004 6 Lectures of a Category of information systems 004 6 1 2 chapter05.ppt 004 6 1 7 ess8_ch02...

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004 6 Lectures of a Category of information syste ms 004 6 1 2 chapter05.ppt 004 6 1 7 ess8_ch02 (1). ppt 004 6 1 4 TypesOfIS.ppt 004 6 1 3 InformationSystemsPresentationFinal.ppt 004 6 1 5 mis9_ch02_ppt.ppt

Transcript of 004 6 Lectures of a Category of information systems 004 6 1 2 chapter05.ppt 004 6 1 7 ess8_ch02...

004 6 Lectures of a Category of information systems

004 6 1 2 chapter05.ppt

004 6 1 7 ess8_ch02 (1).ppt

004 6 1 4 TypesOfIS.ppt

004 6 1 3 InformationSystemsPresentationFinal.ppt

004 6 1 5 mis9_ch02_ppt.ppt

6. Lecture: categories of information systemsThe contents6. Lecture: categories of information systems 16.1. The information technologies become a means of transformation of the data 36.2. The information systems (IS) can very strongly differ 36.3. The information system is obliged to have simple, convenient, easily mastered, "comfortable" interface 46.4. Role of structure of management in the IS formation 56.5. The IS construction should begin with the analysis of structure of management of organization 6

6.6. Administrative functions 66.6.1. Organizational function 66.6.2. Planning (scheduled function) 76.6.3. Registration function 76.6.4. Analysis or analytical function 76.6.5. Control function 86.6.6. Stimulation (мотивационная function) 86.7. Standard procedures in organization 86.8. Corporate culture 86.9. Three basic levels of management 96.9.1. Strategic level 106.9.2. Tactical level 106.9.3. Functional - operational level 116.10. Levels of division and use of the information. 12

6.10.1. Information systems (subsystem) of a strategic level 12

6.10.2. System (subsystem) of a level of tactical management 13

6.10.3. System of a level of management 136.10.4. System (subsystem) of a level of knowledge 146.10.5. System (subsystem) of an operational - operational level

146.11. The information systems can also be дифференцированы a functional image 156.12. Types given in organization 156.13. Action with the formalized data 166.14. The significant part of the data happens not formalized 176.15. From processing the data to the analysis 196.16. IS of the modern company 236.16.1. System of dialogue processing транзакций 23

6.17. Working systems of knowledge and automation of office-work 246.18. Managing information systems 286.19. Software and software 316.20. Methodical and organizational maintenance 326.21. Linguistic (ontological) maintenance 326.22. Legal maintenance 326.23. Functional part MIS 336.24. System of support of acceptance of the decisions 356.25. On-Line Analytical Processing - OLAP 396.25.1. Basic features of technology OLAP (Basic): 396.25.2. Special features (Special): 406.25.3. Feature of representation of the reports (Report): 406.25.4. Management of measurements (Dimension): 406.26. Dynamic modeling (Dynamic Simulation), 426.27. Factoral analysis. 47

6.28. Analysis of changes ( the regression analysis - revealing трендов) 476.29. Analysis of dependences (correlation analysis) 486.30. Comparison (comparative analysis) 486.31. The analysis of variance 486.32. Business Intelligence - BI 496.33. Technology Data Mining 496.34. Statistical packages 536.35. Neural networkand expert systems 546.36. Control questions and tasks 59

In the given lecture the categories of information systems are considered. The attention to types given in organization and OLAP-technologies is given.

6.1. The information technologies become a means of transformation of the data

Discussing problems of use IT in business, it is not necessary to speak about information technologies in general. To the present time thousand software, hundreds technologies, tens protocols both agreements on development and use of interfaces, international standards are created in the field of the IT applications.

In contrast to the home sphere, where IT are used directly (audio- and video engineering, mobile telephone communication, digital phototelevision systems, technology of processing of the texts and images, wide spectrum of information services and so on) , the IT application with the purposes of information of business occurs indirectly - to the help of development and introduction of information systems of various assignment .

The information technologies become a means of transformation of the data and formation of information flows inside and outside of the enterprise. Within the framework of one information system tens IT can be used.

Thus, the information system of the enterprise is environment for the modern IT realization.

The information technologies become a means of transformation of the data

6.2. The information systems (IS) can very strongly differ

The information systems (IS) can very strongly differ on the functions, architecture, realization depending on concrete area of application. However it is possible to allocate at least two properties, which are common for all information systems.

First, any information system is intended for the collection, storage and processing of the information. Therefore, the basis of any information system is among the processing, storage and data access. Environment should provide a level of reliability of a storage and efficiency of access appropriate areas of application of information system.

004 6 Information systems English

Secondly, the information systems are guided by the end user, for example, bank clerk, worker of a warehouse, bookkeeper or official of urban administration. Such users can be very far from the world of computers. For them the terminal, personal computer or workstation are only means of maintenance of professional activity.

6.3. The information system is obliged to have simple, convenient, easily mastered, "comfortable" interface

Therefore information system is obliged to have simple, convenient, "comfortable" interface, which should give the end user all functions, necessary for his work, but at the same time not give him opportunity to carry out any actions, which could put harm to information system.

The concrete tasks, which should be solved by information system, depend on that applied area, for which the system is intended.

The areas of the information application are various: bank business, insurance, medicine, transport, education , state management, development of the software and so on. It is difficult to find area of business activity, in which today it would be possible to do without use of information systems. On the other hand, the concrete tasks, solved by bank information systems, differ from tasks, for which decision the medical or transport information systems are created.

004 6 Management information system.doc

The system is intended

One basic circumstance unites all these systems : the management of the companies feels necessity of the authentic information on various aspects of business of the company and external environment with the purposes of support of acceptance of the decisions. The quality of management of the company, opportunity of effective planning of its activity, survival in conditions of rigid competitive struggle depends on it. Thus critically important there are presentation of the forms of the information, speed of reception of new kinds of knowledge, opportunity of the analysis of the current and historical data.

Management of the companies

6.4. Role of structure of management in the IS formation

Creation and use of the information system for any organization assumes performance of the following conditions:

1. The information system structure , its functional assignment should correspond to the purposes, facing to organization. For example, in a business concern , the information system is the effective business, extraction of the maximal benefit; at the state enterprise is the decision of economic and social tasks;

2. The information system should be supervised by the people, which understand its assignment , purposes and tasks, and must be used, according to the basic social and ethical principles;IS should provide the authentic, reliable, systematized and date information for the manufacture

Thus, for creation and use IS, it is necessary at first to understand and to build structure, functions and policy of the enterprise, purpose of management and accepted decisions, opportunity of used technology. Key elements of any enterprise are structure and bodies of management, standard procedures, personnel, corporate culture.

6.5. The IS construction should begin with the analysis of structure of the organization management

The construction IS should begin with the analysis of structure of the organization management.

Structure of the organization management

6.6. Administrative functions

The coordination of work of all divisions of the enterprise is carried out through the management bodies of a different level. Management is maintenance of an object , under condition of realization of the following administrative functions:

1. Organizational, 2. Scheduled, 3. Registration, 4. Analysis, 5. Control, 6. Stimulation.

6.6.1. Organizational function

The organizational function consists on development of organizational structure and complex of the normative documents: a list of staff of firm, department, laboratory, group with the indication of subordination, responsibility, sphere of the competence, rights, duties and so on. More often it is stated in a situation on a department or in the duty regulations.

6.6.2. Planning (scheduled function)

The planning (scheduled function) consists in development and realization of the plans on performance of the put tasks.

For example, business represent plan for all firm, plan of manufacture, plan of marketing researches, financial plan, plan of realization of research work (and so on.) on various terms (year, quarter, month, day).

6.6.3. Registration function

The registration function consists on development or use of the available forms and methods of the account of parameters of activity of firm: accounting, financial, administrative, warehouse and so on. Generally account is possible to define as reception, registration, accumulation and granting of the information about real economic processes.

6.6.4. Analysis or analytical function

The analysis, or analytical function, connect to study of results of performance of the plans and orders, definition of the influencing factors, revealing of reserves, research of the tendency of development and so on. The various experts conduct analyses, by depending on complexity and level of analyzed object or process. The analysis of the economic activity firm results, for one year and more, will be carried out by the analysts experts , and at a level of shop, department, - manager of this level (chief or his assistant) together with the economist expert .

6.6.5. Control function

The control function is carried out by the manager of the appropriate level more often: the control of performance of the plans, expenditure of material resources, use of financial assets and so on.

1. Financial stimulus are salary, premium, action , payment of the permits and so on;

6.6.6. Stimulation (motivation function)

Stimulation (motivation function) assumes development and application of various methods of stimulation of work of the subordinated workers:

2. Psychological stimulus increase in a post, election in the closed club, gratitude, diplomas, rank, degree and so on.

6.7. Standard procedures in organization

Standard procedures in the organization precisely define rules for the implementation of tasks in different situations. They cover all aspects of the functioning of the organization, from manufacturing operations by drawing up documents for the products and ending with complaints of consumers.

6.8. Corporate culture

Corporate culture is set of representations, ethical principles, types of behaviour, performance of business - rules. The special role is played by its information culture of the personnel and enterprise as a whole. It finds reflection in information system, as there is an interdependence between strategy, rules, procedures of organization and hardware, program, telecommunication parts of IS. Therefore at a stage of introduction and designing IS it is very important the active participation of the managers, determining a circle of problems, assumed for the decision, tasks and functions on the subject domain .

6.9. Three basic levels of management

Any enterprise is complex organism, which consists of the large number of diverse objects and processes having the own managing bodies.

The general multilevel control system is necessary for the coordination of functioning of all enterprise. In practice of management it is accepted to allocate three basic levels of management (hierarchy of administrative activity):

1. Strategic, 2. Tactical, 3. Operational.

Each of "floors" of management is characterized by an own set of functions, by a level of competence and responsibility and requires the appropriate information support .It finds reflection that the information systems of general assignment include local administrative subsystems of the appropriate level.

It is necessary at once to allocate two components of success in information activity at all levels of management - 1. Organizational and 2. Technological.

The levels of management are determined by complexity of soluble tasks. Than more difficultly task, especially high level of management is required for its decision. It is necessary also to take into account changes of realization of the accepted decisions, that allows to consider management under a view of the temporary factor.

Local administrative subsystems of the appropriate level

6.9.1. Strategic level

The strategic level provides development of the administrative decisions directed on achievement of the long-term strategic purposes to organization. As the results of the accepted decisions are shown after long time (months, years), the special meaning at this level there is such function of management, as strategic planning. The responsibility for acceptance of the administrative decisions is extremely great and is determined not only results of the analysis with use of the special mathematical device and information systems of support of acceptance of the decision, but also professional intuition of the managers.

Example. On the basis of the analysis of a financial condition of firm, the decisions on increase (reduction, removal from sale) made production, about release of a new product, about opening of branch, about increase of actives of the company, about attraction of the credits are accepted.

6.9.2. Tactical level

The tactical level provides the decision of tasks requiring the preliminary analysis of a plenty of the diverse information, acting with the top and bottom levels. At this level the special meaning is got with such function of management, as the analysis. Volume of soluble tasks decreases, but their complexity and responsibility for results grows.

Thus not always it is possible to develop the necessary decision operatively - the additional time for judgement, collection of the missing items of information and so on is required. The management is connected to some delay between the moment of receipt of the information both acceptance of the decisions and their realization, and also between the moment of realization of the decisions and reception of reaction on them.

Example. On the basis of the analysis of the statistical data on demand for production, about the prices of the competitors and so on, the profit is predicted and the plan of output for the nearest period (week, month, quarter) is developed. The data of the administrative account are analyzed. Is solved the problem on attraction of the additional workers or about their reduction.

The data of the administrative account are analyzed

6.9.3. Functional - operational level

Functional and operational level management provides a solution to repetitive tasks and operations and rapid response to changes in the input current information. At this level, a rather large amount of functional operations perform , and the dynamics of decision-making. This level of control is often referred to as operational - because of the need to respond quickly to changing situations. At the level of operational management occupy a large amount of user tasks.

Example of registration tasks is the account of expenses of time, raw material and materials at performance of separate industrial operations; the account of made and sold production; book keeping and so on. The changes in one component inevitably cause changes in others. Sometimes on "coordination" of such changes there leave months and years, that results in the serious crisis phenomena. According to hierarchy of management of the company the information systems should have the appropriate levels of division and use of the information.

Example of registration tasks

6.10. Levels of division and use of the information

Usually it is levels: 1. Operational, 2. Knowledge, 3. Administrative and 4. Strategic.

The business tasks and appropriate information support are determined for each functional area: marketing and sales, planning, manufacture, finance, book keeping, human resources, maintenance of quality and so on.

For example, the "commercial" system at an operational level regularly does record of the daily commercial data and processes the orders.

The systems of a level of knowledge create fields of the information for research both analysis of activity of firm and branch. The management systems trace the monthly commercial data of all commercial territories and allocate those territories, where the sale exceeds expected levels or falls below them. The forecast system predicts commercial trends - serves a strategic level.

6.10.1. Information systems (subsystem) of a strategic level

Information systems (subsystems) of the strategic level is the tool by senior level. They help prepare the strategic research, analyze long-term trends, trends in the affairs of the company and the business environment. Their primary purpose is to bring into line the changes in the external environment with existing organizational ability to take advantage.

What will be the level of employment in five years? What are the long-term trends in the financial industry, and where possible our ups and downs? What products do we need to make in three years, five years? Shares of public companies should be available in the longer term?

6.10.2. System (subsystem) of a level of tactical management

The systems (subsystem) of a level of tactical management are developed for the control, managements, acceptance of the direct decisions and administrative actions of the average managers. The basic questions addressed to them: whether controlled objects well work? Whether it is necessary to improve a control system? What communications of steel unnecessary? What business - processes require improvement?

The level of management systems a usually very quickly provide the periodic reports, executed on authorized patterns. An example is control system of a condition of objects and systems, which informs moving and distribution of total of a product of activity of firm, uniformity of work of a trade department and department financing an expenses for serving in all sections of the company, serving in all sections, where the actual costs exceed the budgets.

6.10.3. System of a level of management

The systems of a level of management support in some cases and acceptance of the non-standard decisions. They are intended for work with less formalized data to develop on their basis less structured decisions, for which the information requirements are not always clear.

These systems frequently answer questions " that, if...? ". What will take place with the industrial calendar plan, if we shall double sale in December? What happen with our dividend, if the payment will be deferred within six months? The answers to these questions frequently require the new data, which can not be received from existing systems of an operational level.

6.10.4. System (subsystem) of a level of knowledge

The level knowledge systems (subsystem) is a support the workers of knowledge, analysts of the current information and обработчиков given in organization. The purpose of systems of a level of knowledge is to help firm to integrate new knowledge in business and to operate subsystems of knowledge necessary in the current and perspective activity for the company.

The level engineering knowledge system is especial in the form of workstations and office systems, today is one of the most attractive areas of development of the appendices in information of business.

6.10.5. System (subsystem) of an operational - operational level

The systems (subsystem) of an operational are operational level support management of operations, the payments keep up elementary actions of organization, such as sales,, work with deposits, paysheets, crediting of the operative financial decisions, and adjust a flow of materials on manufacture. The basic purpose of systems at this level is to answer usual questions and to carry out flows транзакций through the enterprise. The information should be accessible to the answer to organizational, technological and industrial questions, it is operative and is exact. It is the most natural automatic part of any enterprise.

6.11. The information systems can also be differed a functional image

Information systems can also be differentiated function properly. The main organizational functions such as sales and marketing, manufacturing, finance, accounting and human resources can be served by its own small information systems.

In the large organizations subfunction by each of these main functions also have own local information subsystems. For example, the function of manufacture could have systems for storekeeping, management of process of service of a factory automated development and material planning of the requirements.

All depends on concrete ways of formation of information flows and beams, and also information field of the enterprise.Information systems having some number of functional subsystems, which are carried is territorial on divisions and branches of the company, have own architecture and configuration, hardware-software means, control system and personnel, refer to as the distributed information systems (Distributed Information Systems - DIS).

6.12. Types of data in organization

The actively working companies do not test lack in the data. The data are everywhere - in working files of personal computers, databases, video and graphic presentations, paper and electronic documents.

The information, which is used by the manager in daily activity and during acceptance of the decisions, can be conditionally divided into three categories: formalized, partially formalized and not formalized. Depending on a degree of the information formalization the types of the decisions: structured, partially structured and not structured, are defined also.

The computer processes the data are represented in a formalized kind - as numbers. The data deal also formal mathematic of a means of statistics. Thus, the formalization of the data is of major making work of information systems.

The formalization of the data

An example of the formalized data is the representation of results of activity of the company as sets of the numerical tables:

1. Financial reports, 2. Balance, 3. Money transaction, 4. Payments, 5. Operative reports about performance of the daily tasks,6. Orders, 7. Waybills and so on.

6.13. Action with the formalized data

The actions with the formalized data are more easy automated and can pass practically without participation of the man.

The part of the information initially is not formalized, but gives in to partial formalization by matrix methods. For example, to estimate influence of the factors of an external environment or answer-back actions of the enterprise, matrixes BCG (Boston Consulting Group) frequently are applied. For an estimation of the success degree of business under the characteristics of reception and expenditure of money resources on support of activity or for an estimation of prospects of business in the concrete market in concrete price conditions the matrix GEMPM (General Electric Multifactor Portfolio Model) from the Portfolio-analysis is used.

004 6 2 Boston Consulting Group

The part of the information initially is not formalized

The matrix is under construction on some algorithm, which fills in cells of a matrix of formal parameters having real informal sense. For example, cell of a matrix BCG (2х2) - " question marks ", "stars", " cash cows ", "dogs". The Growth-share matrix is under construction in system of coordinates " force of business - appeal of the market ", the estimations are made on nine parameters (matrix 3х3). In these cases the acceptance of the decisions is carried out by a tandem "man - computer": the optimum decision is chosen by the man, using a set of the scripts given by the computer. The scripts are under construction by a principle " what, if …? " With the help of systems of support of acceptance of the decision (Decision Support System - DSS).

Tandem "man - computer“

Matrix BCG (2х2)

6.14. The significant part of the data happens not formalized

The significant part of the data is especial at the top level of management, there is not formalized, political news are: item of information on the partners and competitors, an information from share and currency stock exchanges, summary informal reports on the periods, business correspondence, protocols of meetings, seminars, scientific publications and reviews, hypertexts in the Internet. Such data are most difficultly formalized , but their analysis is of obligatory making activity of the boss. In this case basic weight in acceptance of the decision and responsibility for its results lays on the chief - here huge role play its knowledge, business experience, competence and, certainly, intuition.

The computer, information expert systems (Expert System - ES) only supplement these qualities.

If the data are too unstructured and fragmented among a variety of platforms, operating systems, different databases and applications, it is particularly important process is to focus on some of the agreed rules of the data in arrays, known as metadata (Metadata). Solutions for metadata management provide enhanced access to arrays of structured data, together with the mapping of their relationships with other arrays of data.

The use of special storage - repository (Repository) - can also rationalize or make sense of these data by identifying and comparing

The work with the not formalized data causes significant difficulties. It is rather complex to support these structures given, broken on a category, with the help repository.

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Metadata

Especially it concerns control systems of sense and contents (Content Management Systems - CMS), and also documentation. Specialized repository and the search machines give only separate decisions, and any of them does not cover all spectrum of the data.

However, for solutions based repository exists the possibility of combining both formal and non-formalized metadata that can be achieved through the development of appropriate interfaces for these new technologies. Such a repository will be the central channel of access to all corporate data sets, identifying relationships between data, as well as the extent to which employees, customers and partners use them.

Content Management Systems - CMS

6.15. From processing the data to the analysis

It is natural, what not all necessary data are present in IS at a "pure"("clean") kind. The useful information should be caught from a plenty of the additional data, and this process refers to as as extraction of the data (Data Mining - DM).

The useful information can be hidden very deeply; IS takes the plausible data, but they can not reflect its essence, there can be a danger of reception of the displaced estimations (Biased Estimator), when that factor comes to light not absolutely which influenced researched object or system. The information practically always happens " with noise ", thus frequently amplitude of a useful signal is comparable to amplitudes of by-effects. The real information in such situation is taken difficultly, and it can result in erroneous estimations and forecasts.

The users can receive high-grade feedback from the information only in the event that this information is exact and complete, from it is simple to take knowledge. The information from storehouses and show-windows of the data can be incorporated with the information from the not structured sources, with the subsequent granting of access to it to various groups of the users, and each of similar users groups can have the expectations concerning, how by him the information should be given .

Some chiefs simply want, that the reports should be given each morning, another need to have before themselves the tool panel of the chief displaying the critically important business - parameters. Someone from the managers wants to carry out the complicated inquiries with hierarchical detailed elaboration of the data or to do cuts and to manipulate the data

Some chiefs simply want

Knowledge is of little value if they are not a guide to action or are planned for use in business processes. Members need such reporting, which would correspond to their unique business processes. The market offers a lot of software solutions for a variety of public and private concerns.

Among them:

1. System of generation of the reports for formal representation of the information (for example, software Crystal Reports of the company Crystal Decisions, intended for creation of the corporate reporting);

2. Analytical systems for the complex dynamic analysis of the data;

Members need reporting

3. System of generation of personal inquiries, analysis and creation of the reports for the individual users having various requirements on representation and the analysis of the information;

4. Decision on development of the ERP-application (Enterprise Information System Applications - EISA), intended for creation of tool panels of the chief and analytical appendices for production of the data.In the general view of a task of management it is possible to reduce to five key questions:

1. Where we are?

2. That we want to achieve ?

Personal inquiries

3. How we there shall get?

4. How many time and resources on it is required?

Therefore, management processes and decisions are iterative in nature. Following the decision, and the application of the control action it is necessary to re-evaluate the condition, in which the system is, and to solve the question of whether we are moving on proper path. If deviations do not satisfy us, we need to override the data sets to adjust the solution and "restart" the management process .

5. How many it will cost?

Complex systems, characterized by the fact, are managed usually under incomplete information, lack of knowledge of the functioning and permanent changes in external factors.

Incomplete information

The modern information technologies by search of the answers on the put questions allow the analyst to formulate and to solve tasks of below-mentioned classes.

1. Analytical - calculation of the given parameters and statistical characteristics of business - activity on the basis of the retrospective information from databases.

3. Extraction of knowledge (Data Mining) - definition of interrelations and interdependence of business - processes on the basis of the existing information. To the given class it is possible to relate tasks of check of statistical hypotheses, clustering, finding of associations and temporary patterns.

2. Visualization of the data - evident graphic and tabulared representation of the available information.

The analyst

For example, by the analysis of economic and financial parameters of the companies, which then have gone bankrupt, the bank can reveal some stereotypes, which can be taken into account at an estimation of a degree of risk of crediting.

Formalized (mathematical) models

4. Imitating - realization on the computer of experiments with the formalized (mathematical) models describing behaviour of complex systems during a given or formed interval of time. The tasks of this class are applied to the analysis of possible consequences of acceptance of this or that administrative decision (analysis " what, if?... ").

5. The synthesis of management used to determine the allowable control actions that achieve a certain goal. Problems of this type are used to estimate the attainability of the objectives, define the set of possible control actions, which lead to the desired result..

6.Optimization - based on the integration of simulation, management, optimization and statistical modeling and forecasting. Together with the formulation of the problem of synthesis of control allow you to select the set of possible controls those that provide the most efficient (in terms of certain criteria) to promote this goal.

Estimate the attainability

Now there are certain categories of information systems (or appropriate modules integrated IS), which serve each organizational level and help successfully to solve the mentioned above classes of tasks with processing of the appropriate type of the data.

6.16. IS of the modern company

The modern company with the expanding business, as a rule, has:

1. System of support of activity of the chief (Executive Support Systems - ESS) at a strategic level;

2. Managing information systems (Management Information Systems - MIS) and system of support of acceptance of the decisions (Decision Support Systems - DSS) at an average administrative level;

3. Working systems of knowledge (Knowledge Work System - KWS) and system of automation of office-work (Office Automation Systems - OAS) at a level of knowledge;

4. System of dialogue processing transaction (Transaction Processing Systems - TPS) at an operational level.

6.16.1. System of dialogue processing transactions

Systems of dialogue processing transactions (TPS) are base systems serving operational level of organization. It is the computer aided system for automatic performance of the large number transactions , components standard business - process of this level. Examples : commercial accounts, orders, registration of sales, filling of the standard forms, paysheets, reports.

At this level of the purpose, task, the resources are precisely determined, their performance is connected to the minimal risk, the data, as a rule, are formalized. The rules very rigid, and decision are always structured. The conformity to criteria and patterns should be complete. The volumes of the processed data are great, but the flows and structure of the data (Data Flow and Data Structure) are precisely identified and are easily supervised by the automated means.

The information systems of this level are not independent - they are usually carried out as the applications, which by those or other rules are integrated in general corporate IS.

A typical example: there are integration of modules " 1С: accounts department ", "LanDocs", "LanStaff" and so on in system of dialogue data processing.

The volumes of the processed data

The technology of such embedding is well fulfilled, there are many firms (among them and "LANIT- TEPCOM" in St.-Petersburg), which quickly and qualitatively will execute this work.

6.17. Working systems of knowledge and automation of office-work

The working systems of knowledge (KWS) and automation of office-work (OAS) serve information needs at tactical and functionally operative levels of management of organization.

Key questions of management of knowledge:

1. How to form and to staticize knowledge?

2. How to make knowledge used?

The systems of knowledge (KWS) and automation of office-work (OAS)

3. How to measure knowledge?

6. How to force the employees to be divided by knowledge?

4. How to estimate the people owning knowledge?

5. How stimulate of the owners of knowledge?

7. How to reveal the latent knowledge and to put them on a service to business?

The working systems of knowledge use diverse, versatile formalizations, given a various degree. Their purpose is to accumulate knowledge and experience to generate "working" knowledge for support of the basic activity and for reception of additional original knowledge necessary for performance, for example: reconstructed business processes or formation of the approach at an estimation of a non-standard situation, and also to find new areas of application for the already used data.

The working systems of knowledge promote ordering of the data and creation of new knowledge. A task of the chief of division KWS is to guarantee, that the new knowledge and technical experience should be claimed and are properly integrated in business. The workplaces KWS are carried out as scientific or engineering Workstations and are a part of ERP.

The workers of knowledge are highly skilled experts with a wide scientific and technical outlook and good professional training.

Some examples of known software on formation and management of corporate knowledge:

1. Product " Microsoft SharePoint Portal " as a control facility knowledge ;

The working systems of knowledge

2. Product " System of formation and management of knowledge Excalibur Retrieval Ware " groups of the companies АСК (http: // www.ask.ru);

3. Ruler of products eDOCS of the company Hummingbird (www.hummingbird.ru).

The users of system of automation of office-work work with the almost formalized data, their function is to supplement and to supervise work of the TPS systems at an operational level, and also office-work and document circulation, which form a subsystem of documentary maintenance (DocMain) at a level of organization. There is the managers of an average link, clerks, technologists, developers and so on.

System of automation of office-work

The decisions are in the large degree structured, and consequently the results are easily traced. Local and network OAS (automation of office-work) have the advanced graphic interface allowing successfully to work to the employee with the minimal information preparation.

The subsystems of office-work provide work with the electronic versions of the documents, patterns and essential elements of the account-control forms, according to rules and standards of office-work, accepted in Russia organizations.

The subsystems of document circulation provide strictly regulated and controllable movement of the documents inside and outside of organization on the basis of information and communication technologies. The processes of office-work and document circulation are processes, which documentary reflect and ensure administrative processes.

OAS (Office Automation System )

The basic tasks of a Doc subsystem is Office Automation System with reference to program systems of automation of administrative activity are:

1. Documenting - creation of the documents supporting and recording administrative activity (preparation, registration, coordination and manufacturing);

2. Development of rules and organization of document circulation - maintenance of search, movement, storage and use of the documents;

3. Ordering an archival storage of the documents - the definition was corrected of selection, ordering, storage of the data and information, with search in bases both storehouses of the data and use for support of acceptance of the administrative decisions and industrial procedures.

Doc subsystem of Office Automation System

Functions of the corporate automated subsystem of documentary maintenance of management:

1. Organization of the uniform operating procedure with the documents in divisions;

4. Exchange of the documents inside and between structural divisions of organization and with external environment;

2. Preparation, manufacturing, registration according to patterns, coordination, updating, delivery, registration, account of the documents;

3. Use of the unified forms of representation and processing of the documents;

5. Duly maintenance of the employees of organization by the complete, exact and authentic information on a condition of preparation and performance of the documents, decisions and assignments of a management of organization;

6. Realization of directory and analytical work on documentary maintenance;

8. Formation of the reports, including statistical, on the basis of the information on the documents, their site and condition of their performance .

7. Maintenance of protection of processes of document circulation and office-work;

Examples of firms and software realizing a subsystem Doc:

1. The company Lotus (affiliated company of corporation IBM) has a 10-year's history of work in the Russian market with products realizing DocMain in environment Notes - many Russian partners Lotus have created the own corporate appendices in environment Notes, which automate complex processes of office-work and work with the documents;

2. Among the most known domestic products of this class "Boss - reviewer" (AiTi), family of products "Zolushka" и "DIS-Assistant" (Institute of development of Moscow), ASKADO (Interprokon Lan ), "CompanyMedia" and "OfficeMedia" (InterTrust) is possible to name products;

3. The basic known players of the Russian market DocMain, besides the partners Lotus, are the following companies with the appropriate products: Lanit ("LanDocs"), Optima (" Optima Workflow "), Electronic Office Systems ("Business") and number of other suppliers.

6.18. Managing information systems

The first managing information systems (Management Information Systems - MIS) began to occur in 70 years ХХ of century with development of computer facilities.

Such IS serve an administrative level, providing the managers of average and maximum parts by the current information on performance of the basic business - processes in the company and about some changes in external environment. They provide interactive access to parameters of the current activity of firm, archive of the reports and decisions, orders, orders, protocols of meetings, forms of account.

Usually such systems are focused basically on the internal user and serve functions of planning, management of divisions and services, control and support of the decisions at an administrative level.

Let's result the basic characteristics of corporate managing systems. Such systems:

1. Work with formalized and - or the partially formalized data and support semi-structured and semistructured decisions on a wide range of functional and operational and managerial levels, transforming the data into formalized "MIS-Files." Solutions, supported by MIS, binding at the operational level, fill up "piggy bank" solution to the KWS, and broadcast through the OAS;

Management Information Systems - MIS

2. Are focused on maintenance of the current business - processes by the administrative decisions, on creation of the reports and control of performance;

3. Set rules of formation of information flows and beams inside an information field of the company, the information requirements are known and are steady;

4. Have small analytical opportunities limited to frameworks of the current activity at a level of divisions;

5.Are unsufficiently flexible, but have opportunities for adaptation in any division;

6. Help in acceptance of the operative decisions, using the last and present data, thus is used more internal given, than external.

The automated information control system of activity of the enterprise is the interconnected data set, procedures, processes, standards, hardware-software and telecommunication means intended for the collection, processing, ordering, distribution, storage, delivery in the automated mode of the information to the end user according to the requirements following from the purposes of activity.

MIS, as a rule, is one of the basic modules general corporate IS; its development, introduction and integration needs the careful analysis of processes and identification of parameters of an information field of organization.

MIS, as a rule, is one of the basic modules general corporate IS

In the Russian companies MIS usually develops on the basis of systems TPS and OAS, with which automation of routine procedures and processes frequently begins. Thereof MIS gradually turns to the automated information control system of the enterprise .

The technology of work in the computer aided information system is under construction so that it the plenty of the employees could simultaneously use. The users MIS are practically all managers of the company. Target given is periodic results of activity as the reports, summary, reports, reports, service investigations. That the part of such information can be confidential, the managers have access of a various degree. MIS has functional and ensuring parts .

MIS usually develops on the basis of systems TPS and OAS

Technical maintenance is complex of means, means of operational support and documentation on these means and technological processes, internal standards of the enterprise.

Technical maintenance is:

1. Means of the collection, registration, accumulation, processing, display, duplication, delivery, preservation and safety of the information;

2. Computers of any models, powerful серверные and network devices, office equipment;

3. Telecommunication engineering and communication facility; the documentation including the state, branch and corporate standards on technical maintenance;

Technical maintenance

4. Specialized documentation containing methodical materials on all design stages, development, introduction, support both application of technical and technological means;

5. The norm-help documentation for performance of technical maintenance.

6.19. Mathematical maintenance and software maintenance

Mathematical maintenance is set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms of processing of the information, typical tasks of management of systems, theory of mass service, theories of games and others.

The software maintenance is complexes of the programs focused on the users and intended for decision of typical tasks, of intended of the for the decision, They serve for expansion of functionalities of processes of the control and management. Software includes packages of the applied programs, which realize economic-mathematical models of a different degree of adequacy reflecting functioning of real object.

6.20. Methodical and organizational maintenance

Methodical and organizational maintenance is set of methods, means and documents regulating interaction of IS modules, technical and technological means, personnel during development, introduction and operation IS.

Software maintenance

6.21. Linguistic maintenance

Linguistic maintenance is set of the coordinated rules, techniques, dictionaries, algorithmic languages of a high level, languages of management and manipulation by the data allowing to the experts, developers, users and engineers to speak in one language.

6.22. Legal maintenance

This is means of dialogue with program, technical and information maintenance, and also set of the terms used in the given information system.

Legal maintenance is federal laws and decrees of the president of Russian Federation, decision of state bodies of authority, orders, branch instructions, normative acts of tax bodies and customs service.

On a development IS cycle : the normative acts connected to the contractual relations of the developer and the IS customer , legal regulation of disputes, maintenance of development cycles and introduction by protection of the rights of the intellectual property.

At a stage of IS functioning : definitions of the status and sphere of action IT in concrete bodies of management and control, rights and duties of the personnel, procedure of the collection and processing of the information, maintenance of the rights of access to the users, normative documentation about work with the information containing the confidential and confidential items of information.

Legal maintenance

Training of the personnel both certification of systems and equipment is set of the requirements to a level of preparation of the experts and attendants, study-methodical and scheduled documentation of preparation both improvement of professional skill. The requirements and specifications for preparation of the developed systems for certification in branch, state and international certificate organizations (Gosstandart, Defense certificate, ISO, SEI and so on.).

6.23. MIS functional part

The MIS functional part realizes assignment of information system. Model of management of organization, its separate components and interrelation here contains.

Training of the personnel

Within the framework of a functional part there is a transformation of the purposes and tasks of management in function, functions - in algorithms, algorithms - in concrete managing influences on controlled object. These actions are carried out in MIS subsystems, management, allocated at everyone level, according to the intended function .

Base functions of managing information system1. Information subsystem of marketing1.1. Research of the market, segmentation, forecasting of sales1.2. Management of purchases and sales1.3. Recommendation for change of the nomenclature of production1.4. Analysis of a conjuncture and recommendation for an establishment of the price1.5. Account of the orders, recommendation for advertising activity

2. Industrial subsystems2.1. Planning amounts of works, development of the calendar plans2.2. Operative control and management of productions2.3. Analysis of work of the equipment and need(requirement) for updating2.4. Participation in formation of the orders of the suppliers2.5. Storekeeping and resources

3. Financial and registration subsystems 3.1. Management of a portofolio of the orders and valuable papers3.2. Management of credit policy 3.3. Development of the financial plan3.4. Financial analysis and forecasting. The control of performance of the budget3.5. Book keeping, accounts and payments

4. Personnel and qualifying subsystem4.1. Analysis and forecasting of needs in a manpower4.2. Personnel account, account of assignments and movings4.3. Conducting the current and archival records about the personnel4.4. Planning improvement of professional skill of the personnel4.5. Control of training of the personnel

5. Subsystem of the top managers5.1. Elements of strategic planning. Реагирование on changes in external environment 5.2. Analysis of strategic and administrative situations5.3. Revealing and decision of tactical problems5.4. Maintenance of process of development of the strategic decisions5.5. Control of activity of firm

6.24. System of Decision-support systems ("DSS")

Per 1980 years the American and Japanese companies have begun to develop information systems, which strikingly differed from MIS. These systems have put a beginning to process of "intellectualization" of IS. The new systems were smaller, interactive, and their purpose was to help the end users to work with all types data, to carry out analytical researches, to build models and to play the scripts for the poorly structured decision and in general of not structured problems in the innovation projects.

The systems, giving such opportunities, refer to as systems of support of acceptance of the decisions - DSS (Decision Support System - DSS) .

In middle 1980 such systems began to be used in the current activity of the large companies and corporations. Now DSS is an obligatory part corporate IS (ERP) .

Let's result the basic characteristics of systems of support of acceptance of the decision:

1. Offer flexibility of use, adaptation and fast reaction;2. Suppose management of an input and output 3. Work practically without participation of the professional programmers;4. Provide information support for the decisions of problems, which can not be determined beforehand;

5. Apply complex многомерный and многофакторный the analysis and tool means of modeling.

Distinctions between systems MIS and DSS.

2. MIS2.1. Provides the formalized and partially formalized data for acceptance of the structured decisions2.2. Allocates the information requirements according to the established rules2.3. Delivers the information based on the authorized requirements2.4. Internal and partially external environment 2.5. Managers of operational and administrative levels

1. Parameter1.1. Concept

1.2. System analysis1.3. Project

1.4. Source of the data1.5. Users

3. DSS3.1. Provides the integrated tool means, многомерные diverse given, dynamic models and language of interpretation3.2. Forms the order of application of tool means and dynamic rules during work3.3. Iteration process of addition of the new data and information following from changes of environment . 3.4. External and internal environment 3.5. Maximum management of departments, IT-services, administrative level, analysts

1. Parameter1.1. Concept

1.2. System analysis1.3. Project

1.4. Source of the data1.5. Users

Well developed DSS are applied at many levels of the enterprise. The chiefs of the company and conducting managers can use financial modules DSS to predict efficiency of use of actives of the company at change of business activity or economic situation in the country.

To the managers of an level the same system can be useful to an estimation prospect of the short-term investments under the carried out projects. For the chiefs of the projects is a tool for financial planning and distribution of means on planned purchases.

DSS consist of three components: 1. Program nucleus and 2. Storehouse of the data, 3. Analytical means of processing, analysis and representation of the information, telecommunication devices.

The storehouse of the data gives uniform environment of a storage corporate given, organized in structure and analytical operations, optimized for performance.

The analytical means allow the end user who is not having special knowledge in the field of information technologies, special knowledge, navigation and representation of the subject domain, given in the terms. For the users of various qualification DSS have various types of interfaces of access to the services.

The analytical systems allow to solve three basic tasks: the analysis diverse multidimensional information of a different degree formalization in real time, subsequent intellectual analysis of the data with construction of models of development of a business situation and accounting.

The process of acceptance of the business decision differs from similar process in scientific or social sphere by that the transformation of a working hypothesis to the decision is complicated by two objectively existing problems.

The first problem is, that the accumulation of personal experience during daily activity at the businessmen lags behind dynamical change of an economic situation - that is especially characteristic for modern Russia. The second problem consists that in enterprise activity - moreover in conditions of the free market - practically there is no opportunity of realization of purposeful experiments, which allow to check correctness of a hypothesis in practice.

Hence, with reference to business - activity the process of acceptance of the decision undergoes break as a minimum in two points: at a stage of promotion of hypotheses and at a stage of experimental verification of models. To liquidate these breaks the actively developing direction of information technologies - technology multidimensional of the analysis of the data - On-Line Analytical Processing – OLAP- is called.

6.25. On-Line Analytical Processing - OLAP

Shortly this technology can be characterized by the following words: the fast Analysis Divided Multidimensional of the Information (Fast Analysis of Shared Multidimensional Information - FASMI).

The value of technology multidimensional of the analysis given for business is determined by that it allows to take from "crude" structured (as a rule, as the tables) the data the information and knowledge, which use in acceptance and realization of the decisions allows to create additional cost in the company in comparison with cost created in absence of such information.

OLAP-technologies

In 1993 founder of the relational approach to construction of databases Edgar Codd with the partners (Edgar Codd, mathematics and IBM granted), have published clause initiated by the company " Arbor Software " (today it is famous the company " Hyperion Solutions "), entitled " Maintenance OLAP (operative analytical processing) for the users - analysts ", in which 12 features of technology OLAP are formulated, which subsequently were complemented by six. These rules became the basic contents of new and very perspective technology.

6.25.1. Basic features of technology OLAP

Basic features of technology OLAP :

1. Multidimensional conceptual representation of the data;2. Intuitive manipulation by the data;3. Availability and detailed elaboration of the data;4. Batch extraction given against interpretation;5. Model of the analysis OLAP;6. Architecture "client - сервер" (OLAP is accessible from a working table);7. Transparency (transparent access to the external data);8. Multiuser support.

6.25.2. Special features

Special features :

1. Processing the not formalized data;2. Preservation of results OLAP: a storage them separately from the initial data;3. Exception of absent meanings;4. Processing absent meanings.

6.25.3. Feature of representation of the reports :

1. Flexibility of formation of the reports;2.Standart productivity of the reports;3.Automatic adjustment of a physical level of extraction of the data.

6.25.4. Management of Dimensions

Management of Dimensions:

1. Universality of Dimensions;2. Unlimited number of Dimensions and agregation levels ;3. Unlimited number of operations between dimensions.Historically has developed so, that today term "OLAP" means not only multidimentional a sight on the data on the part of the end user, but also multidimensional representation of the data in DB target . The representation is connected to it as the independent terms " Relational OLAP " (ROLAP) and " multidimentional OLAP " (MOLAP).

The OLAP-service represents the tool for the analysis of the large volumes of the data in a mode of real time. Cooperating with OLAP- by system, the user can carry out flexible viewing of the information, receive any cuts of the data and carry out analytical operations of detailed elaboration, convolution, through distribution, comparison in time simultaneously on many parameters. All work makes in OLAP-system in the terms of a subject domain and allows to build the statistically proved models of a business situation.

Terms of a subject domain

Software OLAP is a tool of the operative analysis of the data contained in storehouse. The main feature is that these means are focused on use not by the expert in the field of information technologies, not by the expert – statistic expert, and professional expert in applied area of management - manager of a department, department, management, and, at last, by director. The means are intended for dialogue of the analyst with a problem, instead of with the computer.

The multidimensional OLAP-cube and the system of the appropriate mathematical algorithms of statistical processing allows to analyze given to any complexity on any time intervals.

004 6 2 1 OLAP cube

Having in the order flexible mechanisms of a manipulation by the data and visual display, the manager at first considers from the different parties the data, which can be connected to a soluble problem.

Further manager compares various parameters of business among themselves, trying to reveal the latent interrelations; can consider given more steadfastly, having detailed them, for example, having spread out on components on time, on regions or on the clients, or, on the contrary, even more to generalize representation of the information to clean distracting details. After that with the help of the module of the statistical estimations and imitating modeling some variants of development of events are under construction, and the most acceptable variant gets out of them.

The manager considers

At the manager of the company, for example, the hypothesis can arise that the disorder of growth of actives in various branches of the company depends on a ratio in them of the experts with technical and economic education .

To check up this hypothesis, the manager can request from storehouse and display on the diagram his interesting ratio for those branches, at which for the current quarter the growth of actives has decreased in comparison with the last year more than on 10 %, and for at which has increased more than on 25 %. He should have an opportunity to use a simple choice from the offered menu. If the received results appreciable will break up to two appropriate groups, it should become stimulus for the further check of the put forward hypothesis.

6.26. Dynamic modeling (Dynamic Simulation),

Now fast development has received a direction named as dynamic modeling (Dynamic Simulation), to the full realizing the mentioned above principle FASMI.

Using dynamic modeling, the analyst builds model of a business situation developing in time, under some script. Thus result of such modeling can be some new business - situations inducing a tree of the possible decisions with an estimation of probability and prospect everyone.

The comparative characteristics of the static and dynamic analysis are given:

1. Characteristic1.1. Types of questions

1.2. Time of the response1.3. Typical operations of work with the data1.4. Level of the analytical requirements1.5. Type of the screen forms1.6. Level агрегации of the data1.7. "Age" of the data1.8. Types of inquiries1.9. Assignment

2. Static analysis2.1. Who? What? How many? How? When? Where?2.2. Is not regulated 2.3. Regulated report, diagram, table, figure2.4. Average2.5. Basically, determined beforehand, regulated2.6. Detailed and total

2.7. Historical and current2.8. Basically, predicted2.9. Regulated analytical processing

The comparative characteristics of the static and dynamic analysis are given:

3. Dynamic analysis3.1. Why so? What would be, if …? What will be, if …?3.2. Second3.3. Sequence of the interactive reports, diagrams, screen forms. Dynamic change of levels агрегации and срезов of the data3.4. High3.5. Determined the user, is opportunities of adjustment3.6. Is determined by the user3.7. Historical, current and прогнозируемые3.8. Unpredictable - from a case to a case3.9. Multipass analysis, modeling and construction of the forecasts

1. Characteristic1.1. Types of questions

1.2. Time of the response1.3. Typical operations of work with the data

1.4. Level of the analytical requirements1.5. Type of the screen forms1.6. Level агрегации of the data1.7. "Age" of the data

1.8. Types of inquiries1.9. Assignment

Practically always task of construction of analytical system for multidimensional of the analysis of the data is a task of construction uniform, in coordination functioning information system, on the basis of non-uniform software and decisions. And already choice of means for realization IS becomes an extremely complex task. Set of the factors, including mutual compatibility a various program component, ease of their development, use and integration, efficiency of functioning, stability and even the forms, level and potential prospect of mutual relation of various firms of the manufacturers here should be taken into account.

OLAP is applicable everywhere, where there is a task of the analysis many factors of the data. In general, at presence of some table with the data, in which there is even one descriptive column and one column with figures, the OLAP-tool will be an effective means of the analysis and generation of the reports.

OLAP is applicable everywhere

Key questions " How many is sold? ", " For what sum is sold? " Extend in process of complication of business and accumulation of the historical factors, given up to some set, or cuts: ".. In St.-Petersburg, in Moscow, on Ural, in Siberia … ", ".. The last quarter, in comparison with present ", ".. From the supplier And in comparison with the supplier … " and so on.

The answers to similar questions are necessary for acceptance of the administrative decisions: about change of assortment, prices, closing and opening of shops, branches, cancellation and signing of the contracts with the dealers, realization or termination of advertising campaigns and so on.

Example, selling is:

If you try to allocate the basic acts and cuts (arguments of measurements), which are manipulated by the analyst, trying to expand or to optimize business of the company, the table suitable to the analysis of sales as a certain pattern, requiring appropriate updating for each concrete enterprise will turn out.

1. Field of the table: Time, Category of the goods, Goods, Region, Seller, Buyer, Sum, Quantity.

2. Time. As a rule, it some periods: year, Quarter, Month, Decade, Week, Day. Many OLAP-tools automatically calculate the senior periods from date and calculate results on them.

3. Category of the goods. Categories can be a little, they differ for each kind of business: a grade, Model, Kind of packing and so on. If one goods are sold only or assortment is very insignificant, the category is not necessary.

4. Goods. Are sometimes applied the name of the goods (or service), its code or артикул. When assortment is very great (and some enterprises have tens thousand positions in the price-list), the initial analysis on all kinds of the goods can not be carried out, and be generalized up to some coordinated categories.

5. Region. Depending on глобальности of business it is possible to mean Continent, Group of the countries, Country, Territory, City, Area, Street, Part of a street. Certainly, if there is only one trade point, this measurement is absent.

6. Seller. This measurement too depends on structure and scales of business. Here can be: branch, Shop, Dealer, Manager on sales. In some cases the measurement is absent, for example, when the seller does not influence volumes of selling, shop only one and so on.

7. Buyer. In some cases, for example, in retail trade, buyer обезличен and the measurement is absent, in other cases the information on the buyer is, and it is important for sales. This measurement can contain the name of the firm - buyer or set of groupings and characteristics of the clients: branch, Group of the enterprises, Owner and so on.

The important question - presence of the data. If they are in any kind (Excel- or Access-table given from base of registration system, as the structured reports of branches), the IT-expert can transfer to their OLAP-system directly or with intermediate transformation. For this purpose the OLAP-systems have special tools of converting of the data.

After adjustment of OLAP-system on the data the user will have an opportunity quickly to receive the answers to key questions by simple manipulations with the mouse above the OLAP-table and appropriate menus. Thus some standard methods of the analysis, logically following from a nature of OLAP-technology will be accessible.

6.27. Factor analysis

Factor analysis. The analysis of structure of sales for revealing major components in an interesting section . For this purpose it is convenient to use, for example, diagram such as "Pie" in complex cases, when 3 measurements - "Columns" are investigated at once. For example, in shop " Computer engineering " for quarter of sale of computers have made $ 100000, photoengineering - $ 10000, account materials - $ 4500.

A conclusion: the revolution of shop depends in the large degree on sale of computers (actually, be can, the account materials are necessary for sale of computers, but it already analysis of internal dependences).

6.28. Analysis of dynamics (regression the analysis - revealing trends

The analysis of dynamics (regression the analysis - revealing trends). Revealing of the tendencies, seasonal fluctuations. Evidently dynamics is displayed with the diagram such as "Line". For example, the volumes of sales of products of the company Intel within one year fell, and the volumes of sales Microsoft grew. Probably, the well-being of the average buyer was improved, or the image of shop, and with it and structure of the buyers has changed. It is required to carry out updating of assortment. Other example: during 3 years in the winter volume of sales of videocameras is reduced.

6.29. Analysis of dependences (correlation analysis)

The analysis of dependences (correlation analysis). Comparison of volumes of sales of the different goods in time for revealing necessary assortment - "basket". For this purpose also it is convenient to use the diagram such as "Line". For example, at removal from assortments of printers within first two months the fall of sales cartrige with a powder was found out.

6.30. Comparison (comparative analysis)

Comparison (comparative analysis). Comparison of results of sales in time, or for the given period, or for the given group of the goods. Depending on amount of the analyzed factors (from 1 up to 3) the diagram such as "Pie" or "Column" is used. An example: comparison of results of sales of the same shops for an estimation of quality of work of the managers.

6.31. Analysis of variance.

Analysis of variance. The study of the probability distribution and the confidence intervals considered indicators. It is used for forecasting and risk assessment.

By these kinds of the analysis of an opportunity OLAP are not exhausted. For example, applying as algorithm of calculation intermediate and adjusted totals of function of the statistical analysis - variance, the average deviation, style of higher orders, - is possible to receive the most refined kinds of the analytical reports.

6.32. Business Intelligence - BI

The OLAP-systems are a part of more general concept " intellectual resources of the enterprise " or " means of the intellectual business - analysis " (Business Intelligence - BI), which includes besides traditional OLAP-service of a means of organization of sharing of the data and information arising during work of the users of storehouse. The technology Business Intelligence provides an electronic exchange of the accounting documents, differentiation of the rights of the users, access to the analytical information from Internet and Intranet.

6.33. Data Mining Technology

Now elements of artificial intelligence actively take root into practical activity of the manager. As against traditional systems of artificial intelligence, technology of intellectual search and analysis of the data or " the production of the data " (Data Mining - DM), does not try to simulate natural intelligence, and strengthens its opportunities by capacity modern computing серверов, search systems and storehouses of the data.

Quite often near to words " Data Mining " there are words " detection of knowledge in databases " (Knowledge Discovery in Databases).

Data Mining is a process of detection in crude given before unknown, not trivial, practically useful and accessible interpretations of knowledge necessary for acceptance of the decisions in various spheres for human activity. Data Mining represent the large value for the chiefs and analysts in their daily activity. The business people have realized, that with the help of methods Data Mining they can receive appreciable advantages in competitive struggle.

In a basis of modern technology Data Mining (Discovery-driven Data Mining) there is the concept of patterns (Patterns), it is the multidimensional mutual relations, reflecting fragments, in the data is fixed. These patterns represent laws, which are the properties of samples of the data, which can be compactly expressed in the clear man to the form.

Data Mining is a process of detection

The search of patterns is made by methods not limited the frameworks preliminary assumptions of structure of sample and kind of distributions of meanings of analyzed parameters. The basis for every possible systems of forecasting is served with the historical information stored in DB as temporary numbers. If it is possible to construct patterns adequately reflecting dynamics of behaviour of target parameters, there is a probability, that with their help it is possible to predict and behaviour of system in the future.

The important position of Data Mining is nontrivial of searched patterns.

The search of patterns

It means, that the found patterns should reflect not obvious, unexpected properties of a regularity in the data making so-called latent knowledge (Hidden Knowledge). To the business people the understanding has come, that the "crude" data (Raw Data) contain a deep layer of knowledge, and at its competent excavation can be found out the true value, which can be used in competitive struggle.

The sphere of application Data Mining is limited to nothing - technology it is possible to apply everywhere, where there are huge amounts of any "crude" data.

First of all methods, Data Mining have interested the commercial enterprises developing projects on the basis of information storehouses of the data (Data Warehousing).

Patterns should reflect not obvious properties of data

The experience of many such enterprises shows, that the feedback from use Data Mining can achieve 1000 %. The messages on economic benefit, at 10-70 of time exceeded an initial expense from 350 up to 750 thousand dollars are known. There are items of information on the project in 20 millions of dollars, which was paid back all for 4 months. Other example is annual economy 700 thousand dollars at the expense of introduction Data Mining in one of the hypermarket networks in Great Britain.

The company Microsoft officially has announced about strengthening of the activity in the Data Mining area. Special research group Microsoft and six invited partners (the companies Angoss, Datasage, Epiphany, SAS, Silicon Graphics, SPSS) prepare the joint project on development of the standard of an exchange of the data and means for integration of tools Data Mining with bases and storehouses of the data.

Feedback from use Data Mining can achieve 1000 %.

Data Mining is multisubject area arisen and developing on the basis of achievement of applied statistics, recognition of images, methods of artificial intelligence, the theories of databases etc. The abundance of methods and algorithms realized in various working systems Data Mining.

Many from such systems integrate in themselves at once some approaches. Nevertheless, as a rule, in each system is present of any key component, on which the main rate is done.

Data Mining is multisubject area

It is possible to name five standard types of laws revealed with the help of methods Data Mining:

1.Association,

2.Sequence,

3.Classification,

4.Cluster and

5.Forecasting.

The association takes place in the event that some events are connected with each other. For example, the research which has been carried out in a computer supermarket, can show, that 55 % bought the computer take as well the printer or scanner, and at presence of the discount for such complete set the printer get in 80 % of cases. Having the items of information on similar association, it is easy to the managers to estimate, as far as the given discount is effective.

If there is a chain of the events, connected in time, speak about a sequence. So, for example, after purchase of a house in 45 % of cases within one month the new cooker is got also, and within the limits of two weeks 60 % new tenants get by a refrigerator.

With the help of classification, the attributes describing group come to light by which this or that object belongs. It is made by means of the analysis already of classified objects and formulations of some set corrected.

Cluster differs from classification by that groups beforehand are not given. With the help Cluster of a means Data Mining various homogeneous groups of the data independently are selected.

Cluster differs from classification

6.34. Statistical packages

Last versions of almost all known statistical packages include alongside with traditional statistical methods also elements Data Mining. But the basic attention in them is given nevertheless to classical techniques - correlation, regression, factor to the analysis and another.

As lack of systems of this class is considered the requirement to special preparation of the user. Also mark, that the powerful modern statistical packages are too "heavy" for mass application in the finance and business.

There is even more serious basic lack of statistical packages limiting their application in Data Mining. The majority of methods which are included in structure of packages, base on statistical paradigm, in which main figures are the average characteristics of sample serve.

And these characteristics at research of real complex vital phenomena frequently are fictitious sizes. This extremely important circumstance should necessarily be taken into account at the analysis of multidimensional data.

As examples of the most powerful and widespread statistical packages it is possible to name SAS (company SAS Institute), SPSS (company SPSS), STATGRAPHICS (company Manugistics), STATISTICA for WINDOWS, STADIA and others.

Statistical packages

These packages with success can apply the small and average enterprises, and the large versatile companies can integrate them in a common corporate network.

6.35. The neiron network and expert systems

This is a large class of systems whose architecture is analogous to the construction of the neurons in the nervous tissue. In one of the most common architectures - multi-layer perceptron with back propagation - simulates the operation of neurons in the hierarchical network, where each neuron is connected to a higher level of its inputs to the outputs of neurons in the underlying layer.

At the lowest layer of neurons are fed values of the input parameters, on the basis of which it is necessary to make decisions, predict the development of the situation, etc. These values are considered as signals that are transmitted to the next layer, reducing or amplified depending on the numerical weights , attributed to the interneuronal connections. As a result, the output neuron of the uppermost layer produces a value, which is seen as a response - the reaction of the entire network for entered values of input parameters.

In result on the neuron output of the uppermost layer some meaning is developed which is considered as the answer - reaction of all network to the entered meanings of entrance parameters.

Layers of neurons

6.35.1.The circuit of self-learning information system

The main disadvantage of neural network paradigm is the need to have a very large amount of training sample, while the modern repository of knowledge is relatively easy to allow you to do it. Another drawback is that even a trained neural network is a black box, "swallowing" the initial conditions and forecasts. Knowledge, as a fixed weight of several hundreds of inter neuronal connections, it is not amenable to analysis and interpretation of a man (known to attempt to interpret the structure of the neural networks tuned look yet unconvincing).

Examples of use of neural network systems - BrainMaker (CSS), NeuroShell (Ward Systems Group), OWL (HyperLogic).

In contrast, neural networks, where the forecast is formed without any human intervention, expert systems include one or more high-class specialists as an element.

The expert system has an extensive network, which allows to make queries, and a deep search in databases and repositories of knowledge. If neural networks operate on the principle of information transmission from one neuron to the other layers, and alteration of information that occur during transmission, not stipulated in advance due to heuristic rules, the expert systems, there is a strict logical framework - the creator of the conclusion, which automatically carries out a line of reasoning laid down by the algorithm uses rules and parameters involved in the decision.

Expert systems are the creators of the conclusions

The answer can be known in advance based on feedback from experts, this response is associated with the response of the system, the parameters are changed, and a second "run". As a result, an expert opinion issued from the probabilistic assessment of its reliability. The interface allows the work of several users.

The expert systems are widely applied in business, frequently work independently and are not included in corporate information networks. As a rule, they are narrowly specialized: transport, medical, bank, trade, legal and etc.

6.35.2.Information systems of support of the chief activity

The systems of support of performance of the decisions (Executive Support Systems - ESS) have appeared in middle 1980 years in large corporations.

Executive Support Systems - ESS

The systems of support of performance of the decisions (Executive Support Systems - ESS) have appeared in middle 1980 years in large corporations. ESS helps to accept the not structured decisions at a strategic level of management of the company and to carry out the system analysis of the information from external environment better, than anyone applied and specialized IS .

The system delivers set of the current information - as a rule, external: share prices, supply and demand on branch, political news, economic reviews, forecasts of changes of the prices and choice of optimum structure of an investment portofolio (based on various empirical models of changes of the market), data of the analytical account on the enterprise from internal modules MIS and DSS.

Executive Support Systems - ESS

The system filters, orders the data and reveals critical parameters by the given statistical criteria, reducing time and efforts for preparation of the information necessary for the chief. In systems ESS use the most "advanced" graphic software, which can deliver necessary graphic, and video information immediately in office of the chief or boardroom.

The systems ESS frequently use the simple statistical device, but as much as possible take into account the usual specificity of area of business (professional language, system of various indexes and etc.). In the market there are many program modules for embedding in ESS. As a rule, they are rather cheap (usually $ 1000-2000). Now modules ESS as the specialized subsystems are an obligatory part of many ERP-systems.

Executive Support Systems - ESS

Unlike other IS subsystem (TPS, MIS, DSS), ESS is not intended to address a particular set of problems. Instead of this type ESS provide generic information and formalize its operational program to assess situations with a dynamically changing set of problems. The ESS uses a simple algorithm for estimating than the DSS (Decision-Support Systems ), the ESS analytical capabilities allow us to construct relatively simple models that can be immediately applied to a preliminary estimation of the situation.

The tax laws or rate of the customs duties has changed, for example, - the chief of the company can quickly “play" a situation estimate, in what it will be influence for its business, and to accept some preliminry measure. The subsystem ESS helps to find the answers to general questions:

ESS analytical capabilities

1. What changes we should make in the business to receive (to return) competitive advantage?

2. What new purchases, including in the IT area , will protect us from cyclic fluctuations in economy?

ESS forms packages of the information on the given themes and represents comfortable access for the bosses of the companies and corporations without the intermediaries.

3. That our competitors undertake to overtake us, what we should make to overtake them?

4. What divisions of corporation need to be closed and what shares to sell first of all to reduce influence of common recession in branch by our business?

The interface ESS is extremely friendly, the mobile communication, modern methods of a storage and representation of the data, and also realization of videoconferences in the distributed companies is used of the evident diagram, audio- and video means.

Now with development of technologies Internet/Intranet the circle of the users ESS considerably has extended – it, is like MIS, covers practically all levels of management, except for, perhaps, operational. The information bases ESS contain the large volumes of the evident and "historical" information, which can be very useful at levels of performance of the projects.

Modern ESS widely use technologies of geographical information systems (Geographical Information System - GIS).

The interface ESS is extremely friendly

GIS until recently did not receive worthy application because of high cost and necessity to finish necessary program modules both interfaces. The versatile and multinational corporations of last quarter of the end ХХ centuries connected to petroleum, prospecting, air transport, fishing, tourist business, have made GIS by the necessary appendix to information system of common usage.

An example of long-lived systems on the market of software products that implement the ESS, the package can be Comshare's Commander Decision, made on a "client-server". The package works with CDD information of any kind, including queries, calculations, a simple statistical analysis of data, work with tables, hypertext. This versatile tool can be used for the development of ESS-traditional applications for decision support systems at various levels of management and execution. CDD provides the sampling, identification information on templates, display charts of best and worst performance, points to the need to update the information on the current data samples.

CDD provides the selective control, recognition of the information on patterns, demonstration of the diagrams on the best and worse parameters, specifies necessity to update the information on the current samples of the data.

As against expert systems and compact applications of the data analysis , the executive information systems are done usually " under the order ", and as the executive modules enter into corporate information system.

Task of the chief - to determine , what type the data and what volume of the information are necessary for him for fruitful daily activity. Only he thoroughly knows structure of the business and strategy of its development. Anybody another does not know it better.

CDD provides the selective control

6.36. Control questions and tasks

Name stages of development of information systems.Give definition of information system of the modern company.Characterize organization as complex hierarchical system.How the information is distributed on levels of management in organization?What IS subsystems are used at various levels of an administrative pyramid?

Characterize a place occupied of information system in organizational structure of the enterprise.List categories of information systems.What basic information subsystems is formed IS at a conceptual level of the description by?

What is the contents of three basic layers of general representation IS?What information technologies are used by development of search systems?

What such of system многомерного of the analysis of the data and how they are used in modern business?What such a subsystem DSS and at what level of management of the company is used this subsystem?What basic assignment of an information subsystem OAS?Characterize information subsystems TPS and OAS, specify, what data of a type use these subsystems.

Specify a role of a subsystem KWS, its place in a control system of organization, basic users of this subsystem.What such an information subsystem MIS, at what level of management it is used also who its basic users?What functional modules can be included in a subsystem DSS?What information subsystems are used for support of activity of the bosses of the company?

What program application are used for the business - analysis, planning and modeling of activity of the company?

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