>370B(V@A($:01(!/>>741(%;;>:2?@70(2>7(=23634DUM(6*(.'1=%$/*(&!'$$'1.(

GF(4:M(W(dXYJXeB(XGbPXbGM

(((((((((((((((_3>?@F(,21>3?I(g341:4M(Q,>7@301:>3?(+/5030174?7(,2117>40(34(1@7(\:>1@7>4($2>H/7020(#0624C0F(

=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(M1;@%'*+*E,&P&)@,./;%+&M($@1*K*+*E,&/(&Q;'%(/%(aF(4:M(J(d%;>(JfcZeB(XWPWYM

( _4355F(8293CM(Q+31134D(:4(2(g:6?24:B(&>:/567(34(1@7(=>74?@(&>:;3?0UM(T@'&\'D&!'%>'1(bc(dJfaWeB(ZP

GM((

((((((((((((((("7;:E0IAF(8242M(QR2>C740(:E('C74h(%4('1@4:@301:>3?(-7?:401>/?13:4(:E($2:@3(d&2@31324e(!/61392P13:4UM(T@'&M8'1/;%(&7*;/'$,&*B&J$@(*@/.$*1,&WbF(4:M(J(dJfffeB(JPXfM

( "7;:E0IAF(8242(24C(_2@4F()7443E7>M(Q!/61392134D(24('?:6:D3?26(24C(+:?326([2624?7B('6317(87<24C0(24C(!:<<:47>(_4:O67CD7(34(%4?3741($2`:@3(%D>3?/61/>7F(+:?371A(#0624C0UM(M8'1/;%(&M($@1*K*+*E/.$(

JJZF(4:M(X(dXYJJeB(ZJfPZZGM

(((((((((((((((":?I7F()/0134M(Q!63<217(!@24D7P#4C/?7C($3D>213:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:4B(+/CC74(!>3030(24C(":4DP

&7><(87976:;<7410UM(Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcGF(4:M(Z(dXYYfeB(JcJPJaYM

(((((((((((((( "::<30F(&7>>74?7M(Q#4C3D74:/0(,:;/6213:40(24C(+/012342567(87976:;<741B([/36C34D(:4(#4C3D7P4:/0(%;;>:2?@70(1:(N:63013?F(+76EP8717><347C(87976:;<741UM(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($(XaF(4:M(G(dXYYYeB(afZP

fJYM

":/D@>AF($2>A2447(24C($?%C2<F()247M(Q_3>35213(K(>76:?213:4(24C(2C2;1213:4UM(0*1;'>&]/E1%$/*(&

4'=/'D&ZJF(!63<217(!@24D7(24C(830;62?7<741(d.?1(XYYaeB(GJPGXM

"A:4(82@6F(%>1@/>M(Q.?72432`0($:01(,>70034D('493>:4<74126(!:4?7>40UM(M85/*(JZF(4:M(GPb(d&@7(

+:/1@(,2?3E3?F(JfaWeB(XfbPZYJM

((((((((((((((($24L766:F(87>7IF(_67A;20F():24F([/CCF(8293CF('2I34F($2>IF(R6A44F(,717>F(24C("24DC:4F(!@>30M(Q,::>6A(!7<7417C(!:>26(-77E0(:E(1@7('2017>4(&>:;3?26(,2?3E3?B(,:003567(#403D@10(341:(-77E(87976:;<741(34(

2(N3D@P!.v(V:>6CUM()1*;''>/(E.&*B&$@'&\%$/*(%+&M;%>'8,&*B&7;/'(;'.&*B&$@'&V(/$'>&7$%$'.&*B&M8'1/;%(

JYGF(4:M(ZY(d)/6A(XYYaeB(JYWGYPJYWGGM

( $2OA7>F(%67]24C7>M(Q&@7(.?7243?(8>3E1(34(,:6A470324("34D/3013?0UM(!%(E?%E'&%(>&6*88?(/;%$/*((Xa(dXYYaeB(ZbZPZaGM(

(

Xb

( $7>1LF(.67F([3>?@P&@:<074F(&:>574F('657>634DF([:F(-:1@2/074F(+25>342F([7?@([>//4F(&@36C7F(

-77457>DF(%47117F(=:DF([^2>47F('D0<:07F(-:4^2F(24C([>7/434DP$2C074F(N74>3IM(Q!@24D70(34(+@3E134D(!/6P139213:4(+A017<0(:4(+<266(,2?3E3?(#0624C0UM(T@'&Z'*E1%K@/;%+&S*?1(%+(JcaF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYJXeB(JcGPJacM(

((((((((((((((($7A003D42?F([74:31(24C(!2L74297F(%44AM(Q+72("7976B(%(-7937O(:E(,>70741PC2A(24C(-7?741P;201(

!@24D70(24C(g2>3253631AU3&S*?1(%+&*B&Z'*>,(%8/;.(Ga(dXYJXeB(fbPJYfM

( $:A>24CF(%6234F(24C(%4D76:F(&:4AM(Q!24(1@7(,:6A470324("24D/2D70([7(*07C(34(1@7(,>:?77C34D0(:E(

1@7(%007<56A(:E(=>74?@(,:6A47032hUM(U/;$*1/%&V(/='1./$,&*B&N'++/(E$*((WX(dXYJJeB(XffPZYGM(

( $/667>F(_2>30M(Q,>:567<0(:E('/>:;724(*43:4(!313L740@3;(-3D@10(21(1@7(,7>3;@7>AUM(M?.$1%+/%(&

S*?1(%+&*B&)*+/$/;.&%(>&:/.$*1,(WGF(4:M(J(dJfffeB(ZGPGJM

( \:?/0F(#0257667F(R/3<2>CF(,@363;;7F(g7>42/C:4F()2?H/70F(,232F($3>:07F(!:047E>:AF(.63937>F(24C(=6:>34F(%D4t0M(Q'EE7?13974700(:E(2(@7>312D7(7C/?213:426(;>:D>2<(E:>(1@7(2?H/30313:4(:E(:>26(24C(O>31174(

=>74?@(24C(&2@31324(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(T'%;@/(E&%(>&T'%;@'1&J>?;%$/*((Xa(dXYJXeB(XJPZJM

((((((((((((((((\/44F(,21>3?IM(Q\21/>7P+:?371A(#417>2?13:40(34(1@7(,2?3E3?(#0624C0UM(Z'*E1%B/.W%&M((%+'1(R&7'1/'.&

`<&:?8%(&Z'*E1%K@,(aGF(4:M(WF(+;7?326(#00/7B(\21/>7P+:?371A(#417>2?13:40(:4(#0624C0(dXYYZeB(XJfPXXfM

(((((((((((((( \/44F(,21>3?IM(Q&@7(%M8M(JZYY('9741(34(1@7(,2?3E3?([2034UM(T@'&Z'*E1%K@/;%+&4'=/'D(fcF(4:M(J(d)24(

XYYceB(JPXZM

(((((((((((((((\/44F(,21>3?IF(N/417>P%4C7>0:4F(-:02634CF(!2>0:4F($3I7F(&@:<20F(=>24IF(*6<F(+724F(24C(-:OP624CF($3?@276M(Q&3<70(:E(,6741AF(&3<70(:E("700B("201P$3667443/<(+:?37126(830>/;13:4(34(1@7(,2?3E3?([2034UM(

:?8%(&J;*+*E,(ZGF(4:M(W(d%/D(XYYceB(ZaGPWYJM

(((((((((((((((,2?3E3?(#0624C(!:/41>370(24C(&7>>31:>370M(Q,2?3E3?(#0624C0(=>2<7O:>I(E:>(%?13:4(:4(!63<217(!@24D7(

XYYbPXYJGUM(XYYGM

(((((((((((((((,2>I0F([>2C67A(24C(&3<<:40(-:57>10F()M(QR6:5263L213:4F(g/647>253631A(1:(!63<217(!@24D7F(24C(,7>P

?7397C(#4^/013?7UM(7*;/'$,&%(>&\%$?1%+&4'.*?1;'.F(Jf(dXYYbeB(ZZcPZGGM

( Q,>S0741213:4(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307UM(J(=/1*(('8'($3KB3(XYYfM(8#-'\(K(83>7?13:4(C7(6`'493P>:447<741(C7(62(,:6A4S037(=>24T2307M(V75M($2>(JWF(XYJZM

(

(((((((((((((((-24IAF('/D747M(Q\21/>7(24C(01253631A(:E(21:66(30624C(0@:>763470B(R3657>1(#0624C(?@234F(_3>35213F(7H/21:>326(,2?3p?UM(7'>/8'($*+*E,(Ga(dXYJJeB(JaZJPJaGfM

(((((((((((((((-:AF(,717>(24C(!:44766F():@4M(Q!63<2?13?(!@24D7(24C(1@7(=/1/>7(:E(%1:66(+12170UM(S*?1(%+&*B&

6*%.$%+&4'.'%1;@(cF(4:M(W(dJffJe(JYGcPJYcGM

Xc

(((((((((((((((+262E0IAF(\3?IM(Q"34I34D("39763@::C0(24C(!:407>9213:4B(%(!:4?7;1/26(=>2<7O:>I(24C(+?267(E:>(

%0070034D(1@7(#417D>213:4(:E(N/<24(\77C0(24C([3:C397>031AUM(N*1+>&^'='+*K8'($(XaF(4:M(a(dXYYYeB(JWXJPJWZaM

( +26921F([7>42>C(24C(V36I340:4F(!6397M(Q!A?6:470(24C(!63<217(!@24D7(34(1@7(+:/1@(,2?3E3?UM(4'=?'&

>"#;*+*E/'L&+%&T'11'&'$&+%&U/'&bbF(4:M(X(dXYJJeB(JYGPJJGM

( +?@/E1F("2/>2M(Q'1@43?(-7;>70741213:40(24C(+:?326(#417D>213:4(:E(!:417<;:>2>A(=>74?@($3D>2410(

34(&2@313F(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM()%;/B/;&7$?>/'.(ZJF(4:M(X(d)/47(XYYaeB(XGPGXM(((

(((((((((((((((+7?>712>A(:E(1@7(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7M(,2?3E3?(!63<217(!@24D7(=2?10@771M(

+,-',(=2?10@771(4:M(,=PYYZ(dXYYGeM

( +<31@F(%4312M(Q%>?@27:6:DAF(6:?26(@301:>A(24C(?:<</431A(34(=>74?@(,:6A47032UM(N*1+>&M1;@%'R

*+*E,(WXF(4:M(Z(dXYJYeB(ZbcPZaYM

( +<31@F([:4437F(g24(87($37>::;F($2>?F(g:4(R62@4F(-3?@2>CF(24C("247F(_>30M(61*..1*%>.&%(>&6?+R$?1'.L&M&:/.$*1,&*B&$@'&N*1+>O.&)'*K+'.3([7CE:>CB(=3>01('C313:4(7C313:4F(XYJXM(,>341M

((((((((((((((((+L25:F()/C31F(_@O2^2F(\A36F(R2>4711F(+17;@74F(24C([/1?@2>1F(+1/2>1M(QR6:526(,2117>40(24C(8>397>0(

:E(%9324(']134?13:40(21(1@7(+;7?370(24C(+/50;7?370("7976UM()!Q7&Q\J(cF(4:M(JY(dXYJXeB(7WcYaYM(

C:3BJYMJZcJs^:/>426M;:47MYYWcYaY(

(((((((((((((((&?@7>ISL:EEF(+7>D7M(Q%(":4D(24C(*4E:>1/4217(g:A2D7(1:O2>C0(1@7(u#497413:4u(:E(1@7($76247032s,:6A47032(830134?13:4(P(JGfGPJaZXUM(T@'&S*?1(%+&*B&)%;/B/;&:/.$*1,(ZaF(4:M(X(8/<:41(Cu*>93667u0(839303:40(:E(

.?72432B(=/4C2<74126(,>7?34?10(:>(%>531>2>A(!:401>/?10h(d+7;1(XYYZeB(JcGPJfbM

(( &>S<:4F(%447P!@>301347M(Q!:4E63?134D(%/1:4:<301(24C(#4C7;74C741301(":D3?0(34(=>74?@(,:6A47P

032UM(T@'&S*?1(%+&*B&)*+,('./%(&7*;/'$,(JJGF(4:M(Z(d+7;1(XYYbeB(XGfPXaaM(

(((((((((((((((*4317C(\213:40('493>:4<74126(,>:D>2<<7(24C(+:/1@(,2?3E3?(-7D3:426('493>:4<74126(,>:P

D>2<<7M(Q,2?3E3?('493>:4<741(./16::IB(+;7?326('C313:4(E:>(1@7($2/>313/0(#417>4213:426($77134D(E:>(1@7(JYPA72>(-7937O(:E(1@7([2>52C:0(,>:D>2<<7(:E(%?13:4(E:>(1@7(

+/012342567(87976:;<741(:E(+<266(#0624C(87976:;34D(+12170UM(XYYGM

(((((((((((((((g3D47>:4F('<<24/76M(Q$70/>70(C/(8S976:;;7<741B(62(g3253631S(C70(w670(C/(,2?3E3H/7(+/CUM(J.R

K%;'.<&)*K?+%$/*(.<&7*;/-$-.(dJffXPZeB(ZGGPZbfM

( V26C>:/;F(N721@7>M(Q&>297634D(-7;>70741213:40B(\:2(\:2F($242:(&/;2;2/(24C(R2/D/34`0("7DP2?A(34(1@7(,2?3E3?UM(S*?1(',.(JJF(4:M(X(dXYJYeB(JPXfM(

(( V::C>:EE7F(!:634M(Q-77EP30624C(1:;:D>2;@A(24C(1@7(9/647>253631A(:E(21:660(1:(072P67976(>307UM(Z+*5%+&%(>&)+%('$%1,&6@%(E'(bX(dXYYaeB(ccPfbM

Xa