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Part IPart IDermatoglyphics & Fingerprints Dermatoglyphics & Fingerprints

Dermatoglyphics Dermatoglyphics

Dermatoglyphics Evolution Dermatoglyphics Evolution o Scientist Marbengy (1626-1694) was the First one to Study fingerprints Scientificallyo Gouard Bidloo wrote the first book with detailed drawings of fingerprints in Year 1685o Marcello Malpighi Barcelona was the first to use microscope and maintain chronicle

fingerprints in Year 1686o JCA Mayer was the first to write basic principle that the fingerprint order their personal

situation will not repeat, in year 1788o John E. Purkinje Breslau was the first one to categorize fingerprints into nine types based on the

patternso In early 1832, a Famous Surgeon of England named Charles Bell had started his study on this

subject and discovered neurological link between fingerprints and braino In 1893, Sir Francis Galton was one of the earliest to look into the relationship between skin

grains and genes among different families and different people so as to classify the skin grains scientifically. He established the theory of the everlasting personality of finger prints which had been used since then. He classified fingerprints into Whorl, Loop & Archs

Dermatoglyphics Evolution Dermatoglyphics Evolution

o Dr Harold Cummins & Midlo coined word “Dermatoglyphics” in 1926 o In 1969, John Muivihill, MD and David W. Smith, MD published the research on different

stages about the formation of grain for the babies. The skin grains were formed from the formation of embryo to week 13 and would finish developing after week 16. The skin grains remain the same ever since then and unique for every individual.

Dermatoglyphics Evolution Dermatoglyphics Evolution

Sir Francis Galton, far cousin of Charles Darwin, was a scientist who researched anthropology, geology, biology, genetics and eugenics. He has published 340 works and 15 books. He has extensively researched on importance of shape of fingerprint. He suggested that fingerprints are permanent and can be used as identification.

His finger print-shape classification is more simpler than others. He has described only three major types of finger print shapes. His classification is based on triradii number found on each fingerprint.

His two books "Fingerprints" (1892) and "Fingerprint Directories" (1895) were reference books for early Dermatoglyphics.

Sir Francis Galton1822 - 1911

Stages of Dermatoglyph Formation in FetusStages of Dermatoglyph Formation in Fetus

Week 6 – 8 : Formation of Limbs

Week 10 – 12 : Limbs are fully developed

Week 13 : Start of Dermatoglyph Formation

Week 14 : Brain including Cerebral Cortex starts forming

Week 21 : Fully developed fingerprints

Fingerprint ClassificationFingerprint Classification

FINGER PRINTS, PALMS AND SOLESAn Introduction to Dermatoglyphics

Edited byHarold Cummins, PH.D.

Charles Midlo, M.D.

New Orleans August 9, 1943

Identification of Center & Delta PointIdentification of Center & Delta Point

Center Point: The inner ring-shaped pattern, which remains as a center of the fingerprint image foreground.

Delta point : Three arc surrounded to form a triangle, called as Triangle point or Delta point.

Identification of Center PointIdentification of Center Point

Identification of DeltaIdentification of Delta

Fingerprint TypesFingerprint Types

Whorl: In this print there will be a center point and two delta points on each sides.

Loop: In this print there will be a center point and a delta point on either side.

Arch: In this print there will not be any center or delta points.

Fingerprint Types : Whorl FamilyFingerprint Types : Whorl Family

Target Whorl

Spiral Whorl

Elongated Whorl

Ulnar Peacock Eye Whorl

Radial Peacock Eye Whorl

Double Loop Whorl

Composite Whorl

Whorl Family : Target Whorl (W1)Whorl Family : Target Whorl (W1)

concentric circles, each circle around a circle, two delta point on either sides. Known as centric whorl also.

Whorl Family : Target Whorl (W1)Whorl Family : Target Whorl (W1)

Characteristics: Self-centered, likes competition, likes to set objectives, rigorous, subjective, doesn’t like to be controlled.

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Whorl Family : Spiral Whorl (W2)Whorl Family : Spiral Whorl (W2)

Ridges comes out of the center of circle and rotates spirally across. Delta point on both sides.

Whorl Family : Spiral Whorl (W2)Whorl Family : Spiral Whorl (W2)

Characteristics: Self motivated; Parents should encourage accordingly.

Whorl Family : Elongated Whorl (W5)Whorl Family : Elongated Whorl (W5)

Whorl with pulled axis, prolate in shape. Delta Point on both sides


Whorl with pulled axis, prolate in shape. Delta point on both sides


Characteristics: Ambitious, likes competition, hates to be defeated, attention to detail, stays on a budget.

Whorl Family : Peacock Eye Whorl (W4)Whorl Family : Peacock Eye Whorl (W4)

Flow line from center closes near by. Center is a dot point. Delta on one of the sides. Shapes like eye of peacock.

Whorl Family : Peacock Eye Whorl (W4)Whorl Family : Peacock Eye Whorl (W4)

Characteristics: Expressive, highly perceptive, with leadership qualities, artistic..

Whorl Family : Double Loop Whorl (W3)Whorl Family : Double Loop Whorl (W3)

This pattern is characterized by the shape of a ring surrounded by the same flow, the flow pattern such as the image above is complete moving towards opposite directions. Delta point on both sides

Whorl Family : Double Loop Whorl (W3)Whorl Family : Double Loop Whorl (W3)

Characteristics: Likes to expressive oneself in a unique way, which often becomes offensive and creates misunderstandings.

Whorl Family : Composite Whorl (Wc)Whorl Family : Composite Whorl (Wc)

This pattern is characterized by the shape of a ring surrounded by the same flow, the flow pattern such as the image above is complete moving towards same directions. Delta point on both sides

Whorl Family : Composite Whorl (Wc)Whorl Family : Composite Whorl (Wc)

Characteristics: Very adaptable, thinks from different perspectives, makes decision based on what the environment is, good communication and coordination skills, but can be distracted easily.

Fingerprint Types : Loop FamilyFingerprint Types : Loop Family

Ulnar Loop

Radial Loop

Loop Family : Ulnar Loop (L)Loop Family : Ulnar Loop (L)

The flow of ridges starts from left side in left hand & right side in right hand taking a U shape and flowing back at the same side forming a hoof pattern. Flow of ridges starts from little finger side (left side) and delta point is on thumb side (right side).

Loop Family : Ulnar Loop (L)Loop Family : Ulnar Loop (L)

Characteristics: gentle, observant, passive, loves schedules, likes to go with the flow, little self- motivation.

Loop Family : Radial Loop (R)Loop Family : Radial Loop (R)

The flow of ridges starts from right side in left hand & left side in right hand taking a U shape and flowing back at the same side forming a hoof pattern. Flow of ridges starts from thumb side (right side) and delta point is on little finger side (left side).

Loop Family : Radial Loop (R)Loop Family : Radial Loop (R)

Characteristics: thinks independently and cleverly, like to question and criticize, self-centered, loves to go against the majority.

Fingerprint Types : Arch FamilyFingerprint Types : Arch Family

Simple Arch

Tented Arch

Arch Family : Simple Arch (X1)Arch Family : Simple Arch (X1)

Flat curvature. Start from one side ends at other. Not delta points.

Arch Family : Simple Arch (X1)Arch Family : Simple Arch (X1)

Characteristics: hard working, introverted, cautious, works without complaint, likes to follow the steps, down to earth, do not like taking risks.

Arch Family : Tented Arch (X2)Arch Family : Tented Arch (X2)

Elevating curvature compare to simple arch. Start from one side ends at other. Not delta points.

Arch Family : Tented Arch (X2)Arch Family : Tented Arch (X2)

Characteristics: with extreme personalities, can be outgoing and welcoming one day and shy the other; it all depends on how nurture and development during childhood. Not afraid of challenges and obstacles, but may sometimes be impulsive. Creative.

Fingerprint Types : Special TypesFingerprint Types : Special Types

Accidental

Accidental Whorl

Special Types : Accidental (A)Special Types : Accidental (A)

Irregular line and shape. Sometimes mix of more than one types is accidental print type.

Special Types : Accidental Whorl(Aw)Special Types : Accidental Whorl(Aw)

Irregular line and shape. Sometimes mix of more than one types. Formation of a whorl in an accidental print.

Fingerprint Types : Occurrence RatioFingerprint Types : Occurrence Ratio

Type Ratio Loop 45 - 48 ％ Whorl 45 ％ Arch 7 - 8 ％ Accidental 1.07％

When Fingerprints When Fingerprints Are Only Of 4 Basic Are Only Of 4 Basic Types, How Each Types, How Each

Fingerprint Is Fingerprint Is Unique ? Unique ?

Uniqueness of Fingerprints : MinutiaeUniqueness of Fingerprints : Minutiaeo Even though fingerprints have only 4 basic types, they still are unique because of

Minutiae.

o Minutiae : Minor details. Shapes size and orientation of the ridges in a fingerprint is Minutiae.

o Just the presence of these minutiae does not individualize a print It is the exact type as well as the location that individualizes a print.

o NO TWO PRINTS HAVE EVER BEEN FOUND TO HAVE THE SAME MINUTIAE AT THE SAME PLACE

o Therefore, you can conclude if you are comparing two prints, and they do have the same markings in the same place you must be looking at the same print.

Uniqueness of Fingerprints : MinutiaeUniqueness of Fingerprints : Minutiae

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