000 Obesity Final + Ref.

7/27/2019 000 Obesity Final + Ref.

1/18

Be slim again forever, permanently

How to loose lose the overweight and never get it back again

In my family on my mother's side all the eleven children, including my mother, tend to be overweight. Mygenetic profile shows I have failing genes that make me at high risk of having excessive appetite (which I

have up to bulimia), increased fat production (which is the case in my hormone non-treated uncles and

aunts on my mother side), reduced fat breakdown (which would be my case if I was hormonally not

treated and didnt regularly exercise) and a fatty silhouette (in stress conditions I can start swelling up over

my body). Despite that my genes push me towards overweight and obesity, I'm not obese, nor overweight

and my fat mass oscillates around 6% on average when measured as an athlete (I jog every day) on the

bio-impedance weight scale (a weight scale that permits to measure the percentage of water, muscle

mass and fat mass in the body) and 14% on average when measured as sedentary person, which is not

bad for a man of 56 years of age. This leanness or slimness is also possible for you with less effort and

more pleasure then you think. Let me explain you how in the next paragraphs.

First, it is very important to control your appetite

How can people such as me normally unable to control my appetite have nearly complete control of my

appetite? First of all, let me admit to you that I do not always control my appetite. Once I start eating, I

tend to eat too much. But recently I have acquired much less appetite and am slimmer than ever before.

Above all it is important to sleep sufficiently, seven to eight hours per night. A too short sleep isindependently associated with weight gain, particularly in younger age groups. In contrast, a longer sleepduration is associated with decreased weight and body mass index. People who through their family arepredisposed to obesity are twice more easier overweight if they sleep less than 7 hours than if they sleep9 hours or more. Researchers such as the Belgian professor Eva Van Cauter attribute the obesity

epidemic in the USA and other westernized countries to the - on average- one to two hours of lack ofsleep in people living nowadays. A great part of the population looks at TV up too late in the night,depriving them from the necessary seven or eight hours of sleep to have a normal appetite. People whoare sleep-deprived have more appetite and eat more, especially sweet food, which makes them increasein weight. While during many years I slept for four to five hours, I sleep now on average seven to eighthours, the average nighttime sleep observed in centenarians. If you're unable to sleep 7-8 hours, becauseyou wake up too early and cannot fall back asleep, 50 to 100 mg 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) and or 150to 1000 mg of tryptophan before bedtime may help well to keep happily sleeping the whole night through,also the last four hours. Why four hours later? Both 5-HTP and tryptophan convert into melatonin, thehormone that makes us fall asleep, four hours later after intake. The days I experience bulimia - anintense uncontrollable appetite - I nearly always have slept insufficiently the night before. Sleeping thewhole night well reduces the appetite by increasing the blood and tissue level of the appetite-increasinghormone ghrelin and while lowering that of the appetite-reducing hormone leptin, an imbalance that

strongly stimulates appetite.Two micronutrients may have fundamental importance for you to reduce your appetite as it has for me: 5-

HTP and chromium. 5-HTP blocks the hunger you get when you are under pressure, anxious, feel

frustrated or just nervous about something, while chromium, especially GTF (glucose tolerance factor))

chromium, important for control of the blood sugar level, can substantially reduce the appetite for sugar

and sweet foods. GTF chromium is the naturally-occurring form of chromium, also called dinicotinic-acid

glutathione complex. GTF is different from simple chromium compounds because it is more easily

absorbed by your body and safer than other forms.


2/18

How does 5-HTP work? 5-HTP converts into serotonin, the neurotransmitter that calms down the appetite

for all types of foods and in particular for sweet food. It does this by reducing frustration and making you

feel happier about events. Many people get hungry when they are under pressure and eating relaxes

them, calming down the anxiety or nervousness by doubling or tripling their level of cortisol, the stress-

reducing hormone that provides energy and reduces sufferance, and by providing in the food some

substances with opioid (morphine-like) action, also called exorphins, as has been shown in cereals. The

best way to administer 5-HTP is to swallow 25 mg tablets or capsules in the morning at wakeup and then

every two or three hours 10 to 15 mg of 5-HTP in stressful periods. You should try to take 5-HTP before or

at the moment of frustration so that it starts working half an hour later, neutralizing both stress feelings and

appetite. What side effects can come up with 5-HTP? If more than 25 mg of 5-HTP is taken at once during

daytime, a strong desire to yawn and sleep may come up. Taking during daytime more than 75 mg in total

through repeated intakes may considerably reduce your brain levels of oxytocin. The resulting oxytocin

deficiency may make you appear as a relaxed person but too cold and introvert, feeling okay inside but

not sufficiently communicating with others, characteristics that may make your partner and children

unhappy, feeling neglected. I have done the experience myself and learned my lesson well. Noteworthy is

the capacity of 5-HTP to increase the levels of the energy hormone and sugar-craving-reducing hormone

cortisol/ at high dose of 100 mg, an increase of 50% is obtained, while 90% and 125% higher levels are

during many hours after obtained at doses of 200 and 300 mg respectively. It is logic to believe that 10 to25 % increases are obtained at lower doses, what might provide increases of energy and a lower appetite

for sweets.

How does chromium work? Chromium helps the hormone insulin put the blood sugar inside of the target

cells where energy is required. It does this by sensitizing the insulin receptor that is at the surface of target

cells, for the action of insulin. Supplementing chromium with other nutrients may boost its action and these

stimulating nutrients are often added to chromium into a preparation called GTF chromium. The GTF

stands for glucose tolerance factors, the nutrients that improve glucose tolerance or sensitivity to insulin.

People who suffer from prediabetes, a condition that precedes diabetes, have a certain degree of glucose

intolerance or insensitivity to insulin. They may benefit from GTF chromium supplementation. How much

chromium is required to reduce appetite for sweets? At least two intakes of 400 g per intake are

necessary. In stressful conditions, I need 800 g twice a day. The second intake is taken in the lateafternoon, beforehand, before sugar cravings may come up at supper or later in the evening.

The appetite can also be decreased by drinking more water. Many people eat when their body is thirsty.

They do not recognize their thirst anymore well and misinterpret thirst as hunger. Others drink the wrong

drinks, soft drinks or alcohol, full of calories, when they are thirsty. There is on average 20 g of sugar per a

33 cc of soft drink. We should drink a minimum of one and a half to 2 L of still water a day. Possibly you

could put in your glass a bottom of unsweetened fresh fruit juice such as cranberry juice so that only about

one eighth to 1/10 of your glass or bottle is filled up with the not too sweet juice and the rest is water. Also

drinks other than water than to increase additional intake of foods. When milk was given with the meals to

Swedish school children, a mean additional energy intake of 17% was found compare d to water. The

pattern was similar among boys and girls and irrespective of the lunch dish served. For the least preferred

dish (fish with potatoes), milk helped to increase the energy intake by 26%.

By choosing a better kind of food you can also decrease your appetite: Eat protein-rich or fat-rich foods

as they can calm down appetite. There is even a diet called the Atkins diet where mainly protein-rich and

fat-rich foods are consumed. In these diets the patients lose weight because their appetite declines. Try

eating a whole quarter of a liter of butter, you probably wont have appetite for a day or two. Fat-rich foods

are foods such as butter, egg yolk, boiled lard or boiled bacon (dont cook them in oil or butter or the fat

becomes toxic), fatty fish, liver but also less recommendable foods such as fatty cheese and fat-rich milk,


3/18

which you should better avoid as they may considerably irritate your gut. On the other hand, foods rich in

starch such as bread, pasta and muesli or porridge, or foods and drinks rich in sugar such as chocolate,

ice creams and soft drinks open up the appetite and make for some people it almost impossible to stop

consuming them. This irresistible attraction to sweet food may be due to food compounds that have

morphine-like action. Avoid these carbohydrate-rich foods five days or more a week if you want to control

your appetite.

Another method that seems to have a lot of success to reduce appetite is to chew much more: chew five

to 10 times more so that satiety comes up and leaves you with a lower appetite. I have managed to chew

two times more, but still needs some learning to chew 5 to 10 times more. Furthermore, slow eating

reduces hunger and increases satiety.

As television viewing increases appetite and food consumption and thus weight

gain, possibly because of the suspense it originates or the food commercials

for snacks, it may be wise to limit TV use to two to three days a week maximum

and not more than two hours each time.

Second, make your body firmer

It is not healthy to lose weight at the expense of muscles and skin that become more loose and thinner. To

lose weight on the right body areas, where there is excessive fat, and at the same time strengthen your

muscles, skin and even hair, you should optimize the levels of anabolic hormones, the hormones that

make the body strong with firm muscles and solid bones. Anabolic hormones have gotten bad press with

their abusive use as synthetic derivatives of testosterone called anabolic steroids by body builders.

Anabolic hormones, however, are key hormones for health and to reduce the excessive fat on the breasts,

belly and thighs, and provide you with a younger outlook of the body by making the muscles and the skin

tighter and thicker. Which are these precious hormones that make us firmer?

Growth hormone: Growth hormone determines together with IGF-1 your final body height. The more

growth hormone and IGF-1 you had in childhood, the taller you are. Growth hormone thickens and

tightens the skin, providing it elasticity, while substantially limiting any excess fat and body weight. It is

next to testosterone the major hormone to reduce abdominal fat and cellulite.

IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor I): IGF-1, whose production by the liver depends on growth hormone that

is secreted by the pituitary gland, thickens the skin and muscles more than growth hormone. Therapies

that associate IGF-1 to growth hormone reduce further the fat mass compared to what growth hormone

can do alone. When IGF-1 is supplemented in the presence of low levels of growth hormone and high

levels of insulin, it may on the contrary increase fat mass. So I tend to prescribe IGF-1 to my IGF-1

deficient patients in association with growth hormone therapy, and not alone.

Testosterone: The male hormone shapes with its super active masculinizing metabolite

dihydrotestosterone the male body into an attractive masculine appearance. It is typically the muscle

hormone, overused by bodybuilders to acquire a more male or even a super male outlook. Interestingly, in

one study it has been reported that if the administration of testosterone clearly reduces abdominal fat,

dihydrotestosterone treatment does the opposite: it increases abdominal fat mass. In women, testosterone

levels are 20 times lower than in men, but nevertheless, this level is sufficient to shape their body too in a

firm, rather athletic, young female body. Without high enough levels of testosterone, a woman loses her

beauty.

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone): DHEA therapy at the physiological (normal) dose of 50 mg by mouth

has been shown to reduce fat mass by approximately 1 kg and increase lean mass (which is mainly made


4/18

of muscles) by one kilo too, about four times less potently than testosterone could do it, or seven times

less potently than growth hormone would do it. Thus, DHEA makes the body firmer but moderately.

The female hormones, oestradiol and progesterone: In contradiction with what is generally thought,

female hormones, when given the right way, reduce fat mass. In fact, fat mass reductions are mainly

obtained with the use of transdermal (through application through the skin) preparation of bioidentical

oestradiol and generally not by the use of oral (by mouth) oestrogens, even if the oral estrogens isbioidentical oestradiol. Why would oral oestrogens not be very efficient for fat mass reduction and why

might they even increase fat mass? Because of their accumulation in the liver after oral ingestion and

intestinal absorption. When the liver is overloaded with oestrogens, it overproduces hormone transporting

proteins that are secreted in the blood and strongly bind there to the hormones, keeping hormones much

longer in the blood, depriving thereby the target cells from essential hormones, including anabolic

hormones. The lack of anabolic hormones such as growth hormone and testosterone in the target cells of

women taking the birth control pill, for example, explains why these women see their body change and

become looser, less muscled and fatter. In a study researchers have shown that women with overweight

had lower progesterone levels. This suggests a possible weight-reducing effect of progesterone. Woman

with progesterone deficiency suffer generally from breast and belly tenderness. Progesterone reduces the

fluid retention in breasts and belly in the premenstrual period by increasing the excretion of water into the

urines.

Can hormones also make the body looser? Yes, insulin is a hormone that may make the body looser by

increasing fat mass. However, insulin is of a bivalent hormone. In slim people, insulin therapy usually

thickens and tightens the skin and muscle, in particular to my experience in the triceps and buttocks. It

does this by sharply increasing the absorption of amino acids into skin and muscle cells. In overweight

people, however, insulin may further make people gain weight by making them fatter. In these people

everything should be done to keep the insulin low. One of the most important ways is to avoid consuming

foods that trigger the secretion of insulin such as pure sugar, sweets, chocolate, and foods made from

cereals that are not sprouted such as bread, pasta, muesli, and porridge. A high consumption of these

foods may increase the levels of insulin and trigger insulin resistance, a condition characterized by high

levels of insulin that are not any more efficient for brain, skin, muscle and heart cells;

Some nutritional supplements may increase muscle mass, in particular amino acids such as the three

branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, leucine. Leucine is the most efficient to improve muscle

mass. The branched-chain amino acids compromise together 70% of the amino acid content in muscles.

Others amino acids that also appear to be efficient to improve muscle mass are glutamine and carnitine.

Glutamine also makes arm firmer, while carnitine to my experience inpatients makes the pelvis and

buttocks stronger. At least two to five grams of each of these amino acids should be taken daily to see a

difference. Individual amino acids are easier to absorb under form of supplements as they are already

separated, while the amino acids contained in proteins of meat, have to be separated by a good working

digestive tract into amino acids. For this reason, some people will improve better their muscles by amino

acid supplements. Nevertheless, eating fresh meat offers a full panel of amino acids and young people

with good digestive system develop beautiful muscles with a diet rich in meat, poultry and fish. Over the200 grams a day may help to improve the body well. Pure vegan food devoid of any animal-derived foods

often offer poorly digestible vegetable proteins that do not suffice to develop a firm body. Humans have a

meat-eating type of intestinal tract not that of a plant-eater that is much longer and differently equipped

than ours. Following professor Khavinson from Leningrad, an expert in gerontology he is the actual

president of the large European society of geriatrics and gerontology there are no vegan (no animal food

whatsoever) or vegetarians (fish, eggs, milk products may be allowed) that become old enough to be a

centenarian due to the many nutritional deficiencies including in amino acids of these philosophically

super but practically maladapted diets.


5/18

So the second strategy is to make the body firmer, which increases muscle mass and skin tightness. How

then to reduce fat mass?

Third, reduce fat mass and weight

What types of diet should you follow? There are three types of diets that in my experience may help you

lose weight.

The high-protein low-carb diet

The HCG fasting diet

Total fasting with nutritional supplementation

In the first two diets the food that should be consumed is of the Paleolithic-type, the diet of our ancestors

who lived in the Paleolithic period, the time in human history before agriculture was invented. It is a dietfull of low sugar-containing fruits such as berries, easy to digest vegetables and meat, fish, poultry or eggs

cooked at low temperature. No cooked fats, no milk products, no sugar-containing foods, no grains that

are not sprouted, nor alcohol, no caffeine. When people switch from a conventional diet to a paleolithic

diet they usually lose a little more than 2 kg weight in three week time, partially because it makes them eat

more low-calorie foods such as vegetables. Privilege the consumption of fresh and raw products as they

help more to lose weight than non-fresh and cooked foods, and are usually anyway healthier.

The high-protein low-carb diet: This diet is based on 2 to 3 days of consumption of exclusively

protein-rich food without vegetables and fruits or any sweet food. After two to three days people

get fed up with this diet and then go to eat the same but add fruits with low sugar content and

vegetables for 2-3 days. The person on diet could then restart a sole protein diet, followed after 2-

3 days again by a short period of a less strict, but still fresh food diet. The continuous alternation

in diet can go on and on in cycles of only protein-rich foods followed for a short period of time by

the same diet with fruits and vegetables until the weight loss has been obtained. Proponents of

this type of diet claim people lose about half a kilo a day by eating so, at least during the only

dietary protein days. Theoretically, you can eat as much protein-rich foods as you want. Whatever

the amount of protein-rich food you eat, you lose weight. I advise to add potassium supplements

and drink a lot of water on days where only protein-rich food is consumed. Indication: people who

have a hard time eating less, and must have the opportunity to eat more. Weight loss to expect:

2 to 6 kg per month.

The HCG fasting diet: HCG needs human chorionic gonadotrophin, the hormone that is

increased in pregnancy and serves as a pregnancy marker. Following Dr Simeons who firststarted the method in the 1960s, HCG supplementation at doses of 150 units of HCG per day by

injection under the skin reduces the appetite and makes people lose weight exactly where they

have excessive fat. The cure consists of a minimum of 26 days, starting with three days of HCG

injections without any dietary restriction and then 23 days of simultaneous daily HCG injections

with a 500-calorie diet. Finally, the cure ends with three days of low-calorie diet without any HCG

injections anymore. People who do well on this diet, may continue for about two weeks longer, for

a maximum of 42 days in total. Dieting for a longer time may trigger the rise of antibodies against

HCG and thus allergies against it as HCG usually comes from another person, a pregnant


6/18

women. If a new cure has to be undertaken, you should wait six weeks after the end of the

previous diet before starting or results will not be satisfying. If a third diet will be undertaken, it

should take place eight weeks after the second one, a fourth HCG diet 10 weeks of the previous

diet, etc. Each time adding two additional weeks to the interval period to avoid the creation of

allergy (that most of the time presents as the absence of any beneficial effect on weight loss) and

to obtain optimal results in weight loss. Several but not all double-blind placebo-controlled studies

have not reported any beneficial loss on weight loss compared to placebo. Studies that do show a

difference, report a near doubling of the weight loss compared to placebo (-11.5 kg versus 6.8 kg

weight loss) in the Asher and Harper 1973 study for example. The difference in results might be

due to the use of a new vial every week or when used for more than 7 days the product seems to

have perished. Indication: patients with an overweight of 7 kilos or more; also for very massively

obese patients. Weight loss to expect: 5 (women) to 10 (men) kg per 26 days of cure

Total fasting with nutritional supplementation: Total fasting with nutritional supplementation: I

have recently fasted (complete stop of food ingestion) for 16 days and a half without ever suffering

from hunger and remaining dynamic all the timeenough energy to remain able to do run for half

an hour to two hours a day and to allow me to accomplish all daily professional tasks.

Restriction: The patient should be healthy. This type of diet is only to do under strict physicians

supervision or experienced health professional and with the intake of a large amount of

supplements, including amino acid supplementation. Indication: Rare patients who have

digestive troubles; patients who may benefit from providing their gut a rest or people who want to

make a spiritual experience while losing weight. Weight loss to expect: 2 to 3 kg for 5 days; 3 to

5 kg for 10 days; 4 to 7 kilos for 15 days depending if there is daily physical exercise or not. An

intake of a mixture of 3 to 5 grams of purified amino acids with additional amounts of branched

chain amino acids; Aim of this type of diet with additional supply of amino acids and high

dosed minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium but also some sodium): Possibility to increase

muscle mass and body water, while reducing only fat mass in the absence of uptake of any food!

This beneficial change in body composition reflects a rejuvenation of the body composition equalto 5 to to 10 years back in time.

Finally, fifthly, how not to regain the weight loss

Several methods can be applied, but must aim at definitive improvement, that means that you stay in the

future - years long at the desired lower weight with a firmer body.

1. Be in control of your appetite most of the time

If you are the person who is genetically programmed to be hungry and crave for the wrong foods,

a bit as I am, you have no choice, you need to add nutrients such as 5-HTP and or chromium to

calm down your appetite and sleep enough.

2. Eat Paleolithic-type of foods at least five days per week.


7/18

3. Learn to avoid foods that make you fatter and take foods that make you slimmer

Basically, people should eat Paleolithic-type foods such as discussed above, and particularly be

attentive ofavoiding the consumption:

Sugar and sweet foods, and soft drinks: as said before, they increase appetite and fat

production: to avoid. Weight gain has been shown to be greater with soft drinks containingartificial sweeteners such as aspartame, cyclamates, etc. than with drinks containing

regular sugar, because these sweeteners offer generally a stronger sweet flavor than

sugar that creates addiction. Alternative: stevia, add a spoon of fresh fruit juice to

sweeten

Cereal-type foods: Although they have no or poor fat content, bread, pastas and junk

foods increase fat production by elevating the level of the fat-increasing hormone, insulin:

try to avoid them at least 5 days per week. As alternative: sprouted grains, sprouted

bread, sprouted muesli, sprouted rice that you can find in some health food stores or

through the Internet.

Cooked fats: Cooking foods in oil or butter, or just bring fatty foods at high temperatures

(above the temperature of boiling water 100 degrees Celsius) changes the structure of

the fats, making polyunsaturated fatty acids become more rigid and be called trans fatty

acids. A high intake of trans fatty acids has been reported in a primate study to increase

by four any weight gain, especially fat gain. It is not any fat that makes you fat, but

(over)cooked fat. Alternative: use other cooking methods that do not bring food and in

particular fats at high temperature such as steaming, boiling in water, oven at 85 Celsius

maximum (185 degrees Fahrenheit), Carpaccio or tartarsteak,

Alcohol: increases insulin and estrogens, hormones that can increase weight, while

reducing many fat-reducing hormones such as growth hormone, testosterone, melatonin,

etc.: to avoid at least 5 days a week. Alternative: Alcohol-free aperitifs, but they often are

rich in sugar.

Caffeine: Drinking caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea and cola, increases insulin

and cortisol, two hormones that can make you fatter, while reducing two hormones thatcan make you thinner, growth hormone and thyroid. It is nearly impossible to make heavy

coffee drinkers lose weight and if ever they do they regain it quickly because of their

caffeine intake.

Preservatives in food: these preservatives may reduce your metabolism, in other words

your calorie-consumption. Even when less food and less calories are consumed, weight

gain may appear if the food contains preservatives. Alternative: Prefer the consumption

of fresh foods such as organic vegetables that are devoid of preservatives and better to

stay or become slim.

4. Fast each time you do slippers

Each time you do a dietary excess eat too much of the food, drink several glasses of alcohol,get into an irresistible and major chocolate craving, compensate by skipping the next one or two

meals!

When you go out to see friends in parties or have dinner with them and you know it beforehand

the food will be maladapted, why not fast a meal or two beforehand and may be after, while eating

something light at home a salad or a fruit meal beforehand with abundant water intake in order


8/18

not to be too hungry or too thirsty while at the party so that you can easily restrain yourself from

bad foods or compensate by fasting before or after.

5. You can also compensate by doing more physical exercise - adding a longer sport session to

your program, but be aware that the amount of calories consumed with even heavy exercise is

often much less than the amount of calories eaten in one meal where you eat too much. A hard

training session may consume 500 extra calories, while a copious meal may be 1200 calories ormore. Additionally intensive training can also make you more hungry. Thius, it is easier to lose

weight by eating less than by intensively exercising.

Train your body, do sports. A body that does not exercise, does not move, rusts and increases

in weight. 95% of sedentary people who followed a weight loss program regain the weight they

lost in the previous year. Why? Because they do not move enough. About 35% only of physically

exercising people regain the weight they lost in the previous year. Why? Because they have

increased their amount of physical exercise compared to before. I do every day a jogging

usually 25 minutes, sometimes two hours, but when I really dont have time I do at least 15

minutes of running, this keeps me not only fit, but probably also slimmer. If every day you

consume 100 calories more, this is 365 times 100 calories, so 36 500 calories more consumed

per year, thus as every gram of fat = 6 calories, 6 kilos less weight per year.

How long should you do daily exercise? One study showed that overweight people lost more

weight when they exercised half an hour a day than when they exercised one hour a day,

apparently because those how exercised more had greater appetite.

What type of exercise makes you lose weight most? Aerobic exercise where one can easily

breath and even talk is linked to more weight loss, while high intensity anaerobic exercise (where

you have to catch your breath a bit) is linked with an increase in lean mass (mainly muscles) that

slows down the weight loss, but does increase advantageously the lean mass/fat mass ratio,

making the body more athletic. The fat mass loos in both types of exercise is similar. To obtain a

mix of the two, besides the slower long runs I do, I several times a week run interval or fartlektraining sessions. In this type of exercise several sessions every 200 meters of fast running

alternate with 200 meters of slow running in order to recover. As the forest roads where I run are

continuously up and downhill, it already tends to be a fartlek. Fartlek is an irregular way of

alternating high with low intensity exercise, going fast and then slow following your desire, while

interval training is a set of fixed distances of fast and slow running such as you is easily to

determine on a fast track or in a gym on running machines).

Do not eat one hour before and one hour after a training session as this speeds up the

metabolism/calorie consumption in the presence of not calorie intake and helps to lose more

weight.

Major treatments to lose weight

In the table below is an overview of all the major treatments to lose weight, and not regain it afterwards.


9/18


Obesityproblem

CauseWhat to do on yourself

or with a nutritionistWhat to do with a

physicianTherapyefficacy

Excessiveappetite

Leptin (appetitereducer) deficiency

Still only for research

purposes : Leptin(hormone) by injection: 0.5to 1.5 mg/day

to +++

MSH (appetitereducer) deficiency

Still only for research:Melanotan II: 0.5 to 1.5mg/day

Lack of sleepSleep more than 7 h to ++

Melatonin (sublingual) 0.1to0.2 mg before bedtime

to +

Low blood sugar(hypoglycemia)produces sugarcravings

Avoid sweets +

GTF chromium: 800 g at wake-up, 400-800 g at 16h

to ++

5-HTP (5-hydroxytrytophan): 25

mg in morning, then 10 -15 mgevery 2-3 h

to ++

Overweight persons:methylprednisolone 2 to 4mg/day Medrol; Nonoverweight persons:hydrocortisone : 20 mg(women) and 30 mg(men)/day in two or moredivided doses (wake-upand lunch)

to +

Oxytocin 5 to 10 IU/day at2 to 3 PM

Low protein intake Increase protein intake: meat,fish, poultry,

to +

Low fat intakeIncrease fat intake: butter, eggyolk, bolide bacon, lard, liver,

to +

Frustration, stress5-HTP (5-hydroxytrytophan): readabove

to ++

Anxiety, tensenessGABA: 500 to 1500 mg at wake-up

to +

Inability to

lose weight,even with lowcalorie dietfor extendedperiods

Thyroid

deficit,due tooraggra-vated by

Genetics,aging orlesions

For weight loss: Prefer athyroid treatment containingT4 and T3 ( such as Erfa,Armour, Euthyral,Novothyral, Thyrolar, ..;

doses: 30 to 150 mg/day or50 to 150 g T4 and 10 to30 g T3/day)

to +++

Insufficientfruit intake

Increase fruits, eat more lowsugar fruits (berries,...)

to +

Excessivecabbageintake

Eat more vegetables (but lesscauliflower, which in highamounts is antithyroid)

to +

Excessive Reduce protein intake


10/18

proteinintake

grams/meat or poultry a day, asprotein reduces the conversion ofthyroid hormone T4 into T3

Iron deficit:Ferritin 4 kg (9 pounds)

+ to +++

Thyroiddeficit

T3-T4 preparation suchdesiccated thyroid: 30 to150 mg/day orsyntheticT3-T4: 50 to 150 g T4 and10 to 30 g T3/day

to +

Testo-sterone

deficit

Men: transdermal 10%testosterone liposomalgel or injectabletestosterone

to +

Estrogen/proges-teronedeficits

Women: transdermal 0.6%estradiol gel andmicronized progesterone

to +

GH &/orIGF-1deficits

Subcutaneous injections of0.1 to 0.3 mg/day GH &/or0.2 to 0.5 mg IGF-1

to +

+balloo

n-shaped face

Cortisolexcess

due to oraggravated by

Fat intakeReduce intake of fatty foods,which increase cortisol production

to +

Frequentmeals

Eat less often (as mealstransiently increase cortisol)

to +

Stress

Relax, avoid stressful situations

(as they increase cortisol levels) to +

GH/IGF-1deficit

Subcutaneous injections of0.1 to0.3 mg/day growth hormone(GH) &/or 0.2 to 0.5 mg IGF-1

to ++

Melatonindeficit:

Sublingual melatonin (0.05 to 0.2mg before bedtime)

to +

Fatty Neck

Growth and IGF-1hormone deficits

Read above Read above to ++

Insulin excess Read above Read above to ++

Excessbreasttissue

Ex

cessmilkglands

Estradiol excess

Avoid drinking alcohol andcaffeinated beverages (cola,coffee, tea, ..) as they increaseestradiol levels

to +

Lose weight: reduces fat cells andtheir aromatase enzyme thatconverts testosterone to thefemale hormone estradiol

to +

Progesterone 100 mgbefore bedtime in men andwomen: reduces estradiolby increasing its conversionto the much less potent

to +


12/18

estrone

Anastrozole, whichincreases the conversion oftestosterone to estradiol: 2x to 3X 1 tablet of 1 mg inwomen with breast cancerand in men with erectiledysfunction risk

to +

Dihydrotestosteronedeficit

Men only: dihydrotesto-sterone 2.5% gel onbreasts

to +

Excessfat

Growth hormonedeficit

Read above Read above to +

Testosterone deficit(men)

Read above Read above to +

Insulin excess Read above Read above to +

Abdo-minalobesity

Genetics, aging, HCG-diet: read above inprevious chapter 150 to200 IU/day of HCG

Growth hormone deficit Read above Read above to +

Testosterone deficit

Eating more protein: > 200 g/dayof meat, fish or poultry

to +

Eat more fat (egg yolk, (clarified)butter, boiled bacon and lard liver,etc.), rich in cholesterol,necessary to build the steroidhormones (= hormones buildupon the structure of cholesterol),such as the sex and adrenalhormones: equivalent to 1 soupspoon/day of butter

Avoid consuming sweets,chocolate, starch (bread, pasta,

muesli, ..), soft drinks that reducesteroid hormone production

to +

Avoid whole grain carbs (bread,all bran flakes) as they reduce sexhormone levels

to +

Avoid alcohol to +

Men: Testosteroneliposomal gel 10% ( to 3g/day); testosteroneenanthate injections 1 per 2weeks

to +

Women: Testosterone gel

0.5% (1/3 to 2/3 g/day) to +

DHEA deficitDHEA : 20 mg (women)and 30 mg (men)/day in atwake-up

Thyroid deficit Read above Read above to +


Droopybelly


Fatty Insulin excess Read above Read above to +


13/18

buttocks

Droopy

buttocks

Insulin deficit

After weight loss and beingslim: Long-acting insulinmixed with growth hormone(GH) and IGF-1: from 0.2mg/0.2 mg/ 1IU/day to0.3mg GH/0.5mg IGF-1/2-3IU long-acting insulin/day

to ++

Growth hormone and IGF-1deficits

from 0.2 mg/day of each to0.3mg GH and 0.5mg IGF-1 /day

to +

Fattyarms

Testosterone deficit Read above Read above to +



Droopytriceps



Insulin deficiencyInsulin mixed with growthhormone (GH) and IGF-1:Read above

to ++

Cellulite




HCG-diet: Read above

Sagging innersides ofthethighs



MSH (Melanocyte-stimulatinghormone) deficit

Still only for research:melanotan II: 0.5 to 1.5mg/day

to +

Avoid alcohol, which reducesMSH

Insulin deficit Read above Read above

Swollencalves

With nonpittingedema

Thyroid deficit Read above Read above to ++

+ pittingedema ( apit appearsafter fingerpressure)

Salt excess

Reduce salt in the food to +Take potassium supplements: 1to 3 g/day (!! avoid if kidneydisease)

to +

Aldosteroneexcess

Take potassium supplements: 1to 3 g/day (!! avoid if kidneydisease)

to +

Avoid stressful situations andprolonged standing as theyincrease aldosterone

to +

Several times a day 10 to 15minute naps laying down withfeet in higher position

to +

Exceptionally:spironolactone (diuretic thatspares potassium) 50 to100 mg/day

to +

Women: Testosterone gel0.5% (

1/3 to

2/3 g/day)&


14/18

References: Be slim again forever, permanently

First, it is very important to control your appetite

1. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008

Mar;16(3):643-53.2. Watson NF, Harden KP, Buchwald D, Vitiello MV, Pack AI, Weigle DS, Goldberg J. Sleep duration and body

mass index in twins: a gene-environment interaction. Sleep. 2012 May 1;35(5):597-6033. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is

associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, & increased hunger and appetite. Ann InternMed. 2004;141(11):846-50

4. http://www.livestrong.com/article/312425-what-is-chromium-gtf/#ixzz2SDQpTebX

5. Simonoff M, Shapcott D, Alameddine S, Sutter-Dub MT, Simonoff G. The isolation of glucose tolerance factorsfrom brewer's yeast and their relation to chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:25-38.

6. Fukudome S, Yoshikawa M. Opioid peptides derived from wheat gluten: their isolation and characterization.FEBS Lett. 1992 Jan 13;296(1):107-11.

7. Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, Del Ben M, Laviano A, Muscaritoli M, Antonucci F, Rossi-Fanelli F. Eatingbehavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am JClin Nutr. 1992 Nov;56(5):863-7.

8. Cangiano C, Laviano A, Del Ben M, Preziosa I, Angelico F, Cascino A, Rossi-Fanelli F. Effects of oral 5-hydroxy-tryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Int J ObesRelat Metab Disord. 1998 Jul;22(7):648-54.

9. Rondanelli M, Klersy C, Iadarola P, Monteferrario F, Opizzi A. Satiety and amino-acid profile in overweightwomen after a new treatment using a natural plant extract sublingual spray formulation. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009Oct;33(10):1174-82.

10. Fletcher PJ, Burton MJ. Dissociation of the anorectic actions of 5-HTP and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology(Berl). 1986;89(2):216-20.

11. Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JR. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trialof chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005Sep;11(5):302-14.

12. Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DA.Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12.

13. Croonenberghs J, Wauters A, Deboutte D, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Maes M. Central serotonergic hypofunction inautism: results of the 5-hydroxy-tryptophan challenge test. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007 Aug;28(4):449-55.

14. Schruers K, van Diest R, Nicolson N, Griez E. L-5-hydroxytryptophan induced increase in salivary cortisol in panicdisorder patients and healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Jun;161(4):365-9. Epub 2002 Apr19.

15. Smarius LJ, Jacobs GE, Hoeberechts-Lefrandt DH, de Kam ML, van der Post JP, de Rijk R, van Pelt J,Schoemaker RC, Zitman FG, van Gerven JM, Gijsman HJ. Pharmacology of rising oral doses of 5-hydroxytryptophan with carbidopa. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;22(4):426-33.

16. Weksler-Zangen S, Mizrahi T, Raz I, Mirsky N. Glucose tolerance factor extracted from yeast: oral insulin-mimeticand insulin-potentiating agent: in vivo and in vitro studies. Br J Nutr. 2012 Sep;108(5):875-82.

17. Shepherd PR, Elwood C, Buckley PD, Blackwell LF. Glucose tolerance factor potentiation of insulin action inadipocytes from rats raised on a torula yeast diet cannot be attributed to a deficiency of chromium or glucosetolerance factor activity in the diet. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:109-13.

18. Hgg A, Jacobson T, Nordlund G, Rssner S. Effects of milk or water on lunch intake in preschool children.Appetite. 1998 Aug;31(1):83-92.

19. Leidy HJ, Tang M, Armstrong CLH, Martin CB, Cambell WW.The effects of consuming frequent, higher protein

meals on appetite and satiety during weight loss in overweight/obese men. Obesity. 2011;19:818-824.20. Ratliff J, Leite JO, de Ogburn R, Puglisi MJ, VanHeest J, Fernandez ML. Consuming eggs for breakfastinfluences plasma glucose and ghrelin, while reducing energy intake during the next 24 hours in adult men.Nutrition Research 2010;30:96-103.

21. Vander Wal JS, Gupta A, Khosla P, Dhurandhar NV. Egg breakfast enhances weight loss. International Journal ofObesity. 2008;32:1545-1551.

22. Zhu Y, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. Increasing the number of masticatory cycles is associated with reduced appetite andaltered postprandial plasma concentrations of gut hormones, insulin and glucose. Br J Nutr. 2012 Nov 27:1-7.

23. Spiegel TA, Kaplan JM, Tomassini A, Stellar E. Bite size, ingestion rate, and meal size in lean and obese women.Appetite. 1993 Oct;21(2):131-45.
http://www.livestrong.com/article/312425-what-is-chromium-gtf/#ixzz2SDQpTebXhttp://www.livestrong.com/article/312425-what-is-chromium-gtf/#ixzz2SDQpTebXhttp://www.livestrong.com/article/312425-what-is-chromium-gtf/#ixzz2SDQpTebX


15/18

24. Spiegel TA. Rate of intake, bites, and chews-the interpretation of lean-obese differences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.2000 Mar;24(2):229-37.

25. Coon KA, Tucker KL. Television and children's consumption patterns. A review of the literature. Minerva Pediatr.2002 Oct;54(5):423-36.

26. Andrade AM, Kresge DL, Teixeira PJ, Baptista F, Melanson KJ. Does eating slowly influence appetite and energyintake when water intake is controlled? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Nov 21;9:135.

Second, make your body firmer

27. Verma A, Jayaraman M, Kumar HK, Modi KD. Hypothyroidism and obesity. Cause or effect? Saudi Med J. 2008Aug;29(8):1135-8

28. Moore R, Grant AM, Howard AN, Mills IH. Treatment of obesity with triiodothyronine and a very-low-calorie liquidformula diet. Lancet. 1980 Feb 2;1(8162):223-6

29. Rozen R, Abraham G, Falcou R, Apfelbaum M. Effects of a 'physiological' dose of triiodothyronine on obesesubjects during a protein-sparing diet. Int J Obes. 1986;10(4):303-12

30. Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Thomas E, Rutherford O, Page B, Murphy M, Johnston DG. Abnormal bodycomposition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)1995 Feb;42(2):179-89

31. Mekala KC, Tritos NA. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in obesity in adults: a metaanalysis. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;94(1):130-7

32. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effects

of human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obesepostmenopausal women. : J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-84

33. Munzer T, Harman SM, Hees P, Shapiro E, Christmas C, Bellantoni MF, Stevens TE, O'Connor KG, Pabst KM,St Clair C, Sorkin JD, Blackman MR. Effects of GH and/or sex steroid administration on abdominal subcutaneousand visceral fat in healthy aged women and men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3604-10

34. Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ. Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots asassessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. Am J Physiol. 1999 Feb;276(2 Pt 1):E317-25

35. Allan CA, Strauss BJ, Burger HG, Forbes EA, McLachlan RI. Testosterone therapy prevents gain in visceraladipose tissue and loss of skeletal muscle in nonobese aging men. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;93(1):139-46

36. Brodsky IG, Balagopal P, Nair KS. Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle proteinsynthesis in hypogonadal men - a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Oct;81(10):3469-75

37. Rabijewski M, Kozakowski J, Zgliczyski W. The relationship between testosterone and dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate concentrations, insulin resistance and visceral obesity in elderly men] Endokrynol Pol. 2005 Nov-

Dec;56(6):897-90338. Villareal DT, Holloszy JO, Kohrt WM. Effects of DHEA replacement on bone mineral density and body

composition in elderly women and men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000;53(5):561-839. Sorensen MB, Rosenfalck AM, Hojgaard L, Ottesen B. Obesity and sarcopenia after menopause are reversed by

sex hormone replacement therapy. Obes Res. 2001 Oct;9(10):622-640. Jain A, Polotsky AJ, Rochester D, Berga SL, Loucks T, Zeitl ian G, Gibbs K, Polotsky HN, Feng S, Isaac B,

Santoro N. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obesewomen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2468-73

41. Koopman R, Verdijk L, Manders RJ, Gijsen AP, Gorselink M, Pijpers E, Wagenmakers AJ, van Loon LJ. Co-ingestion of protein and leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates to the same extent in young and elderlylean men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):623-32.

42. Koopman R, Wagenmakers AJ, Manders RJ, Zorenc AH, Senden JM, Gorselink M, Keizer HA, van Loon LJ.Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle proteinsynthesis in vivo in male subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;288(4):E645-53.

43. Layman DK, Walker DA. Potential importance of leucine in treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J

Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1 Suppl):319S-23S.44. Carbone JW, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal muscle responses to negative energy balance: effects of

dietary protein. Adv Nutr. 2012 Mar 1;3(2):119-26.

Third, reduce fat mass and weight

45. Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Metabolic and physiologicimprovements from consuming a paleolithic,hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;63(8):947-55.


16/18

46. Osterdahl M, Kocturk T, Koochek A, Wndell PE. Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet inhealthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;62(5):682-5.

47. Weerts SE, Amoran A. Pass the fruits and vegetables! A community-university-industry partnership promotesweight loss in African American women. Health Promot Pract. 2011 Mar;12(2):252-60.

48. Mehrabani HH, Salehpour S, Amiri Z, Farahani SJ, Meyer BJ, Tahbaz F. Beneficial effects of a high-protein, low-glycemic-load hypocaloric diet in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomizedcontrolled intervention study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2012 Apr;31(2):117-25.

49. Noakes M, Keogh JB, Foster PR, Clifton PM. Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to aconventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers ofcardiovascular health in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;81(6):1298-306.

50. Harber MP, Schenk S, Barkan AL, Horowitz JF. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction with high protein intakeon protein metabolism and the somatotropic axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5175-81.

51. Ramel A, Parra D, Martinz JA, Kiely M, Thorsdottir I. Effects of seafood consumption and weight loss on fastingleptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight and obese European young adults. Eur J Nutr. 2009Mar;48(2):107-14.

52. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Morino K, Yoo PS, Cline GW, Shulman GI. Reversal of muscle insulin resistance byweight reduction in young, lean, insulin-resistant offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S

A. 2012 May 22;109(21):8236-40.53. Lebon P. Treatment of overweight patients with chorionic gonadotropin. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1961 Nov;9:998-100254. Asher WL, Harper HW. Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on weight loss, hunger, and feeling of well-

being. Am J Clin Nutr. 1973 Feb;26(2):211-855. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Bhutani S, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Intermittent fasting combined with calorie

restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women. Nutr J. 2012 Nov 21;11:98.56. Gougeon-Reyburn R, Leiter LA, Yale JF, Marliss EB. Comparison of daily diets containing 400 kcal (1.67 MJ) of

either protein or glucose, and their effects on the response to subsequent total fasting in obese subjects. Am JClin Nutr. 1989 Oct;50(4):746-58.

57. Fisler JS, Drenick EJ. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate balances during very low calorie diets of soy orcollagen protein in obese men: comparison to total fasting. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Jul;40(1):14-25.

Finally, fifthly, how not to regain the weight loss

58. Thorndike AN, Sonnenberg L, Healey E, Myint-U K, Kvedar JC, Regan S. Prevention of weight gain following aworksite nutrition and exercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012 Jul;43(1):27-33.

59. Bertz F, Brekke HK, Ellegrd L, Rasmussen KM, Wennergren M, Winkvist A. Diet and exercise weight-loss trial inlactating overweight and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Oct;96(4):698-705.

60. Poirier P, Desprs JP. Exercise in weight management of obesity. Cardiol Clin. 2001 Aug;19(3):459-70.

61. Chambliss HO. Exercise duration and intensity in a weight-loss program. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Mar;15(2):113-5.62. Ko GT. Short-term effects after a 3-month aerobic or anaerobic exercise programme in Hong Kong Chinese.

Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2004 Apr;17(2):124-7.


63. Schurgin S, Canavan B, Koutkia P, Depaoli AM, Grinspoon S. Endocrine and metabolic effects of physiologic r-metHuLeptin administration during acute caloric deprivation in normal-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2004 Nov;89(11):5402-9.

64. Lee JH, Chan JL, Sourlas E, Raptopoulos V, Mantzoros CS. Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy inreplacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolicsyndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2605-11

65. Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, Lubina JA, Patane J, Self B, Hunt P,McCamish M. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized,controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1568-75.

66. Fogteloo AJ, Pijl H, Frolich M, McCamish M, Meinders AE. Effects of recombinant human leptin treatment as anadjunct of moderate energy restriction on body weight, resting energy expenditure and energy intake in obesehumans. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2003 Apr;16(2):109-14.

67. De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Zimmer DJ, Kanoski SE, Grill HJ, Bence KK. Food intake reductions and increases inenergetic responses by hindbrain leptin and melanotan II are enhanced in mice with POMC-specific PTP1Bdeficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep 1;303(5):E644-51.

68. Boghossian S, Park M, York DA. Melanocortin activity in the amygdala controls appetite for dietary fat. Am JPhysiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):R385-93.


17/18

69. Wessells H, Fuciarelli K, Hansen J, Hadley ME, Hruby VJ, Dorr R, Levine N. Synthetic melanotropic peptideinitiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study.J Urol. 1998 Aug;160(2):389-93. (M II reduces appetite in men)

70. Amico JA, et al. Enhanced initial and sustained intake of sucrose solution in mice with an oxytocin gene deletion.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Dec;289(6):R1798-806.

71. Sclafani A, et al. Oxytocin knockout mice demonstrate enhanced intake of sweet and nonsweet carbohydrate

solutions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):R1828-33.

72. Billings LB, et al. Oxytocin null mice ingest enhanced amounts of sweet solutions during light and dark cycles andduring repeated shaker stress. Behav Brain Res. 2006 Jul 15;171(1):134-41.

73. Ostrowska Z, Zwirska-Korczala K, Buntner B, Pardela M, Drozdz M. Association of body mass and body fatdistribution with serum melatonin levels in obese women either non-operated or after jejunoileostomy. EndocrRegul. 1996 Mar;30(1):33-40

74. Wolden-Hanson T, Mitton DR, McCants RL, Yellon SM, Wilkinson CW, Matsumoto AM, Rasmussen DD. Dailymelatonin administration to middle-aged male rats suppresses body weight, intraabdominal adiposity, and plasmaleptin and insulin independent of food intake and total body fat. Endocrinology. 2000 Feb;141(2):487-97

75. Coutinho WF, Moreira RO, Spagnol C, Appolinario JC. Does binge eating disorder alter cortisol secretion inobese women? Eat Behav. 2007 Jan;8(1):59-64 (Lower cortisol levels in obese women)

76. Travison TG, O'Donnell AB, Araujo AB, Matsumoto AM, McKinlay JB. Cortisol levels and measures of bodycomposition in middle-aged and older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Jul;67(1):71-7. (cortisol concentrations

are somewhat lower in obese than in nonobese community-dwelling men)77. Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Biso P, Piazzi S, Patrono D, Capelli M, Melchionda N. Effect of 'physiological' doses oftriiodothyronine replacement on the hormonal and metabolic adaptation to short-term semistarvation and to low-calorie diet in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1984 Oct;21(4):357-67

78. Koppeschaar HP, Meinders AE, Schwarz F. Metabolic responses in grossly obese subjects treated with a very-low-calorie diet with and without triiodothyronine treatment. Int J Obes. 1983;7(2):133-41

79. Koppeschaar HP, Meinders AE, Schwarz F. The effect of a low-calorie diet alone and in combination withtriiodothyronine therapy on weight loss and hypophyseal thyroid function in obesity. Int J Obes. 1983;7(2):123-31

80. Lin HY, Lin SP, Tsai LP, Chao MC, Chen MR, Chuang CK, Huang CY, Tsai FJ, Chou IC, Chiu PC, Huang CH,Yen JL, Lin JL, Kuo PL. Effects of growth hormone treatment on height, weight, and obesity in Taiwanesepatients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Chin Med Assoc. 2008 Jun;71(6):305-9

81. Halpern A, Mancini MC, Cercato C, Villares SM, Costa AP. Effects of growth hormone on anthropometric andmetabolic parameters in android. Obesity. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Feb;50(1):68-73

82. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, Yesavage J, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Pearman A, Hoffman AR. Effectsof human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese

postmenopausal women. : J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May;83(5):1477-8483. Hayes VY, Urban RJ, Jiang J, Marcell TJ, Helgeson K, Mauras N. Recombinant human growth hormone and

recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I diminish the catabolic effects of hypogonadism in man: metabolicand molecular effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2211-9

84. Paisey RB, Harvey P, Rice S, Belka I, Bower L, Dunn M, Taylor P, Paisey RM, Frost J, Ash I. An intensive weightloss programme in established type 2 diabetes and controls: effects on weight and atherosclerosis risk factors at1 year. Diabet Med. 1998 Jan;15(1):73-9

85. Packianathan IC, Fuller NJ, Peterson DB, Wright A, Coward WA, Finer N. Use of a reference four-componentmodel to define the effects of insulin treatment on body composition in type 2 diabetes: the 'Darwin study'.Diabetologia. 2005 Feb;48(2):222-9

86. Sall A, Guilloteau G, Ryan M, Bouhanick B, Ritz P. Effect of insulin treatment on the body composition of Type 2diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2004 Dec;21(12):1298-303

87. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Morrison C, Davies E, Connell JM. Cortisol effects on body mass, bloodpressure, and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension. 1999 Jun;33(6):1364-8. (Cortisol excretionrate did not correlate with blood pressure but correlated strongly with parameters of body habitus (body mass

index and waist and hip measurements [positive]) Peeke PM, Chrousos GP. Hypercortisolism and obesity. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995 Dec 29;771:665-76.)

88. Combes R, Boyer J, Vague J. Plasma cortisol response to intravenous beta 1-24 corticotropin as related to the fatmass and its topographic localization Diabete Metab. 1979 Jun;5(2):125-7. (Cortisol response to ACTH wasincreasingly pronounced as fat predominated in the upper body segment, i.e. android obesity)

89. Gabrilove JL, Luria M. Persistent gynecomastia resulting from scalp inunction of estradiol: a model for persistentgynecomastia. Arch Dermatol. 1978 Nov;114(11):1672-3.

90. LaFranchi SH, Parlow AF, Lippe BM, Coyotupa J, Kaplan SA. Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation ofserum estradiol level. Am J Dis Child. 1975 Aug;129(8):927-31.


18/18

91. Zumoff B, Strain GW, Kream J, O'Connor J, Levin J, Fukushima DK. Obese young men have elevated plasmaestrogen levels but obese premenopausal women do not. Metabolism. 1981 Oct;30(10):1011-4.

92. Fejes I, Koloszr S, Zvaczki Z, Daru J, Szllsi J, Pl A. Effect of body weight on testosterone/estradiol ratio inoligozoospermic patients. Arch Androl. 2006 Mar-Apr;52(2):97-102.

93. Brind J, Strain G, Miller L, Zumoff B, Vogelman J, Orentreich N. Obese men have elevated plasma levels ofestrone sulfate. Int J Obes. 1990 Jun;14(6):483-6.

94. Villalpando S, Mondragn L, Barrn C, Prez-Pastn E, Castaeda G,

95. Alonso-Uriarte R, Corts-Gallegos V. Role of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in spontaneous gynecomastiaof adolescents. Arch Androl. 1992 May-Jun;28(3):171-6. Benveniste O, Simon A, Herson S. Successfulpercutaneous dihydrotestosterone treatment of gynecomastia occurring during highly active antiretroviral therapy:four cases and a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Sep 15;33(6):891-3.

96. Eberle AJ, Sparrow JT, Keenan BS. Treatment of persistent pubertal gynecomastia with dihydrotestosteroneheptanoate. J Pediatr. 1986 Jul;109(1):144-9.

97. Kuhn JM, Laudat MH, Roca R, Dugue MA, Luton JP, Bricaire H. Gynecomastia: effect of prolonged treatmentwith dihydrotestosterone by the percutaneous route. Presse Med. 1983 Jan 8;12(1):21-5.

98. Boyanov MA, Boneva Z, Christov VG. Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesityand partial androgen deficiency. Aging Male. 2003 Mar;6(1):1-7

99. Marin P. Testosterone and regional fat distribution. Obes Res. 1995 Nov;3 Suppl 4:609S-12S100. Rebuffe-Scrive M, Marin P, Bjorntorp P. Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men. Int J Obes.

1991;15(11):791-5101. Nestler JE, Barlascini CO, Clore JN, Blackard WG. Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces serum low density

lipoprotein levels and body fat but does not alter insulin sensitivity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

1988;66(1):57-61102. Abrahamsson L, Hackl H. Catabolic effects and the influence on hormonal variables under treatment with

Gynodian-Depot or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) oenanthate. Maturitas. 1981;3(3-4):225-34103. Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN. Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health. Int J Obes

(Lond). 2010 Jun;34(6):949-59.

000 Obesity Final + Ref.

Documents

Transcript of 000 Obesity Final + Ref.