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JoDRA

Non Conventional Water A New Paradigm

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by

Koussai Quteishat

Director

Jordan River Consultancy Services, JoDRA

President

Jordan Desalination and Reuse Association, JoDRA

Amman-Jordan

Regional Conference on Advancing Non-Conventional Water Resources Management

September 15, 2011

Athens, Greece

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IntroductionNCWR

• Desalinated water

• Wastewater

• Water harvesting

• Aquifer recharge

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IntroductionNCWR

Paradigm Change

COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT of

NCWR

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Introduction NCWR Management Issues

• Having the water to reuse

• Look ahead when designing for

treatment

• Energy

• Environment

• Political will

• Acceptability

• Funding options4

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Prerequisite: Water Management Hierarchy (WMH)

WMH is a hierarchy of water conservation priorities:

• Elimination of the water demand

• Reduction of the demand

• Explore all water-saving options

• Outsourcing/reuse/regeneration - such as

rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and

reuse

THEN, Consider new supplies

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Policy Options

Paradigm Change

INTRODUCE POLICY OPTIONS

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Iterative Policy Options

• Put the right price tag on water

• Allocate water and water-related funding more

efficiently

• Improve drought risk management

• Foster water efficient technologies and practices

• Foster the emergence of a water-saving culture

• Improve knowledge and data collection

THEN,

Consider additional water supply infrastructure7

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Project Development

Finance and delivery

• Private Sector Investments

• IWP and BOO

• Hybrid mixes of finance

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PSP in Project Development

Paradigm Changes

CONTRACTORS, CONSULTANTS, AND

SUPPLIERS AS DEVELOPERS

USERS BUY WATER NOT PLANTS

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Sustainable Financing of Projects

Essentials:

• Recover Cost of Water

• Encourage Local Banks to be involved

• Establish Local Water Funds and

Bonds

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Types of Projects

• Desalination

• Wastewater Reuse

• Aquifer Storage and Recovery

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Is Current Desalination Sustainable ? Development Potential Perspective:

• Out of 71 large cities without local access to new freshwater source, 42 are coastal

• 39% of the world population (2,400 million inhabitants) live at a distance of less than 100 km from the sea. Current production of seawater only corresponds to the demand of 60 million inhabitants

• Desalination is no longer a marginal water resource as some countries such as Qatar and Kuwait rely 100% on desalinated water for domestic and industry

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Forces Behind the Development Potential of Desalination

• Desalination has advantages over conventional resources/civil engineering projects

• Desalination, along with demand management, are expected to be the only recourse for regions with overdrafted aquifers

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Major Constraints to the Development of Desalination

• Cost of product € 0.5/m3

• Use of fossil fuel 1 litre/m3

• Energy consumption 3kwh/m3

• Environmental land/air and marine

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Historical Trends in Water Costs

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Water cost, US$/cubic meter

Year

Water cost from Desalination

Water cost from re-use

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True Cost of Desalinated Water

Cost must be qualified:

• Water quality & temperature

• Intake arrangement

• Energy cost

• Project size and location

• Financing details and amortization period

• Specific details of water purchase deal

• Competitive bidding

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Desalination Processes

• Thermal – needs thermal and electrical

• Membranes – needs electrical energy only

Both are energy intensive, accounting up to 50 % of the operating cost

Energy & Desalination

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Minimum Energy Required

Minimum energy is that needed to get fresh

water from saline water

• Does not depend on the process

• Increases as salinity increases

Separating pure water from saline water of

36,000 ppm at 25oC needs 0.71 kwh/m3

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Energy Consumption in Large Desalination Processes

Process Thermal

energy kWh/m³

Electrical

energy kWh/m³

Total

energy

kWh/m³

MSF 7.5 - 12 2.5 – 3.5 10 – 15.5

MED 4 - 7 1.5 - 2 5.5 - 9

SWRO - 3 - 6 3 - 6

BWRO - 0.5 - 2.5 0.5 - 2.5

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Renewable Energy Potential

• RE systems have proven to be reliable, and

are the technologies of the future

• RE has great potential in the MENA and

Africa

� Current trend in fossil fuel cost increase and developments in solar collectors may make the solar desalination a feasible option in another ten years

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JoDRAMain Environmental Concerns

??

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JoDRAImpact Mitigation Measures

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Impact Mitigation Needs

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Innovations in Desalination

• Energy savings as well as recovery

• Aquifer Storage

• Addressing Seasonal Water/Power Variations

• Integration into Water Management Systems

• Zero Liquid Discharge

• Renewable Energy

• Nuclear Desalination

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Conventional Desalination

Paradigm Change

CONVENTIONAL DESALINATION IS A

CONVENTIONAL RESOURCE

SUSTAINABLE DESALINATION USES

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND MITIGATES

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

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Wastewater as a Source

It is technically and economically

possible to produce potable water

from wastewater

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Saline Water and Waste Water

Saline water and waste water meet

in the treatment process where the

common denominators are

membranes and technologies

associated with them

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Wastewater Membrane Treatment Technologies

To produce potable water, wastewater

undergoes:

• Micro-filtration or Ultra-filtration,

• Reverse Osmosis, and

• UV treatment

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Wastewater Utilization

Wastewater should be treated for

environmental reasons, and also to be

utilized as a resource:

• Readily, for domestic, industry & agriculture uses

• disposed in flowing bodies, for use downstream

• stored in aquifers, either for later use, or

to mitigate seawater intrusion

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Why Strategic Storage?

• Security of supply

• Optimization of plant design, better

match of power and water

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Why Aquifer Storage & Recovery

• Proven technology

• Provides good recovery

• Improves quality of treated wastewater

• Lower costs, reported costs of the three types in USA to store 1.5 billion gallons:

Storage method Cost*, US$ in millionsAbove ground tank 450

Reservoir 250

ASR 40

* Cost does not include land cost

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Aquifer Storage and Integrated Management of The Resource

If treated wastewater is stored in aquifers,• its use extended beyond reuse in irrigation and availing

additional water to meet domestic and industrial needs

• it can also be used to protect aquifers from seawater intrusion,hence making more water available.

If desalinated water is stored in aquifers,• it can lead to better integration of power and water during the

production phase, and lead to lower production costs

• alleviates fear of over-capacity if desalination plants and networks rehabilitation are undertaken simultaneously as water produced is stored in aquifers for future use.

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Integrated Management of WaterWastewater Reuse

Wastewater Reuse was a policy

solution that has also become

a technology solution

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Integrated Management of WaterDesalination

Desalination was a technology

solution that has also become a

policy solution

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Water Resource Cost TrendsAfter Alfred Stikker, GWI, October 2006

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1990 2000 2010 2020

Cost $/m3

Year

Marginal water withdrawal

Freshwater treatment

Reuse

Desalination

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Final Word on NCWRM

Main Paradigm

NCWRM is a policy issue

Technology is here to support it

let’s use it wisely

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Thank You