004 4 Лекция English Internet Intranet технологии.doc 004 4 Lectures Internet...

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004 4 Лекция English Internet Intranet технологии.doc 004 4 Lectures Internet Intranet of technology

Transcript of 004 4 Лекция English Internet Intranet технологии.doc 004 4 Lectures Internet...

Page 1: 004 4 Лекция English Internet Intranet технологии.doc 004 4 Lectures Internet Intranet of technology.

004 4 Лекция English Internet Intranet технологии.doc

004 4 Lectures Internet Intranet of technology

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4.1. Development Internet/Intranet of technologies

Internet now is the largest and popular gateway association in the world. It connects tens thousand computer networks and millions users all over the world. Thus the computers of thousand various types, equipped by the most different software, there are connected . The users Internet can not pay attention to all these distinctions.

4.2. Internet - integral attribute of an information society

Internet and the technologies, realizing it, are the integral attribute of an information society and its base basis. These technologies, about which we did not hear at the end of the last century, work practically in all areas of economy, science, culture, social transformations. Internet now connects tens thousand computer local, regional, federal networks and millions users all over the world. Thus the network incorporates computers of thousand various types equipped with the most different software.

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4.3. Interpretation of the term Internet

There are many interpretation of the term Internet, however it has two basic qualitative meanings:

1. Global community of arbitrary united global networks, which are used for a free exchange of the data, information and knowledge;

2. Set of technologies, which realize an exchange of the data on the basis of use of the protocols family TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), named by Internet-technologies or technologies Internet.

004 4 1 The Future of the Internet

004 4 2 Information society

Already today, 1.5 billion people use the Internet.

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4.4. History of development of a network ARPAnet

In a basis of creation Internet the history of development of a network ARPAnet - first experimental computer network of national scale lays. ARPAnet was created at the end of 1960 years with the purposes of support of scientific researches of the Department of Defense of USA (Advanced Research Project Agency - ARPA) and has united hundreds computers of the several large scientific and university centres. The units of a network were connected by the physical allocated lines, and the transfer and reception of the data was provided with the special programs working on central computers.

004 4 3 ARPANET

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The network was initially assumed unreliable - the opportunity of transfer data in a network was investigated, which separate fragments can cease to function at any moment. The program systems, in which the principles of artificial intelligence were incorporated, should find working segments of a network and "to lay" new routes of transfer of the data. The failure of any channel of communication should not deduce such network out of operation. Thus the general algorithm was based on an assumption, that any computer could contact to any "answered" computer as " equal with equal ". To be used a network began really for an exchange of the messages (E-mail) and file exchange (File-oriented Interchange).

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4.5. Local computer networks

Approximately in the same time the local computer networks (Local Area Network - LAN) and computers with operational system UNIX have appeared which, besides only computing tasks, began to serve these networks. They have received the name of workstations.

OS UNIX was chosen because in OS UNIX can work with the IP-protocols, which contained:

1. Rule of initialization and maintenance of work in a network;

2. Description of information network packages (packages of the data) family IP;

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3. Rule of the manipulation with IP-packages (identification, check of integrity, processing, transfer, reception and so on.

These decisions have appeared successful, standardization of the protocols has allowed to connect to a network computers with the various base software. The concept "traffic" treated in terms of information interchange has appeared which began to measure real loading of a network. The technology of the transfer of the data has appeared extremely perspective technically, however in the only user plan it was necessary for finishing, as the speed of transfer of the data could not compensate significant expenses of time for search of the necessary information in huge files.

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4.6. World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee in March, 1989 (Tim Berners-Lee, Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire - CERN, Geneva) has offered the concept of the distributed information system with the purpose " associations of knowledge of mankind ", which he has named as "world wide web" (World Wide Web - WWW). For creations he has united two existing technologies - technology of application of the IP-protocols care of the data and technology hypertext (Hypertext Technology). This technology is based on realization of fast transition from one fragment of the text to another under the allocated references (Dedicated Links), thus the specified fragments can settle down on the physically divided computer carriers. The information system constructed on these principles, could connect set of information resources scattered on numerous open databases.

004 4 7 Tim Berners Lee

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The basic metaphor Web-hypertext is " the electronic book " with automatically supported instant transitions under the references. Term hypertext for the first time Ted Nilson offered in 1965, and first working hypertext system has created in 1968 by Dug Engelbard.

4.7. In 1991 first browser was created

In 1991 first browser was created - computer program of viewing hypertext, - working in a mode of a command line. Its application has allowed in 1992 successfully to realize the offered project directed at the end on creation " of seamless information space " (Seamless Informational Area), covering all planet.

Tim Berners-Lee

004 4 7 1 Douglas Engelbart

004 4 7 2 History of the web browser

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From the point of view of the user, the information space of "world wide web" consists of the documents of a various format (multimedia-documents), indices and references. The user applies to transition under the reference or search under the index appropriate browser, "understanding" language of sectoring hypertext. The search system finds under the reference or key words in "web" the necessary catalogue, reads its structure, reads out the necessary document and sends to its user. Web-сервер automatically generates hypertext representation of required files on inquiries of the user.

004 4 7 3 Hypertext

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4.8. Automatic means of drawing up of the index

In September, 1994 Oliver McBryan from Colorado university (USA) has developed one of the first automatic means of drawing up of the index for WWW, named WWW-Worm. Behind some minutes Worm formed a database from 300000 multimedia of objects, which could be found on key words. It is possible to consider that from this moment the information space World Wide Web basically was generated .

The further development went on a line of perfection of technologies of search, transfer, safety, development and standard of various Web-interfaces raising comfort of use of Web-technologies. From middle 90 years these technologies began to find more and more wide application in many spheres of human activity.

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Basic elements of technology WWW are:

1. Language гипертекстовой of sectoring of the documents (Hyper Text Markup Language - HTML);2. Protocol of an exchange гипертекстовой by the information (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - HTTP);3. Universal way адресации of resources in a network (Universal Resource Identifier - URI, and Universal Resource Locator - URL);4. Doman system of names (Domain Name System - DNS);5. Universal interface of sluices (Common Gateway Interface - CGI), added later by employees of the National Centre of the Supercomputer Appendices (National Center for Supercomputing Applications - NCSA).6. Расширяемый language of sectoring (eXtensible Markup Language - XML), recommended by Consortium of a world wide Web.

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Hypertext language of sectoring, HTML is created on experience of use of the editor TeX and system- and hardware - independent methods of representation of the text in the electronic form.

The basic hypertext idea consists in presence inside the ASCII-text the format fields and references both on a part inside the document, and on other documents. Due to this it is possible to look through the documents in that order, in what it is required, instead of it is consecutive, as at reading the books. The hypertext database is a part of file system, which contains textual files in a format HTML and connected with them to the diagram, multimedia and other resources.

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4.9. Textual XML format

The textual format XML was added a little bit later and was intended for the description of systems of a storage of the structured data. The purpose of creation of a format XML was maintenance of compatibility by transfer of the structured data between different systems of processing of the information, is especial by transfer of such data through Internet, and also for creation on its basis of more specialized languages of sectoring sometimes named as the dictionaries.

The dictionaries, based on XML, are in themselves formally described, that allows program to change and to check the documents on the basis of these dictionaries, not knowing their semantics, that is not knowing semantic meaning of elements. The important feature XML also is the application of so-called spaces of names (Name Space).

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4.10. Universal Resource Identifier - URI

For reception of a file from Internet browser must is know, where there is a file and how to communicate with the computer, on which this file is. The program - client WWW transfers a name of a necessary file, its site in Internet (host address ) and method of access (is usual the protocol HTTP or FTP).

The combination of these elements forms the universal identifier of a resource (Universal Resource Identifier - URI). URI defines a way of record of addresses of various information resources. In a basis URI the ideas of expansion, completeness and readership were incorporated.

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The realization URI for WWW is a way адресации in a network (Universal Resource Locator - URL). A general format of the reference URL - < протокол: // unit / path /file /label >.

4.11. Internet

Internet is set of effective methods of the communications (on the basis of modern standard protocols of communication and work with the information which is taking place on the distance carriers.

Except for direct functions on transit of the any types data ,technology Internet provide a wide spectrum of various information services realized by various services:

1. Service of transfer and reception of the messages (E-mail);

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2. Service of hypertext environment (WWW);

3. Service of the files transfer (File Transfer Protocol - FTP);

4. Service of the distance management of the computer (Teletype Network - Telnet);

6. Service of teleconferences (Users Network - Usenet) and chat-conferences (Internet Relay Chat - IRC).

Now present the program industry for Web produce boom: hundreds companies - developers of the software for Web create new technologies and tool means for navigation, work in a Network and development of the user appendices.

5. Service of the domains names (Domain Name System);

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To their number it is possible to relate :

1. Program of viewing and navigation (browsers);

2. Means of search and delivery of the information (search machines);

3. Software Internet and Web-server, the server appendix and expansion;

4. Means of administration in networks;

5. The client appendix and expansion (Web-services);

6.Tool means of development;

7.. Means of a safety.

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The tool means of development of the Internet-appendices are various and include:

3. Means multimedia (audio, animation, video);

5. Means and programming languages server and client of the appendices and expansions.

1. Hypertext editors and graphic editors;

2. Means of the marking sector images cards and converters of the images;

4. Means of generation of a virtual reality;

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4.11.1. Means of the sectoring images cards

Means of the sectoring images cards allow to break the image on sites and to connect hyper reference with each of them. Such means can be built - in in the graphic editor. The converters of the images provide transformation of formats, sizes and colors, creation of special effects.

The hypertext editors form HTML-files in modes of programming or WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). It is possible to use and usual text editors, and also means which have been built - in browser. The converters "overtaking" office documents in hypertext concern to same group. The graphic editors serve for creation of the images included in hypertext.

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4.11.2. The means multimedia

The means multimedia are intended for creation of sound and musical support, animation and video. Frequently reproduction of files multimedia is carried out client by expansions or special Helper-programs.

4.11.3. Means of generation of a virtual reality

The means of generation of a virtual reality allow to program three-dimensional stages and management by them in the VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) language.

Whereas the process of reproduction of a virtual reality is complex enough, the additional means of the automated designing and animation can be required.

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For viewing Web-pages with VRML- by the images it is necessary to use appropriate browsers, for example: WebSpace from Silicon Graphics or VRML-expansion for Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.

4.11.4. Programming client system of the application

The programming client systems of the application are intended for development and debugging of the scripts (in languages VBScript or JavaScript), and mobile application (in language Java) carried out on the party of the client. The greatest convenience and productivity of development is given by means of visual programming.

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As means of programming the server appendices can be applied as the usual programming systems (Visual Basic, C/C ++, Java), as the instruction interpreters (UNIX-shell, REXX etc.) both interpreters and compilers of the scripts on JavaScript, VBScript and Perl. For creation client and server of expansions the programming systems are used which allow to create components with use of mechanisms ActiveX or Plug-in, represented as built - in or additional libraries of interfaces.

4.11.5. Means of administration

The means of administration, as a rule, are delivered in structure of the software Web-сервера and serve for configuration, activation and monitoring of Web-services, for the control of a hyper reference urgency and the hypertext structure self connection, for the account and recording of use серверов, for adjustment and support of system of safety.

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4.11.6. Means of safety

The means of safety can be built - in in the software Internet-server or are represented as additional components: complexes Firewall and Proxy-servers, carrying out a data filtration on various levels.

4.12. Computer Graphical Interface - CGI

At early stages of development the network Internet was " a street with unilateral movement ", as the information from Web-pages acted to the user from Web-server only at presence of inquiry of the user. With occurrence in the HTML language dialogue properties the user has received a feedback with Web-server. The exchange of parameters thus is carried out through the special graphic interface (Computer Graphical Interface - CGI).

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4.13. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - MIME

Recently increasing distribution, the coordination of the started programs through multi-purpose expansions of a post service Internet (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - MIME) mechanism receives . The modern браузеры, besides interaction with Web-серверами through the protocol http, can work with various server types and services with use of the protocols FTP, File, Gopher, Mailto, NNTP, Telnet, WAIS .

Structure URL includes the information on a method of access required браузеру to use any of these protocols.

4.14. Intranet

Intranet is an internal information space of organizations, realized in a local network LAN (Local Area Network), or in a computer network WAN (Wide Area Network), covering some territories and including tens or hundred thousand computers) and having all opportunities Internet.

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Intranet is focused, as a rule, on application within the framework of one compact or distributed enterprise and differs by high safety and speed of work. Intranet is used for the decision of tasks on automation of document circulation, information support of business - processes, of search and joint access to the data and documents of organization and has sluices for connection in Internet. For an example it is possible use Intranet-networks realized on the basis of technologies Microsoft.

The user works with the data in the habitual interface, using means Microsoft Office for access to the network data.

About convenience of technologies Intranet eloquently would speak the statement of the head of corporation Microsoft Bill gates. W.Gates: " I was convinced by experience of the own company.

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In Microsoft we have published in the network Intranet of thousand documents for use inside corporation, but I with surprise have found out, that with input at us of a network Intranet the number access to the data has increased in some times. It is the rather remarkable fact if to take into account, as earlier to much from such files to reach was uneasy, and the employees, using them, know own the computer and are rather interested in study of the information, stored in them, ".

Let's note, that a network Intranet - different platform for work with the information inside the enterprise. Modern Web-browser is accessible to anyone client of system. The market of the software for Web-server is rather various - users are not adhered to one supplier. The majority of the application is developed on the basis of a open systems principle and perfectly cooperate.

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The technology Web can be expansion and can be applied in any computer networks. The means of development of the application in complexes of the applied programs for the user personal computers facilitate creation of HTML-pages for Web-server.

4.15. Distributed information systems

Variety of the protocols, services, the client applications, opportunities of work practically with anyone server platforms (Linux, Windows, Solaris, BSD etc.) and operational systems have transformed Internet into the powerful tool widely used in business.

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The distributed information systems, constructed on Internet-technologies, became the usual phenomenon. Many spheres of business have received a prefix "е" - e-Business, that means " electronic business ". Now network Internet is a basis of transition to an information society, and it becomes global industry in information, economic and social spaces. According to various international analytical services, the general revolution in Internet-industry by 2010 can make more than 12 billions dollars.

4.16. Development Internet in regions of Russia

The analytical department Yandex has published research devoted to development Internet in regions of Russia. In a basis of research the data of various services itself Yandex, and also information of Fund " Public opinion " (FPO), TNS, company RU-Center and project " a Black square “ layed.

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It was found out, that services Internet in Russia 25 % of the population, that is 29 millions the man, from them more than 6 millions - in Moscow and St.-Petersburg uses.

The carried out research has confirmed leadership of both capitals on all parameters of distribution Internet and activity of the users. In particular, on penetration Internet Moscow overtakes regions more than in 2,5 times, St.-Petersburg - in 1,5 times. The level of consumer on-line activity of both megalopolises also is much higher. The Moscow buyers in 16 times more actively regional, petersburgers - in 6 times.

As to regions, most of all of users Internet after Moscow and St.-Petersburg 17 % of all Russian users is totaled in the Central federal district (Cfo) . Ural and Far East (6 % and 5 % accordingly) lag behind on this parameter

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CFD also has occupied at the expense of the Moscow area the third place on number of domains on one thousand users, almost in 2 times having exceeded an average parameter.

On a level of penetration Internet the first place among all federal districts occupies a Northwest Federal District (without the account of St.-Petersburg). The penetration Internet in this region makes 31 %, that on 9 % it is more, than on the average on districts. The second line on this parameter is occupied by a Far East federal district - 28 %.

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However on Far East of least electronic MASS-MEDIAS, thus they are most active. The average MASS-MEDIA from this district offers 14 news per day. It twice is more average. About 70 % Far East news of the traffic acts from Vladivostok .

On two important parameters of Internet-activity of the users (development blogsphere and the consumer online-activity) among federal districts Ural is leader, outstripping middle russia parameters twice. It is obvious, that these results strongly influences of Ekaterinburg.

Ekaterinburg has appeared most interneted after Moscow and St.-Petersburg. Krasnodar and Novosibirsk follow further . Also in first ten rating internet five volga of cities: Samara, Perm, Kazan, Ufa both Nizhni Novgorod, enter . The southern and Siberian federal districts are closest to average Russian parameters of development of the Internet.

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Except for a difference between capitals and regions the difference between cities and other part of Russia is very appreciable.

On the data TNS, Internet use about 40 % of the inhabitants of cities with the population more than the 100 thousand men. Actually it means, that the penetration Internet in small cities and villages is much lower than 20 %.

On the data Yandex, the number of sites in Runet has grown for 2007 on 66 %. Each day in a zone .RU is registered more the 1000 new domains, that corresponds to growth on 62 % per one year. This growth linear, instead of exponential. The quantity of domains registered in regions, is increased a little bit more slowly (for last year - by 57 %).

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4.17. Search systems

For fast search of the information in Internet the special programs are developed which to the set addresses and references instantly find the necessary information. Thus the number of the processed information resources can achieve hundreds thousand.

Search system - Web-site giving an opportunity of search of the information in Internet. For the majority of search systems search the information on sites of a world wide Web, but there are also systems capable to search files on FTP-серверах, goods in Internet-shops, and also information in groups of news Usenet.

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4.18. RSS technology

New type search engine, based on technology RSS, - family of XML-formats intended for the description of tapes of news, announcements of clauses, changes in blogs and so on recently has appeared. It is possible to name and similar technologies: Rich Site Summary (standard RSS 0.9x) - enriched report of a site; RDF Site Summary (RSS 0.9 and 1.0) - report of a site with application of an infrastructure of the description of resources; Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.x) - very simple purchase of the information. The information from various sources, represented in a format XML on the basis of RSS-standards, can be assembled, is processed and is transfer to the user in a kind, convenient for him by the special programs aggregates.

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Complex of the programs, ensuring functions search system, name search engine or search machine. The basic criteria of quality of work of the search machine are relevance, completeness of base, account of morphology of language. Indexing of the information is carried out by special search robots. The improvement of work of search systems is one of priority tasks today's Internet.

4.19. First search system - "Wandex"

The first search system for a world wide Web was "Wandex" - robot developed by Matthew Gray from Massachutes institute of technology in 1993. In the same 1993 the search system Aliweb, working till now, has appeared. By first fulltext (named "Crawler-based" - that is indexing resources through the robot) search system became "WebCrawler", it started in 1994.

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As against the predecessors, WebCrawler allowed the users to search on any key words on any Web-page - since then for it became the standard in all basic search systems. Besides WebCrawler was first searcher, about which it became known in wide circles. In 1994 was started searcher Lycos, developed in Carnegie Melon University (USA).

Set of other competing search machines, such as Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light and AltaVista soon has appeared. Somewhat they competed to the popular Internets - catalogues, such as Yahoo . Later catalogues have incorporated or have added to itself search machines to increase functions . In 1996 the morphological expansion to the search machine AltaVista and original Russian search machines Rambler and Aport became accessible to the russian Internet users. September 23, 1997 realized the search machine Yandex.

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Besides search machines for a world wide Web there were and searchers for other protocols, such as Archie for search on anonymous FTP-servers and Veronica for search in Gopher.

Now sets of the search and service programs form powerful popular and commercial search services: in foreign sector Internet there are AltaVista, Excite, Google, HotBot, Infoseek (Go) Light, Lycos, Magellan, Norbern, Yahoo , Open Text, Web Crawler, in russian sector there are basic fulltext searchers as search systems are considered Aport, " Ivan Susanin ", " Kirill and Mefody ", "Russia – on-line", Rambler, List.ru, Russia on the Net, FTP-Search, Yandex.

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On the company Net Applications data , in December, 2007 the market share Google in the world made 77,04 %, Yahoo - 12,46 %, MSN - 3,33 %, Microsoft Live Search - 2,57 %, AOL - 2,12 %, Ask - 1,38 %, AltaVista - 0,13 %, Excite - 0,07 %, Lycos - 0,02 %, All the Web - 0,02 %.

4.20. Popularity of search systems in a russian segment of Internet

Popularity of search systems in a Internet russian segment (Runet):

1. Multilingual: Google (18 % Рунета), Yahoo! (1 % Рунета) and search machines, belonging to this company: Overture, Inktomi, AltaVista, Alltheweb FAST-Engine, and also MSN (2 % Runet, belongs to the company "Microsoft");

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2. Russian: Aport (1 % Рунета), Rambler (18 % Рунета), Yandex (47 % Рунета), Mail.ru (7 % Рунета), Webalta, Qwika, Gogo.ru, Turtle, Punto, Nigma, Darodar - search system of the goods, VisualWorld, Runet Tops - search on header pages.

The majority of russian search systems index and search the texts in many languages - Ukrainian, Byelorussian, English etc. They differ from "all languages" of systems, indexing all documents in succession, that basically index resources located in domens zones, where Russian dominates, or to other ways the russian search systems limit of the robots by russian sites.

Alongside with universal search systems, the large popular such specialized search systems are, as metasearch MetaCrawler.com and Nigma.ru, or carrying out "vertical" search (for concrete types: news, картинки, video, photo, vacancy, group of the goods and so on).

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4.21. Internet-technology in business

In the recent past, the basic mode of use Internet was the mode of electronic mail. The electronic mail is an absolutely necessary means of the communications, however in a number of the important cases (for example, if necessary of operative search of the information on servers, connected to a network) the electronic mail is not sufficient: the information interchange occurs too long.

In such cases the connection in Internet in a mode On-Line is required. Until recently such connection managed to the users was much more expensively , than the connection in a mode of electronic mail (is spent more telecommunication resources). Now on a global scale there is a spasmodic transition to new technologies of telecommunications, accompanying by sharp increase of throughput of channels and same sharp decrease of cost of their use.

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It already has resulted that in USA the mode On-Line today is the basic mode of use Internet. Naturally, the mode On-Line attracts the businessmen (operative access in the information is the obvious requirement of business).

At use Internet in a mode On-Line many program service means ensuring connection to server in a mode of the distance terminal (Telnet), swapping of files (FTP), search of necessary information resources and are potentially accessible etc.

That fact is especially important, that potentially any user, connected to Internet in a mode On-Line and having so-called IP-address, can create own WWW-server, having filled his urgent information. It opens ample opportunities for business (advertising, catalogues both price-lists of the goods and services, opportunity of the distance orders and etc.). Thus, not only information environment influences the user, but user becomes the active participant of change of environment.

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Many commercial organizations, earlier used Internet-technologies a little, because of practically complete absence of safety of the information by its transfer on a network . For this reason many large companies, which branches settle down in different points of globe, till now support own corporate global networks with guaranteed safety. Certainly, such networks manage much much more expensively , than Internet. Now have begun to occur means, ensuring safety of the information at using Internet.

For example, the company Sun Microsystems has announced about release of a product SunScreen, based on use of methods cryptography at a level of transfer of fragments of the message. On the basis of the SunScreen application the company can create virtual protected corporate subnet inside Internet. The basic problem are the legal restrictions of application of cryptography methods , established by national governments.

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However prospects, opening for business, are so tempting, that the governments of the international community will be compelled to accept the coordinated positive decision.

At the present stage of development of electronic means of business it is possible to allocate two basic directions of use Internet in business (it is technologies Internet for business) and business in Internet-space .

The first approach (Internet in business) is used almost from the moment of origin Internet. For any company the information support of the business - processes, and also information interaction in a mode online with external environment are necessary : 1.By branches in other cities and countries, 2.Clients, 3.Suppliers – reliable also it is desirable inexpensive.

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Those companies, which the first began to use electronic mail and teleconferences, on some time have received competitive advantage - advanced technologies allow practically instantly to exchange the qualitative multimedia-information. The companies began to get by information face - sites , and versatile companies and corporations – the information portal (Enterprise Information Portal - EIP), which very quickly became not only to represent "person" of the company in business, but also have turned to one of powerful tools of management of business.

Information portal represents " the system multilevel set of various information resources and services of organization, integrating various sources of the data and separate functional systems, with a uniform point of an input and unified rules of representation and processing of the information ".

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From the technological point of view, portal represents server of the application, which can start the standard "portal" components and guarantees reliability and scaling of system, and also solve questions of the control of the rights of access.

From the point of view of visualization, portal is a displaying part of the information system ensuring the users uniform authorized personal access, as internal as external information resources and the business - application.

From the point of view of the basic activity realization, portal is the new concept of organization of workplaces of the employees with access to the information necessary for performance by them of ordered functions.

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From the point of view of management of organization, portal is integrated control system of the distributed information resources and system of information support of all activity of organization. Portal is constructed on the basis of Web-technologies, the portal basis is the nucleus, ensuring work of all services and integration of the data and the appendices . The user functions are realized by means of the specialized program modules - portlet.

Creation and the effective utilization Web-portal opens essentially new opportunities for use of Internet-technologies in business, allowing:

1. Operatively to place and to develop information resources of organization;

2. To speed up access to the information on the portal - at any moment, in any point of a presence and for any interested user;

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3. To increase information for the persons engaged in preparation of acceptance of the decision;

4. To form " club of the friends of organization " - to interest at the potential customers both clients in qualitative products and services, to interest at systems of the discounts and bonuses, to accumulate additional financial resources at the expense of the attractive investment projects and more active use of information resources of organization by a wide circle of the external users;

6.To integrate information resources of organization with resources of the suppliers, partners on business, world information resources;

5. To optimize the advertising budget and IT-charges of organization (at the expense of organization of shared Web-services);

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7. To increase quality of management of processes, information safety and activity of organization as a whole.

4.21.1. Advantages, which gives Internet for business

1. Low expenses. The application of Internet-technologies for the small and average companies essentially reduces expenses for creation, and it is main, it reduces expenses - on operation of the own distributed corporate network.

We list some advantages, which gives Internet for business.

2. Openness. The network technologies are completely open, because they are based on standards and protocols, accessible everyone user, and formats. The plenty of the developers of applied packages carries out support of technologies in open environment. In this connection in the market of the specialized software there are a lot of products, that provides availability and good choice.

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3. Stability. There are two critical factors for success of those or other technologies in the market - reliability and scaling. The Internet/Intranet-technologies for today are checked and reliable, as these technologies develop during the long period and are used in millions people in many countries of the world. For example, the company Netscape servers fix up to 40 millions accesses per day.

4. Access to a maximum wide audience. Having created " a virtual show-window " in World Wide Web, the commercial enterprise receives access to any interested user and can directly cooperate with the potential buyers, giving an opportunity completely to carry out a principle " in any place at any time ".

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5. Decrease of the charges on marketing and support. The charges on traditional advertising considerably decrease, as the company can place advertising on an own site in any reasonable amounts . The electronic distribution and search of the necessary information manages much more cheaply, than on usual paper carriers. Thus the speed of distribution is incomparably higher. The electronic information can constantly be updated, and in an automatic mode. All distribution WWW opens access practically in anyone corner of the Earth, that in a combination to technologies of electronic commerce opens a way on the markets, unattainable up to it.

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6. Effective maintenance of work of the companies with the distributed manufacture. Many companies have branches and divisions in other areas and other countries, where there is a surplus either cheap labour , or other resources. The information systems including means Internet, allow to carry out an effective management of the branches networks of manufacture and selling in a online mode.

7. Economic representation to the employees of the corporate and confidential information. Inside corporative space Intranet with success are used as the centralized storehouses of the documents, with which employees of the company constantly work or with which the management considers necessary them to acquaint. Intranet saves time, eliminates necessity of manufacturing and distribution of the printed documents. Each employee can address to huge files without dependence from, where file is also what platform it will involve.

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4.22. The rates of development Internet are extremely high

The rates of development Internet are extremely high. The increasing quantity of the enterprises use Internet/Intranet- of technology. In individual sector ever more than subscribers are connected to a Network, applying for connection such high-speed technologies, as cable modems, line XDSL and IDSL, hybrid satellite systems.

The second approach (Business in Internet) is based on understanding that modern Internet is the usual information virtual space, which is accessible to any user of a Network at any time in any point of the Earth. Any high-grade client Internet can automatically become a part of this virtual world, having created and having given other users a new particle of the information.

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The newest concepts and means Internet are actively applied at the decision of classical questions of business: " What to do? ", " Where to take for this means? ", " who is who? ", " At whom to buy and whom to sell? ", " How to work to take the maximal benefit? ". The prospects of use Internet in bank business, in realization of marketing are very essential,, at sales, advertising, analytical research of the market, dialogue with the suppliers and customers. Special clause - observation of activity of the competitors and protection of the vital information. For this purpose, certainly, the means of increase of safety of the information in a Network are especially important.

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4.23. Interactive character of Internet

The interactive character of Internet allows to give virtual (but at the same time quite really accessible) services: network libraries, video library, conferences, shops and etc. The opportunity of interactive interaction allows to the users, not leaving from office or house, to do purchases in Internet-shops, to pay services, to play on a stock exchange, to receive education , to raise a cultural level.

4.24. Electronic business and electronic commerce

Two concepts - electronic business and electronic commerce now were generated which, at all external similarity, have essential distinctions.

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4.24.1. Electronic business (e-Business)

The electronic business (e-Business) means realization and automation of business - processes, and also increase of efficiency of the enterprise activity on the base of universal application of achievement from area of Web-technologies. Thus the focus of business activity moves on maximal use of advantages of internal and external communications of the company in global information networks.

In electronic business it is possible to allocate four layers: 1.Internet- an infrastructure, 2.Internet-service, 3.Information intermediaries, 4.Electronic commerce.

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The infrastructure is realized by the telecommunication companies and manufacturers of the software, computer and network equipment. The services are given Internet service - providers ensuring transactions in a network, and owners of channels of communication .The infrastructure of the intermediaries services includes services, consulting and serving companies ensuring creation of Web-pages and management by their contents (Content Management System - CMS), search machines, database and multimedia-application. Each participant of this layer actively promotes the realization of the electronic commerce.

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4.24.1. Electronic commerce (e-Commerce)

The electronic commerce (e-Commerce) is a major component of electronic business. It is a kind of business, at which the interactions between the participants of the commercial bargains occur with the help of information technologies (electronic payments, electronic digital signature and etc.) or by means of Internet.

The electronic commerce, the term , as a matter of fact, has appeared before 1960 years, in epoch Mainframe-based of the appendices. One of first such applications were the service computer programs for transport: the order of the tickets, exchange data between various transport services, preparation and coordination of the movement routes of ships and planes.

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The rough growth of networks Internet per 1990 years, connected to occurrence of Web-technologies, has forced many representatives of business to pay steadfast attention on its opportunity.

The new type of business - retail trade through Internet has appeared. In 1997 the standard " Open Buying on the Internet " (OBI) has appeared. In retail trade through Internet the principles were stated to which there should correspond the software for electronic commerce, supporting open Internet-standards. The standard OBI mentions the large class of the standards forms of interaction between organizations involved in a complete cycle " of Delivery - of Sale - of Purchase " (" Supply - Selling - Buying ").

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In electronic commerce (e-Commerce) is involved ever more than sellers and buyers. The turnover of on-line trade are estimated to the present time of billions dollars. The leader of electronic trade is Amazon.com.

The electronic commerce has a number of doubtless advantages, from which it is possible to allocate the following:

1. More an openness of the company in relation to the clients, the interaction with the clients is directed on an establishment of long-term mutual relation (Customer Relationship Management - CRM);

2. The substantial growth of efficiency of reception of the information for acceptance of the decisions - is especial at the complex trade bargains with participation of the several companies;

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3. The significant reduction of a cycle of marketing and sales, occurrence of an opportunity before - and after sale of support of a product - in the special degree it concerns to the software (representation of the detailed information about products and services, documentation, delivery of the new versions and etc.)

4. Electronic payment of the bargains with use of electronic payment systems;

6. Realization of common business - , controlled by the company and its trade partners;

5. Opportunity of organization of the virtual enterprises - group of the separate experts or even of the companies for conducting joint commercial activity;

7. Significant decrease of expenses, connected to information interchange, of use of cheaper means of the communications;

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8. An opportunity to create alternative channels of sales, for example through electronic shop on corporate portal;

9. In case of necessity the facts and frequency of fulfillment of trade operations can be objectively measured by provider and are confirmed by independent аудиторами, for example, under the analysis of lоg-files;

11. In the market there are many inexpensive software packages for realization of commercial activity in Internet.

10. Distribution of the property rights on sold or bought non-material actives, for example, packages of the information in an electronic kind;

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Threr are lacks, it is possible, to attribute necessity of purchase of the specialized hardware-software means (if them are not present in the company), realization of the raised security measures of the information, necessity of work through Internet-providers, opportunity of loss critically important for business of the information.

According to the standard OBI, as electronic commerce the interaction between business - organizations by means of electronic technologies and Internet was considered. Now it is only one of sectors of the electronic commerce, which the Business - business " (Business-to-Business) ".

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The electronic commerce now is accepted for dividing on some directions , basic of which are considered:

1. " Business - Business " (Business-to-Business - В2В);

2. " Business - Consumer " (Business-to-Consumer, either Business-to-Customer, or Business-to-Client - В2С);

3. " The Consumer - Business " (Consumer-to-Business - C2B);

4. " The Consumer - Consumer " (Consumer-to-Consumer - С2С).

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4.25. Mutual relation of business with state bodies

The mutual relation of business and consumers with state and other regulating bodies is considered also: " business - state bodies " (Business-to-Government - В2G), " the consumer - state bodies " (Consumer-to-Government - С2G). There are the manufacturer of electronic goods / service for a state body by the social order - activity Internet-provider - state body - consumer " (Business-to-Business-to-Government-to-Consumer - В2В2G2С) and it is possible to build more complex chains and so on .

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Sector B2B defined as intercorporate interaction in system "enterprise - enterprise" with use of the standards of an electronic exchange of the data for realization of transfer of the business information earlier.

Initially this term was designated to processes of sale and purchase of the goods and services between the enterprises in a mode online. Now B2B is understood as any process of interaction between the enterprises or divisions of one enterprise for the decision of business - tasks, which can be realized with application of information technologies and through Internet. A field of activity of the participants of this sector are the virtual B2B-platforms .

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Such platforms are accepted for dividing on 3 type , such as depending on the one whom it is created by:

1. By Suppliers, or sellers (Supplier-driven, or Seller-driven);2. By the buyers (Buyer-driven);3. By third party (Third-party-driven).

The occurrence of those or other kinds of trade platforms depends on a degree of influence of the buyers and sellers in the given area of economy.

4.25.1. Platform Supplier-driven

Platforms Supplier-driven. The large sellers play an active role in formation of trade platforms. It occurs for the different reasons.

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One companies want to attract maximal wholesale buyers, others - to lower expenses for sales, third - to have an opportunity to be united with the partners and to dictate the conditions in the market.

For example, some large American companies which are letting out the medical goods, - Jоhnson and Johnson, GE Medical Systems, Baxter International, Abbott Laboratories and Medtronic - have undertaken efforts for creation of a common Internet - platform Global Health Care Exchange (www.globalhc.com) in the field of public health services to not pay the commission to the owners of platforms, on which they worked earlier. In Russia such platforms are organized in raw and manufacturing industry, in heavy mechanical engineering, in agricultural branch, enterprises of power and manufacturers of products of a meal.

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4.25.2. Platform Buyer-driven

Platforms Buyer-driven. One or several large companies create the trade platform for attraction of the companies - suppliers. The concept of such trade platforms has arisen in connection with needs of the large companies for optimization of process of purchases, expansion of trade contacts and network of deliveries on wholesale prices. As an example it is possible to take motor industry in USA, where GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler were united for creation of a global on-line trade platform, or public health services, where Tenant Healthcare has united efforts with Ventro for creation of a Internet-platform focused on needs of the market of the medical goods.

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4.25.3. Platform Third-party-driven

Platforms Third-party-driven. Such platforms are created, are served and cope by the third party to reduce together buyers and sellers. Usually such platforms are created by the one who well is guided in this or that sector of business, and serve for reception of the income as percent from the perfect bargains. Examples of such platforms can be electronic stock exchanges and auctions (B2B Exchange/Auction).

At formation of platforms В2В it is necessary to take into account a number of the important aspects:

1. Availability to the new participants;

2. Support of the recognized standards of development (EDI, Web-form, XML-appendix);

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3. Scaling of the used platforms;

4. Opportunity of management of the information and application of analytical methods of processing;

Depending on a concrete type of a platform do accent on those or other characteristics and develop the appropriate tools for the suppliers or for the consumers.

5. Opportunity of integration of tools of electronic commerce;

6. Maintenance of information safety.

4.26. Sector B2C - direct sales for the consumer

Sector B2C is form of electronic commerce, which purpose are the direct sales for the consumer.

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Such form of trade is effective for elimination of geographical remoteness between large cities and regions in sense of availability of the goods and services for the consumer. B2C allows a message direct sales with a minimum quantity of the intermediaries. The elimination of the intermediaries enables to establish competitive prices on places and even to increase them (excepting percent of the intermediaries), that naturally results in growth of the profit.

To systems B2C concern:

1. Web-show-window (Front Office) trade companies for attraction of the possible buyers to products of the given companies;

2. Internet-shops, which are engaged only in sale of the goods and contain a necessary infrastructure (Back Office) for manufacture of sales and management of electronic trade through Internet;

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3. The trade Internet-companies, in which the system of electronic sales (Back Office) is completely integrated with all trade business - processes.

4.27. The following obligatory components are necessary for functioning Internet-shop

1. Web-server, making differentiation of access and distributing inquiries;2. Server of the application, manager of business - logic and realizing necessary set of processes;3. DB and DBMS for the collection, storage, processing and management of the data;4.System of electronic payments including the electronic digital signature.

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The structure of management of Internet-shop is realized, as a rule, as tree chain of architecture " the client - server of the appendices - server of a database ". For integration of Internet-shop with business - processes of the basic company the sluice - converter can be established which will transfer the data from shop in accounting system and system of documentary maintenance of the company.

Sector C2B. First, C2B is a form of electronic commerce, which gives the consumer an opportunity independently to establish the price for the various goods and services offered the companies.

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The demand is in such a way formed which, however, does not mean, that the sale for the requested price will be made. The seller, using the statistical data of the current demand, accepts the final decision, and after that the goods "are let out" in sale for the average price.

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2. Secondly, C2B - set of methods, tools and technologies for performance on-line транзакций between the consumers (physical persons or small associations of the individual businessmen) and enterprises. An example are the sites business of the advisers, lawyers, promoters, profiteers (experts in optimization of activity of the enterprises), auditors, advertising agents and other experts capable to render service to the enterprises.

4.29. Sector C2С. Organization of sale and purchase of the goods and services between the consumers

Sector C2С. The form of electronic trade, which essence consists in organization of sale and purchase of the goods and services between the consumers. In this case personal site of the physical person or specialized site having section of the free-of-charge announcements, acts in a role of the intermediary between the buyer and seller.

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The bargain can be accomplished as directly through the Internet, if both parties have payment tools, and cash money at the coordination of all questions with application of the Internet. As an example it is possible to result a resource www.molotok.ru - one of conducting Russian auctions, where everyone wishing can something sell or buy.

4.30. " B2B + B2C + C2B + C2C " - generalized social resource

And, at last, in summary we shall note, that the sum of all four sectors of electronic commerce " B2B + B2C + C2B + C2C " is its generalized social resource.

The electronic business now totals many versions determined by concrete tasks of business and used information technologies.

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There are the electronic business - trade Internet-systems, Internet-stock exchanges and auctions, electronic payments, credit and debit systems, electronic checks and money, Internet-insurance, rent of Web-services, selection of the personnel, linguistic services and much another. Depending on the content focus the resource < B2B + B2C + C2B + C2C > realizes the appropriate aspect of electronic business of the transitive period - from post industry of a society to information.

4.31. Mobile commerce (m-Commerce)

Mobile commerce (m-Commerce). It is translation of electronic commerce in the mobile forms. The mobile commerce does the user by even more independent, not adhering him to the stationary computer or server.

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The mobile commerce gives all opportunities e-Commerce, at presence at the user of mobile devices for reception and transfer of the information, output in the Internet and fulfillment trnasaction. The basis of mobile commerce is made with the protocols WAP and GPRS, allowing to leave in a Network, load down the information, to look through it on mini- the display and to make numerous operations of electronic commerce.

The mobile commerce develops by very fast rates. For example, all the known mobile telephone with function WAP or own micro brauser becomes now also a means of identification of the owner, carries out functions of a bank credit card, allows to leave in a global network, to do the orders of the tickets, to make commercial operations and so on.

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Development of a Worldnet and the interaction of regional networks will result in complete transformation of business. Certainly, the people always will stay by the people, and the business - business, but new WWW-business becomes more favourable and more convenient for the people.

4.32. Control questions and tasks

What such modern Internet/Intranet-technologies?How the space Internet is organized?In what spheres the technologies Intranet are used?What such language hypertext of sectoring of the documents?List advantages and lacks of use of Internet/Intranet-technologies of modern business.On the basis of what technologies the search systems are realized?

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On the basis of what technologies the search systems are realized?How the Internet/Intranet-technologies in operation of business are used?Name kinds of electronic business.What such an electronic trade platform? What kinds of platforms exist and than their classification is caused?

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