Wilson's Fourteen Points The Paris Peace Conference The League of Nations Territory and...

Wilson's Fourteen Points

The Paris Peace Conference

The League of Nations

Territory and Reparations

Diplomacy and Negotiations at the End of the War

World War I: 1914-1919 > Diplomacy and Negotiations at the End of the War

The Fourteen Points was given by Wilson to a joint session of Congress to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for the moral cause of postwar peace in Europe.

The Fourteen Points became the basis for German armistice and surrender, as negotiated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, although many Allied leaders were skeptical of Wilsonian idealism.

Britain refused to sign off on some of the Fourteen Points, such as allowing free navigation of the seas, and insisted that the Fourteen Points state that Germany should pay reparations for the war.

Believing that the Fourteen Points would offer fair terms for peace, the German imperial chancellor Maximilian of Baden requested an armistice from Wilson in October 1918.

President Wilson became sick at the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference, allowing French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau to change many of Wilson's plans.

Under the final peace settlement of the war, the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to pay large sums for reparations.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson

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The Paris Peace Conference, led by David Lloyd George of the UK, Woodrow Wilson of the U.S., and George Clemenceau of France, set the peace terms for the Central Powers and reshaped the map of Europe.

The Paris Peace Conference resulted in the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty contained a punitive war-guilt clause, declaring Germany guilty of initiating the war, requiring the German government to pay the cost of the war to the victors, and severely crippling the German military.

The Treaty of Versailles also disbanded the Austro-Hungarian empire and created a League of Nations.

The United States Congress never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, signing a separate peace agreement with Germany in 1921.

Wilson wanted to deliver on the promise of the Fourteen Points and actively intervene in the Paris Peace talks, beginning to lead United States foreign policy in the direction of interventionism.

However, France and Britain refused to accept some of the Fourteen Points. They did agree to the creation of the League of Nations, but the U.S. never joined.

The Paris Peace Conference

Participant Countries in World War I



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Originally articulated in Wilson's Fourteen Points, the League of Nations sought to prevent wars through collective security, mutual disarmament, and settling disputes through international negotiation and arbitration.

In the immediate aftermath of the war, the League played little part in determining the post-war territorial divides or resolving disputes.

The League lacked its own armed forces and instead depended on its members' military strengths to enforce economic sanctions or lend military might when needed, which most powers were reluctant to do.

The League was unable to prevent aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s and prevent Germany, Japan, Italy, and Spain from withdrawing membership.

Several key nations were never official members of the League. Soviet Russia and the United States never entered the League, and Germany was not allowed to join until 1926.

Despite President Wilson's vigorous campaign for American support of the League of Nations, Republicans refused to support either the Versailles Treaty or the League; thus, the United States remained excluded from any League activities.

The League of Nations

Failure of the League



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Territorial changes were a significant consequence of the Versailles Treaty: the Austro-Hungarian empire disbanded into separate nation-states, colonial territories in Africa and India were divided up, and Belgian independence and colonial territories were guaranteed.

Prussia was forced to cede the much contested Alsace-Lorraine, which it had received from France under the 1871 Treaty, back to France. Germany was also prohibited from integrating with Austria; the two were to remain separate nations.

The war-guilt clause of the Versailles Treaty (Article 231) blamed Germany for the war and set out billions of dollars reparations that Germany was forced to pay to the Allies.

Reparations were paid in a variety of forms, such as coal, steel, intellectual patents and properties, agricultural products, and currency.

Reparations were paid in a variety of forms, such as coal, steel, intellectual patents and properties, agricultural products, and currency.

Territory and Reparations

Treaty of Versailles Territorial Changes



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Appendix

Key terms• Fourteen Points- The Fourteen Points was a speech given by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of

Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.

• Fourteen Points -The Fourteen Points was a speech given by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.

• Georges Clemenceau- Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (1841–1929) was a French journalist, physician, and statesman. Clemenceau served as the Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909, and again from 1917 to 1920.

• League of Nations- An international organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the first World War. Proposed by Wilson, its goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy, and improving global quality of life. The U.S. never joined the League.

• Paris Peace Conference- The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistice of 1918.

• Paris Peace Conference- The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistice of 1918.

• Reparation- World War I reparations were the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919) following its defeat during World War I.

• Sykes-Picot Agreement- A secret agreement, signed in 1916, between the governments of the United Kingdom and France with the assent of Russia, defining their proposed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East should the Central Powers be defeated in World War I.

• Treaty of Versailles- The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• Treaty of Versailles -The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• Treaty of Versailles- The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

• War-guilt clause -Article 231, commonly known as the "Guilt Clause" or the "War Guilt Clause", is the first article in Part VIII, "Reparations" of the Treaty of Versailles. The article, in which Germany was assigned the responsibility for damages caused by World War I, serves as a justification for the obligations put upon Germany in the remainder (Articles 233 through 247) of Part VIII, which was concerned with reparations.

World War I: 1914-1919

Participant Countries in World War IMap of the world with the participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. World War I had involved most the world, and thus, peace negotiations did as well.


Treaty of Versailles Territorial ChangesGreen - Administered by the League of Nations. Yellow - Annexed by neighboring countries. Orange - Weimar Germany.


Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau (28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) served as the Prime Minister of France and was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.


Paris Peace Conference NegotiatorsWorld leaders during the Paris Peace Conference, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George of the UK , Prime Minister George Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson of the US


League of Nations CommissionPhoto of the members of the commission of the League of Nations, Paris, France, 1919.


Protests against the Treaty of Versailles in Germany.Demonstration against the Treaty in front of the Reichstag.


Failure of the LeagueOne of the primary goals of the League of Nations was disarmament; however, the League proved unsuccessful. Many argued that the League failed because it lacked the support of the United States.


Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech outlined his goals for postwar cooperation.



Which of the following is true of Britain's reaction to Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A) Britain signed off on all of the points except the general reduction of armaments.

B) Britain believed Germany should not have to pay reparations for the war.

C) neither of these answers

D) both of these answers


Which of the following countries never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, instead signing a separate peace agreement?

A) France

B) Britain

C) the United States

D) Germany


Which of the following was NOT a limitation of the League of Nations?

A) Many nations never joined the League, including the United States, Germany, and Russia.

B) The League's collective security system required nations to act against the allies, if necessary.

C) Only 12 states signed the Covenant of the League of Nations the year that it was formed.

D) The League had no armed forces with which to enforce its resolutions.


Which of the following was used as reparation by Germany following World War I?

A) coal

B) all of these answers

C) steel

D) intellectual property

Attribution

• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Territorial_changes

• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Versailles

• Wikipedia. "War-guilt clause." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War-guilt%20clause

• Wikipedia. "Treaty of Versailles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Reparations

• Wikipedia. "reparation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reparation

• Wikipedia. "Georges Clemenceau." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Clemenceau


• Wikipedia. "Paris Peace Conference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Peace%20Conference

• Wikipedia. "Fourteen Points." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points

• Wikipedia. "Paris Peace Conference, 1919." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919#American_approach

• Wikipedia. "Fourteen Points." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen%20Points

• Wikipedia. "Sykes-Picot Agreement." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot%20Agreement

• Wiktionary. "League of Nations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/League+of+Nations

• Wikipedia. "League of Nations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations

• Wikipedia. "Fourteen Points." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen%20Points


• Wikipedia. "Paris Peace Conference." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Peace%20Conference


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Territorial_changes


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Versailles


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War-guilt%20clause


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Reparations


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reparation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Clemenceau




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Peace%20Conference


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919#American_approach


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen%20Points


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes-Picot%20Agreement


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/League+of+Nations


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen%20Points




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%20Peace%20Conference

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