01-0-WCDMA Wireless Principle and Key Technology-102
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WCDMA Wireless Principle and Key
Technology
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Content
WCDMA System Overview
WCDMA Wireless Principle
WCDMA Key Technology
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Evolution of Cellular Mobile Communication
SystemFirst
Generat ion(80s’)
Analog
Third
Generation
(2000)
Wideband
Multimedia
Second
Generat ion(90s’)
Digital
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
A n a l o g
T e c h n o l o g y
GSM
CDMAIS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
Market
Driven
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
2000
Market
Driven
TD-
SCDMA
D i g i t a l T e c h n o l o g y
V o i c e S e r v i c e
B r o a d b a n d S e r v i c e
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Background of 3G
Essential impetus: awider range and higher
data rate of services,
higher spectrum
efficiency
Improve the compatibility
between different
networks
The international
standard—IMT-2000
comes forth as the
requirement
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3G Technology Evolution
3G
Standard
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA CDMA2000
CDMA is the Mainstream Technology of 3G
CN:based on MAP
CN:based on ANSI-41 CN:based on MAP
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3G Standard and Beyond 3G Evolution
TD-SCDMAEnhancedTD-SCDMA
2005
• R4 • R5/6LTE
FDD/TDD
• HSDPA
Phase1
• HSUPA
Phase1
• HSDPA
Phase2
•HSUPA
Phase2
• MBMS•WCDMA
•R4
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 After 2009
• R5
• R6
•CDMA
•1X
• EV-DO 0 • EV-DO A
• BCMCSAIE
Phase 2
AIE
Phase1
N×DO
3GPP 4G
3GPP2 4G
WiMAX
802.16d
WiMAX
802.16e
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WCDMA Standard Evolution
Introduce Iu
Interface
MAX. Speed: 2Mbps
Commercial Release
2001.6+ following
CR
R99
R4
R5
R6
2000.3 2001.3 2002.6 Time for function frozen
Control andBearer
Separation
Introduce IMS
Domain
Introduce HSDPA for
Radio Interface
Study on Interoperability
of IMS and
PLMN/PSTN/ISDN
Circuit Switch Network
MBMS
Study on Frame
Structure
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Characteristics of WCDMA
Bidirectional fast closed-loop power control
(High capability to overcome interference, fading, and ensure the service quality and system capacity)
Bidirectional coherent demodulation by pilots bit
(3dB Gains)
Transmitter and receiver diversity
High chip rate(3.84Mcps)
Channel coding tech with high gain
( Add the redundant bit to protect user data)
Unnecessary for GPS synchronization among base stations
Multiple handover technology(intra-frequency soft handover/ Hard handover, Inter frequency hard handover, Inter-RAT
handover )
Multiple transport rate
Advanced radio resource management algorithm
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WCDMA Entire IP Network EvolutionR99
BillingServer
OMC
SCP
HLR
MMSC
GMLC
MSCGMSC
GGSNSGSN
PSCS
R99 CN smoothly evolves from
GSM/GPRS network
R4 CN separate the Control Plane
from Bearer Plane in CS Domain
R5 CN Introduces IMS,
RAN Adopts IP
RNS
BSS
MGWGMGW GGSNSGSN
PSCS
R4 R5
Billing
Server
OMC
SCP
HLR
MMS
C
GMLC
CS
MSCserver
GMSCserver
Billing
ServerOMC
SCP
HLR
MMS
C
GMLC
BSS
RNSRNSBSS
MGWGMGW GGSNSGSN
PSCS
WCDMA Entire IP Network Evolution coincide with the development
tendency of the next generation network
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WCDMA CDMA2000
Carrier spacing 5M 1.25/5/10/15/20 MHz
Chip rate 3.84M N*1.2288Mcps N=1,3,6,9,12
Spreading way DS-CDMA DS-CDMA & MC-CDMA
Duplex mode FDD/TDD FDD
Frame size 10ms 20ms(general data and control channel)
5ms(basic and designated control channel)
Channel coding Convolutional codes Turbo
codes
Convolutional codes Turbo codes
Scrambling Walsh+Gold sequence Walsh+M sequence
Modulation
mode
QPSK/BPSK QPSK/BPSK
Power control Open-loop and fast closed-
loop 1.5KHz)
Open-loop and fast closed-loop(800Hz)
Base station
synchronization
Synchronization/Asynchrono
us
synchronization
Comparison of the Three 3G Technologies (I)
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Content
WCDMA System Overview
WCDMA Wireless Principle
WCDMA Key Technology
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Characteristic of Radio Propagation
Electromagnetic propagation: direct radiation、reflection、diffraction and scattering
Signal attenuation:
Path loss: Loss of electromagnetic waves in large
scope of the spread reflects the trend of the received
signal in the spreading。
Slow fading:Loss because of being blocked by the
building and hill in the propagation path
Fast fading:Electromagnetic signals rapidly decline
in a few dozens wavelength ranges
Description of Fast fading distribution
Rayleigh distribution:non line-of –sight transmission
Rician distribution:line-of –sight transmission
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Multi-Path Effects
receiving signal
time
strength
0
sending signal
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Power
Power
Power
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Frequency division multiple access
technology Channels in different frequency are
allocated to different users, e.g. TACS
AMPS
Time division multiple accesstechnology channels in different time are allocated to
different users, e.g. GSM DAMPS
ode division multiple accesstechnology
Users distinguished by scramble code, e.g.
CDMA
Multiple Access
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f
S(f)
f0
Before spreading
signal
S(f)
ff0
After spreading
signal
S(f)
ff0
After despreading
signal
White noise
f
S(f)
f0
Before despreading
signal
White noise
signal interference White noise
Sketch Map of Spreading
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Spreading Mode
Direct sequence spread(DS-SS)
Base band data is spreaded by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noisesequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-fareffect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it islimited by power detection accuracy
WCDMA uses DS-SS
Frequency hopping spread(FH-SS)
Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrierfrequency hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditionalnarrowband modulation
No near-far effect
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Characteristics of Spreading Communication
High anti-multi-path- interference capability (Rakereceiver, Power control etc)
Anti-sudden-pulse
High security(OVSF and scrambling code)
Lower transmitting power Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access
Communication
Occupy band wide
Complex realization
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Purpose of Channel Coding
purpose: By adding redundant information in the original data
stream, receivers can detect and correct the error
signal, and improve data transmission rates.
No correct coding: BER<10-1 ~ 10-2Can not satisfy
the communication
Convolutional coding:BER<10-3Can satisfy the
speech communication
Turbo coding: BER<10-6 Can satisfy the
data communication
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Principle of Channel Coding
Convolution coding Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy
in the original data
Convolutional coding and Turbo coding (1/2,1/3)
are widely applied.
Increase redundancy and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors)
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Principle of Interleave Technology
advantage Interleave is to change the sequence of data to
random the unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity
disadvantage:
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may
intertwined for the unexpected error .
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
x2 x7 … x22
x3 x8 … x23
x4 x9 … x24
x5 x10 … x25
Data input A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 … x25)
Data output A’= (x1 x6 x11 x16… x25)
e.g.
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Concept of Diversity Technology
Double meanings:
scattered transmission,concentrative process.
Achieved by using and finding the independent
multi-access signals in the wireless communication
environment .
If the signals in one path decay seriously, but in
other independent path are still strong.
advantage:
Easy to achieve relatively stable signal
Achieve the diversity gain
Improve SNR
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Diversity Categories
Space diversity
Also called antenna diversity, if the distance between theantennae is greater than 10 times of the wavelength, thesignals from different antenna are not related.
Time diversity
The signal repeats over Channel Coherent time interval, sothat the environment is independent.
Frequency diversity
The signal repeats in the different frequencies.
Polarization Diversity Signal reflects in the different direction, since the reflection
coefficients of different polarization directions are not thesame, the signals in different polarization direction is notrelated
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Symbol rate × SF = 3.84Mcps
WCDMA,SF of uplink channeliezd code:4~256
SF of downlink channelized code:4~512
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
OVSF Code Scramble Code
Data bit
Chip
after
Spreading
Spreading of WCDMA
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∑
∑
Real part
and
Imaginary part
separate
Pulse
shaping
Pulse
shaping
serial
parallel
transfer
serialparallel
transfer
……
……
DL physical channel 1Cch,SF,m
j
I+jQ Sdl,n
G1
Cch,SF,m
j
I+jQ
Sdl,n
G2
DL physical channel 2Gp
Gp
P-SCH
S-SCH
cos(wt)
-sin(wt)
T
T
Re(T)
Im(T)
Spreading, Scrambling and modulation of WCDMA
Downlink physical channel spreading and modulation:
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Real part
and
Imaginary part
separate
Pulse
shaping
Pulse
shaping
cos(wt)
-sin(wt)
Sdpch,n
S
Re(S)
Im(S)
∑
Cd,1 βd
I
cc
Q
j
I+jQ
∑
∑
DPDCH1
Cd,3 βdDPDCH3
Cd,5 βdDPDCH5
Cd,2 βdDPDCH2
Cd,4 βdDPDCH4
Cd,6 βdDPDCH6
ccCc βcDPCCH
Q
Spreading, Scrambling and modulation of WCDMA
Uplink physical channel spreading and modulation:
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Despreading of WCDMA
Method of despreading
Input signal
Local PN code
When T=Ts, judge
Output after despreading
integral
0
Ts
(*)dt
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Symbol
Spreading
Despreading
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1-1
1
-1
Data =
010010
Spreading code
Spread signal= Data × code
Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )
Data =Spread signal× code
Chip
Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading of
WCDMA
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Processing Gain
Spreading definition and processing gain
Processing gain: PG=Wc/R
Wc: chip rate
R: signal rate
PG=10lg(Wc/R), dB units
Despreading by receiver will be able to resume the
original signal
More spreading of multiples, higher the processinggain, stronger anti-jamming
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Convolutional Code
Mainly used in the voice channel and control signalchannel
Coding rate is 1/2和1/3。
Output 0
G 0 = 557 (octal)
InputD D D D D D D D
Output 1
G 1 = 663 (octal)
Output 2G 2 = 711 (octal)
Rate 1/3 convolutional coder
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Characteristics of Convolutional code
Easy decode Short delay
Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm
Channel bit error rate is 10-3 magnitude
Suitable to realtime service e.g. speech and video service.
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Turbo Code
Used in Data service channel
Code Rate is 1/3 Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and
long delay services
Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error
control code combinations. The information bits are interleaved
in the two Encoder, and generate two information flow. At last,this information can be multiplexed and punctured
Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation
Interleaver
Encoder 1
Encoder 2
M u l t i p l e x
input output
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Interleave Technology of WCDMA
Intra-frame interleave Bits transform in the internal frame
Inter-frame interleave
Data transform among the frames
Intra-Turbo codes interleave
Complex nesting of intra-frame and inter-frame
interleave
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Content
WCDMA System Overview
WCDMA Wireless Principle
WCDMA Key Technology
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Capacity of WCDMA
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Power Rise
Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access
Interference (MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal codechannels.
WCDMA network Meeting Room
Code channel transmit talk with dialects Channel power voice tone
Promised channel quality listen clearly
Channel power rise voice tone rise
Power climb voice climb
Collapse over the range can not listen for each other
Interference outside the cell Noise outside the room
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Power Rise
Quantity of Subscriber
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B
T h e T o t a l B
a n d w i d t h P o w e r R e c e i v e d b y N o d e B ( d B m
)
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WCDMA Capacity Feature
WCDMA capacity feature
WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity
The Concept of Soft Capacity
Inter-convertibility between system capacity andcommunication quality
Different service has different capacity
Different proportion of services has different capacity
for mixed services
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Capacity
All the WCDMA technologies adopted is try to achieve
the most optimal balance of the three factors
Crucial Factors for WCDMA Capacity
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Factors Impact on WCDMA capacity Category
Power Control Reducing interference, saving power and Increasingcapacity
Radio ResourceManagement(RRM)
Handover ControlImpacting the capacity through applying different
proportion and algorithm of soft handover
Admission Control Admitting a connection base on the load and theadmission threshold of planned capacity
Load Control Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing
services to avoid overloadOVSF Code The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
simultaneous connections.
RAKE Receiver The advanced receiving and baseband processingtechnology is introduced to overcome the fast fading
Key Technology
Smart Antenna Reducing interference, saving power and expandingcoverage through tracking the user with beam forming
antenna array.
MUD Reducing the Multi-Access Interference (MAI).
Service Class andCombination
The class and combination of services impact thecapacity directly
Service Attribute
WirelessEnvironment
Wireless environment such as interferences, UE positionand mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity
WirelessPropagationEnvironment
Factors Affecting WCDMA Capacity
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Power Control
CDMA is not a new technology
Power control is a key technology of CDMA system
Power control is the key method for launching the
large scale CDMA commercial network
CDMA is a typical self-interference system, thus the chief
principle is that any potential surplus transmitted power forservice must be controlled.
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Each terminal is an
inter ference sou rce to the
oth ers. The Near-far effect
wi l l imp act the capaci ty
t remendously
Power
f
Power con tro l wi l l reduc e
the cros s inter ference
signi f icant ly and improve
the total capacity
Near-Far Effect
Power
f
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Purpose of Power Control
• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading
• Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
• Extend battery life
Downlink Power Control
Cell transmitted power
Report power control bit (TPC)
UE transmitted signal
Power control command (TPC)
Uplink Power Control
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Open Loop Power Control
General principals of open loop power control
Open loop power control is applied to estimate the
initial transmitted code power (TCP) for a new radio
link.
The downlink Open Loop Power Control is using P-
CPICH signal which is measured by UE to estimatethe initial TCP and the following factors will also be
considered, such as service QoS and data rate,
Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current
downlink total Transmitted Power and interference
from neighbor cell etc..
P-CPICH,SCH, PCCPCH,AICH,FACH,DPDCH,DPCCH,PRACH
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Try to get the equal receiving
Eb (Energy per bit) of each
UE at Node B
NodeB UE
TPC instruction
Measure receiving SIR and
compare to target SIR
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
1500Hz
Each radio l ink has
i ts own con t ro l
circle
Close Loop– Inner Loop Power Control
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NodeB UE
TPC instruction
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Get data flow
with stable BLER
Measure BLER
of TRCH
Outer Loop
RNC
Measure receiving
BLER and compare to
target BLER
Set BLERtar
10-100Hz
Close Loop– Outer Loop Power Control
Measure receiving SIR
and
compare to target SIR
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Close Loop– Open Loop Power Control
General principals of open loop power control
The algorithm is implemented as following: Employ theinner loop power control to keep SIR close to target SIR;Measure the quality of service, e.g. through CRCI report,and tune the target SIR with pre-defined step; Thereforekeep the call in good quality event in changing wireless
propagation environment.
Input parameters include target BLER, CRC indicator andSIR Error, output parameter is SIR Target.
Open loop power control algorithm is implemented in two
ways: FER period report triggered; FER event reporttriggered.
The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed inthe RNC while the downlink one is executed in the UE.
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Purpose of Handover Control
Purpose:
Keep service continuity.
Balance the traffic
Improve call quality
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Handover Demonstration
Hard
Handover
Soft
Handover
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A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Soft Handover/Softer Handover
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WCDMA General Handover Procedures
Measurement Control
Measured object(Neighbor cell list)
Measured quantity(RSCP/Ec/Io etc)
Measurement report method
Event report
Periodical report Handover decision
UTRAN makes the decision based on themeasurement reports from UE. The implementation ofhandover decision is various for different vendors. It
impacts on the system performance critically.
Handover execution
UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedureaccording to the handover command .
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(A) RNC sends
measurement control
message to UE (Measurement
Control)
(B) UE starts measurement
task with the parameters
included in the message,
and reports measurement
results(MeasurementReport)
(C) RNC stores the
measurement results
according to frequencies and
cells
(D) RNC Estimates the
quality of each carrier
(including intra-frequency
and inter-frequency)
(E) QualityDecision
(G) Allocate
resource in target
cell of the virtual
active set, prepare
to execute handover
(F) maintain
the active set
and monitored
set
(H) Allocate
resource in target
cell, prepare to
execute handover
Currentcarrier has
good quality
Othersystem
has good
qualityOther carrier has
good quality
(I)If handover is required, RNC sends
handover command with target cell to UE
Handover Flows
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General Procedure of Handover Control (I)
Measuring
The measurement quantity are decided by RNC.
Usually, either Ec/N0 or RSCP (Received Signal
Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used for
handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because
Ec/N0 embodies both the received signal strength
and the interference. The relation of Ec/N0 and
RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0=RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation,RSSI(Received Signal
Strength Indicator )is measured within the
bandwidth of associated channels
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General Procedure of Handover Control (II)
Filtering
The measurement results should be filtered before being
reported. Measurement filtering can be regarded as a low pass
filtering procedure.
The following equation is applied for filtering
Fn=(1-a)Fn-1+a*Mn
Variants definition:
Fn:filtered measurement result;
Fn-1:last filtered measurement result;
Mn:latest Ec/I0 or RSCP measurement result received from physicallayer;
a = 1/2(k/2), k means the ―Filter coefficient‖, which is included in the
Measurement Control message. It is decided by the UTRAN.
F0 is initialized by the first measurement result M1.
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General Procedure of Handover Control (III)
Reporting
Period report triggered handover
Event report triggered handover
Base on the filtered measurement result
Base on the event
Soft
Handover
Hard
Handover
Period
Event
Measurement result filtered in UE
Event decided in RNC
Handover decided in RNC
Measurement result filtered in UE
Event decided in UE
Handover decided in RNC
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General Procedure of Handover Control (IV)
Handover algorithm
All the handover algorithms including soft handover,
hard handover and so on are implemented on the
event decision made from measurement report.
Events defined in 3GPP specifications
Intra-frequency events:1A~1F
Inter-frequency events:2A~2F
Inter-RAT events:3A~3D
H d
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Handover event
Event Description
1AQuality of target cell improves, entering a report range of
relatively activating set quality
1BQuality of target cell decreases, depart from a report range of
relatively activating set quality
1CThe quality of a non-activated set cell is better than that of a
certain activated set cell
1D Best cell generates change
1EQuality of target cell improves, better than an absolute
threshold
1FQuality of target cell decreases, worse than an absolute
threshold
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C t R l t d t H d
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Concepts Related to Handover
Active Set: A set of cells that have established radio
links with a certain mobile station. User informationis sent from all these cells.
Monitored Set: Have configured neighbor cell
relation with the cell in active set ;Signal is
not strong enough to enter AS or AS already full Detected Set: A set of cells that are neither in the
active set nor in the monitor set
Signal is weak; Monitor set is full; Cell has not
configured neighbor cell relation with the cell inactive set.
A E l f H d P d
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An Example of Handover Procedure
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1
time
Pilot
Ec/Io
Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B
(add cell2)(replace cell1 with cell 3)(remove cell3)
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3
⊿t ⊿t ⊿t
RNS R l ti
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RNS Relocation
Core NetworkCore Network
Service
RNSTarget
RNS
Service
RNSTarget
RNS
Iu Iu
Iur
RNS
Radio Network Sub-system
RNS relocation can : Reduce the Iur traff ic signif icant ly
Enhance the sys tem adaptabi l i ty
H d H d
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Hard Handover
Hard handover measurement is much more complex
for UE than soft handover measurement.
Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to
measure the signal of other frequency.
WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to
support inter-frequency measurement.
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C d M d
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Compressed Mode
Comp ressed Mode Transmiss ion Diagram
Transmit gaps(Maximum 7 slots = 4.7ms) 1 frame(10ms)
10ms
Generation of Compressed Mode Frame
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Generation of Compressed Mode Frame
Puncturing
Lower the symbol rate of physical channel whenprocessing the rate matching procedure
SF halving
Employ half SF, e.g. employ SF64 to replace SF128
High layer scheduling
Decrease the bit rate from up layer
Disadvantage: Power control will be not accurate
Channel anti-interference capability will be degrade
Admission Control
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Admission Control
The admission control is employed to admit the
access of incoming call. Its general principal is
based on the availability and utilization of the
system resources.
If the system has enough resources such as load
margin, code, and channel element etc. the
admission control will accept the call and allocate
resources to it.
Purpose of Admission Control
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Purpose of Admission Control
The admission control should implement admission
or rejection for the new users, new RAB and new RL
(for example handover) according to the current
resource situation. The admission control will
sustain the system stability firstly and try the best to
satisfy the new calling service QoS request, such asservice rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc.,
basing on the radio measurement.
Admission Control in Uplink
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Admission Control in Uplink
I total_old +ΔI >I threshold
The current RTWP (Received
Total Wide Power) value of cell,
which is reported by Node B
Access
Threshold
Interference capacityService priority
Reserved capacity for
handover
I own-
cell
0
~ N
I other- cell
The forecasted interference including the deltainterference brought by the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment
Admission Control in Uplink
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Admission Control in Uplink
Different ultimate user numbers
Different interference threshold under different
ultimate user number conditions
Different ultimate throughputs
Quantity of Subscriber
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B
T h e T o t a l B a n d w i d t
h P o w e r R e c e i v e d b y N o d e B ( d B m
)
Throughput
Throughput -- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B
T h e T o t a l B a n d w i d t h
P o w e r R e c e i v e d b y N o d e B ( d B m
)
Ultimate Situation for different service rate
Admission Control in Downlink
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Admission Control in Downlink
P total_old + △P>=P threshold
Access
Threshold
The forecasted TCP value including deltapower required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and its
result depends on the QoS and transmission
propagation environment.
The current TCP value of cell, which
is reported by Node B
(Transmitted Carrier Power*Pmax)
Max TCP of cell
Service priority
Reserved capacity for
handover
Admission Control in Downlink
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Admission Control in Downlink
Quantity of Subscriber
T h e T o t a l T r a n
s m i s s i o n P o w e r ( d B m )
Red:low speed serviceBlue:high speed service
The above figure illustrates the relation between ultimate user
number corresponds to different service rate and distance
under equidistant distribution condition
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Purpose of Load Control
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Load controlThe purpose of load control is to keep the system
load under a pre-planned threshold through
decreasing the load in several ways, therefore to
improve the system stability.
The speed and
position changing of
UE may worsen the
wireless environment.
Increasing of
transmitted power
will increase the
system load
Purpose of Load Control
Load Control Flows
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Start
Decision Light load Over load
Normal load
1. Handover in and access
are forbidden
2. TCP increasing isforbidden
3. RAB service rate degrade
4. Handover out
5. Release call
Load Control Flows
1. Handover in and
access are allowed
2. Transmitted codepower (TCP) increasing
is allowed
3. RAB service rate
upgrade is allowed
1. Handover in
and access are
allowed
2. TCP
increasing is
allowed
Load Control in Uplink
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Load Control in Uplink
Triggers
RTWP (Received Total Wind-band Power) value frommeasurement report exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
Admission control triggers when rejecting the high priorityservice’s access due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the target Eb/N0 of service in uplink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover to GSM system;
Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
Release calls.
Methods for increasing load
Increase the service rate.
Load Control in Downlink
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Load Control in Downlink
Triggers
TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurementreport exceeds the downlink overload threshold;
Admission control triggers when denying the high priorityservice’s access due to insufficient load capacity indownlink.
Methods for decreasing load Decrease the downlink target Eb/N0 of service in downlink;
Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
Handover out to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;
Handover out to GSM system;
Decrease the rage of real time service, e.g. voice call; Release calls.
Methods for increasing load
Increase the service rate.
Cell Breathing
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Cell breathing isone of the means
for load control
The purpose of cell breathing is to share the load of hot-
spot cell with the light loaded neighbor cells, therefore to
improve the utilization of system capacity.
Cell Breathing
Purpose of Code Resource Planning
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Purpose of Code Resource Planning
WCDMA system adopts primary scrambling code to
distinguish the cells and channel code to distinguishphysical channels in downlink, and adoptsscrambling code to distinguish users in uplink. TheOVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codetree is a sparse resource and only one tree can be
used in each cell. In order to make full use of thecapacity, and support as many connections aspossible, it is important to plan and control theusage of channel code resource.
Although the uplink scrambling codes are sufficient,the RNC should plan to use the codes for avoidingallocating same code to different users in inter-RNChandover scenario.
Code Resource Planning
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Code Resource Planning
Code types in WCDMA system
Uplink Scrambling Code
Uplink Channelization Code
Downlink Scrambling Code
Downlink Channelization Code
The uplink scrambling code and downlink scrambling code can
be planned easily, and uplink channel code does not need
planning, therefore, only the downlink channel code is planned
with certain algorithm in RNC.
Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates
with a channel code tree. The downlink channel code tree is a
typical binary tree with each layer corresponds to a certain SF
ranging from SF4 to SF512.
Generation of Channel Code
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SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Generation of Channel Code
OVSF Code Tree
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OVSF Code Tree
Channel Code Characters
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SF=8
SF=32
SF=16
Channel Code Characters
Code allocation restriction:
The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that
its ancestor nodes including from father node to root
node and offspring nodes in the sub tree are not
allocated;
Code allocation side effect: The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and
offspring nodes, thus the blocked nodes will not be
available for allocation until being unblocked .
Strategy of Channel Code Allocation
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Strategy of Channel Code Allocation
Full utilization
The fewer the blocked codes, the higher the code tree
utilization rate.
Low Complexity
Short code first.
Allocate codes for common channels and physical
shared channels prior to dedicated channels.
Guarantee the code allocation for common physical
channels.
Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codesfor downlink dedicated physical channels.
An Example of Code Allocation
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An Example of Code Allocation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
Red circles represent the codes that have been allocated;
Green circles represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring codes;
Blue circles represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black circles represent the codes that are to be allocated;
Choose one
code from
three
candidates
RAKE Receiver
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d d2
d3
RAKE Receiver can effectively overcome the multi-path
interference, consequently improve the receiving performance.
RAKE Receiver
The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore
the CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-pathsignals to improve the received signal to noise ratio.
RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive
the multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal
energy.
RAKE Receiver
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RAKE Receiver
Single path
receiving circuit
Single path
receiving circuit
Single pathreceiving circuit
Multi-path search
engine
Calculate signal
strength and
delay
Combiner Combined
Signal
tt
s(t) s(t)
Receiver
Multi-User Detection
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Multi User Detection
WCDMA telecommunication system can provide
communication environment for simultaneous multi-user access. The research result indicates that
multi-access interference and channel noise have
different statistical characters.
Multi-access interference has the estimable andreproducible features.
The purpose of MUD is to reduce the multi-access
interference till 0 through collecting the useful
information of all users and adopting certain signalprocessing method.
Multi-User Detection Technology
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Multi User Detection Technology
The CDMA receiver is based on the principal of RAKE receiving, and
the interference from other users is treated as noise.
The capacity of RAKE receiving based CDMA system is interferencelimited.
The true optimal receiver adopts join-detection technology to detect all
the received signals, and removes the interference from other users.
Multi-User Detection (MUD), also named as Join-detection orInterference-elimination,can reduce the multi-access interference,thereby improve the capacity.
MUD can eliminate the near-far effect.
The near optimal MUD receiver and interference eliminated receiverare actually applied instead of the true optimal MUD receiver becauseof the implementation complexity.
True Optimal Multi-User Detection
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p
The true optimal detection consists of K matched
filters and one Viterbi algorithm implementation.
The complexity has an exponents relation to the
user number.
Matched Filter 1
Synchronize
Z1(i)
Matched Filter 2Z2(i)
Matched Filter kZk (i)
Viterbi
Algorithm
Implementation
b1(i)
b2(i)
bk (i)
r(t)
Synchronize
Synchronize
Linear De-correlation Detection
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De-correlation detection transforms the multi-access
interference, which is generated in multi-userenvironment, into an equivalent transmission
response matrix,i.e. the channel codes correlation
matrix R。
The complexity has an exponents relation to theuser number.
Matched Filter 1
Matched Filter 2
Matched Filter k
Linear
Transformation
R -1
b1
b2
bk
r(t)
Bit Decision
Bit Decision
Bit Decision
Summary
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y
WCDMA Wireless Technology
Spreading Channel Coding (Convolutional Coding, Turbo coding)
Interleaving
Diversity
WCDMA Radio Resource Management(RRM)
Power Control
Handover Control
Admission Control
Load Control
Code Allocation
WCDMA Key Technology
RAKE Receiver
MUD
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