007 - Zassou
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Transcript of 007 - Zassou
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Linking farmers’ access to rural radio, gender and livelihoods:
case study of rice processors in Benin
Espérance ZossouPhD Student, Rural Economy for Development, ULg, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech
Simplice Vodouhè, Paul Van Mele, Philippe Lebailly
Third IAALD Africa Chapter Conference21st May 2012 – 23rd May 2012
EMPERORS PALACE, JOHANNESBURG, GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA
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1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results & Discussions
4. Conclusion
Outline
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1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results & Discussions
4. Conclusion
Outline
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1. Introduction
• Benin is a sub-Saharan African developing country that has noted a growth of rural radio stations over the past few decades as part of a broader process of democratisation
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• Traditional roles of disseminating technologies are proving insufficient in today’s global context
• Benin is characterized by rurality (58% pop) and where 66.4% of the population is illiterate
• Thus, rural radio appeared more appropriate as they broadcast in the local language =>
• Opportunity research-extension-farmer linkages
• This study investigates interactions between access to rural radio, gender & livelihood assets.
1. Introduction
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1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Conclusion
Outline
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• The study was conducted in north & south Benin
• We interviewed 18 rural radio station staff
• We then interacted with rice processors in 12 villages (6 north & 6 south) randomly selected
• Qualitative data collection (focus groups)
• Quantitative data collection: randomly selection 240 rice processors (20 per village) for individually interview
2. Methodology
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• Sustainable livelihood approach (SLA)
– Alternative to new questions in poverty analysis (monetary)
– Capabilities, assets, goods & activities necessary to welfare
– sustainability => adaptation to difficulties, adversity, without compromising natural resources base & future generations
– Theoretical framework = multiples dimensions: economic, social, cultural & institutional welfare
2. Methodology
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• Then SL framework with 120 randomly selected processors (10 per village) from 240 to get each rice processor’s capital stocks
• The respondents rated their capital stocks identified for the surveyed year on a 0-5 scale
• Spider diagram to visualize the 5 capitals with 0 value (no stock) at the centre & value 5 (full satisfaction ) at the other extreme of the axe.
• Median & Mann Whitney test for differences visible men / women & listen to / not listen to
2. Methodology
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1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results & Discussions
4. Conclusion
Outline
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3.1 Rural media and agriculture
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• 72% rural radios have institutional contracts with Ministry Agriculture for broadcasts on agriculture
• 40% monthly programs relate to agriculture & environment
• Rural radio stations broadcasts on development issues with local & international NGOs
• Broadcasts on agriculture are deferred or live
• Live broadcasts often interactive => opportunity to famers to call & intervene by phone
3.1 Rural radio and agriculture
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3.1. Rural media and agriculture
Denomination Localisation Type of rural radio Estimated people
reached
Plateau FM Pobè, South-Benin Private/commercial 629 881
FM Alakétou Kétou, South-Benin Community 1.345.803
Radio Adja-Ouèrè Adja-Ouèrè, South-Benin Private/commercial -
La voix de la Vallée Adjohoun, South-Benin Community 284 213
Ahémé FM Possotomè, South-Benin Community 554 478
Mono FM Lokossa, South-Benin Private/commercial 483 946
La voix de Lokossa Lokossa, South-Benin Private/commercial -
Couffo FM Azovè, South-Benin Private/commercial -
Radio rurale de Lalo Lalo, South-Benin Public 555 662
Radio Tonassé Covè, South-Benin Private -
Radio rurale Ouaké Ouaké, North-Benin Public 33 695
Radio rurale Tanguiéta Tanguiéta, North-Benin Public 163 108
Nanto FM Natitingou, North-Benin Community 68 869
Kuffè FM Bassila, North-Benin Community 126 379
Nonsina FM Bembereke, North-Benin Community 474 174
Kandi FM Kandi, North-Benin Community 140 640
Bani Ganse Banikoara, North-Benin Public 179 769
Fara’a Gya, North-Benin/Niger Pricate/commercial -
Characteristics of radio stations visited during the survey
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• Extension services criticised for failing to reach majority farmers & communicate successfully in developing countries (Chapman et al., 2003)
• Local extension agents think rural radio can help them to reach millions of illiterate farmers
• Partnerships farmers-extension-research can help to develop new knowledge, skills & attitudes towards collaborative learning
• Requires efforts as communicating agriculture involves multiple skills & positive mindset towards working with farmers.
3.1 Rural radio and agriculture
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3.1 Rural radio and agriculture
• Main constraints rural radio stations expressed are:
– Need for capacity building on agricultural subjects and
– Insufficiency of agricultural research material: broadcast scripts on agricultural subjects
• Van Mele et al. (2010) presents some ways farmer-to-farmer videos can strengthen radio broadcasters knowledges
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http://www.africarice.org/africarice/guide-video.asp
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3.2 Rice processors’ access to rural radio
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• In survey sample mostly women (67%), illiterate (87% women & 53% of men), married, with 8 persons on average in the household
• 87% of men compared to 66% of women have their own radio set
• Main reason not have own radio set = lack of financial resources for men and indeed the household literate will appropriate it for women
• Majority of those who did not have their own radio set listened to the radios of their parents
3.2 Rice processors’ access to rural radio
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3.2 Rice processors’ access to rural radio
• Men & women have good access to radio
• Men have more access to the radio compared to women
• Reason: more men have their own radio sets
• More men than women listen to rural radio broadcasts daily
• Reason: men are more owners of radio sets & less occupied in rural area than women (domestic activities)
Figure 2: Frequency with which rice processors listen to radio broadcasts in general
Figure 1: Level of rice processors access to radio according to gender
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3.2 Rice processors’ access to rural radio
• No real gender differences with regard to listening to agricultural broadcasts
• Major reason rarely/never listen to agriculture program = schedules inappropriateness
• Appropriate time proposed = 8- 9 pm because busy whole day
• Radio & development agents may consider this major problem
• This will enable more farmers to listen to radio programs
• Majority think programs are interesting
Figure 4: Reasons why rice processors rarely or never listen to radio program on agriculture
Figure 3: Frequency with which rice processors listen to rural radio program on agriculture
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3.3 Radio programs on agriculture, gender and livelihood assets
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3.3 Radio programs on agriculture, gender and livelihood assets
• Focus group for description 5 capitals highlighted:
– Financial capital: incomes; activity extend; access to formal & informal MFI; rate of saving; & financial resources
– Social capital: working in groups; relation with local authorities & development agents, cohesion , solidarity and information exchange.
– Human capital: knowledge, health, happiness and skill
– Natural capital: Forest, hydrological resources, cultivated land & climate
– Physical capital: communication equipments, roads, drinking water, hospitals and public services
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3.3 Radio programs on agriculture, gender and livelihood assets
• Rice processors who often listen to radio program on agriculture have better financial, social & human capital comparing to those who rarely/never listen to
• Participatory Radio Campaigns are widely listened to and can have a significant measurable impact on knowledge and practice in farming communities (Hambly Odame, 2003)
• Future studies will need to be made for real impact
Capital stocks recorded for rice processors according to listen to and not listen to rural radio program on agriculture
F = Financial Capital, S = Social Capital, H = Human Capital, N = Natural Capital, P = Physical Capital. a = Mann Whitney test significant (p≤0.05); b = non significant
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• Rural radio can be an extension tool to reach millions of illiterate farmers and to provide them with information relating to all aspects of agricultural production, processing and marketing in a language they understand.
• But most rural radio stations expressed their concerns that they did not have sufficient knowledge of agriculture in order to deliver appropriate messages.
4. CONCLUSION
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• Although partnerships with government staff from research and extension services partly helped to address this, interactivity with farmers needs to be revised (broadcasts between 8-9 pm (after office hours).
• But most rural radio stations expressed their concerns that they did not have sufficient knowledge of agriculture in order to deliver appropriate messages.
4. CONCLUSION
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• Expertise could be equally drawn from other sources, such as from farmers within their own or other rural communities, and from farmer-to-farmer training videos.
• Future efforts need to seek synergies between various media.
• Access Agriculture is a new initiative that addresses these challenges by building farm-relevant knowledge among multiple rural service providers.
4. CONCLUSION
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• This study has been financed by the Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC), the International Foundation for Science (IFS) and the Government of Japan through AfricaRice
• We are grateful to Felix Houinsou for his support during the field research & all surveyed farmers
• We are grateful to the CTA that kindly supported my participation to this conference
Acknowledgements
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Espérance ZOSSOUEmail: [email protected] / [email protected]