What is a financial crisis? Theories on financial crisis Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2010 The Philippines Amidst the Crisis

The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or assets suddenly lose a large part of their value.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and many recessions coincided with these panics.

Other situations that are often called financial crises include stock market crashes and the bursting of other financial bubbles, currency crises, and sovereign defaults.

Banking crises Speculative bubbles and crashes International financial crises Wider economic crises

When a bank suffers a sudden rush of withdrawals by depositors, this is called a bank run.

Since banks lend out most of the cash they receive in deposits, it is difficult for them to quickly pay back all deposits if these are suddenly demanded, so a run may leave the bank in bankruptcy, causing many depositors to lose their savings unless they are covered by deposit insurance.

A situation in which bank runs are widespread is called a systemic banking crisis or just a banking panic.

A situation without widespread bank runs, but in which banks are reluctant to lend, because they worry that they have insufficient funds available, is often called a credit crunch.

A financial asset (stock, for example) exhibits a bubble when its price exceeds the present value of the future income (such as interest or dividends that would be received by owning it to maturity).

If most market participants buy the asset primarily in hopes of selling it later at a higher price, instead of buying it for the income it will generate, this could be evidence that a bubble is present.

If there is a bubble, there is also a risk of a crash in asset prices: market participants will go on buying only as long as they expect others to buy, and when many decide to sell the price will fall.

When a country that maintains a fixed exchange rate is suddenly forced to devalue its currency because of a speculative attack, this is called a currency crisis or balance of payments crisis.

When a country fails to pay back its sovereign debt, this is called a sovereign default.

While devaluation and default could both be voluntary decisions of the government, they are often perceived to be the involuntary results of a change in investor sentiment that leads to a sudden stop in capital inflows or a sudden increase in capital flight

Negative GDP growth lasting two or more quarters is called a recession.

An especially prolonged recession may be called a depression, while a long period of slow but not necessarily negative growth is sometimes called economic stagnation.

Since these phenomena affect much more than the financial system, they are not usually considered financial crises per se.

But some economists have argued that many recessions have been caused in large part by financial crises.

Marxist Theory Coordination Games Herding Models Learning Models

Recurrent major depressions in the world economy at the pace of 20 and 50 years have been the subject of studies since Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi (1773-1842) provided the first theory of crisis in a critique of classical political economy’s assumption of equilibrium between supply and demand.

Developing an economic crisis theory become the central recurring concept throughout Karl Marx’s mature work.

Empirical and econometric research continue especially in the world systems theory and in the debate about Nikolai Kondratiev and the so-called 50-years Kondratiev waves.

Major figures of world systems theory, like Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein, consistently warned about the crash that the world economy is now facing.

Mathematical approaches to modeling financial crises have emphasized that there is often positive feedback

between market participants' decisions (strategic complementarity).

According to some theories, positive feedback implies that the economy can have more than one equilibrium. There may be an equilibrium in which market participants invest heavily in asset markets because they expect assets to be valuable, but there may be another equilibrium where participants flee asset markets because they expect others to flee too. Savers withdraw their assets from the bank because they expect others to withdraw too.

It is assumed that investors are fully rational, but only have partial information about the economy.

In these models, when a few investors buy some type of asset, this reveals that they have some positive information about that asset, which increases the rational incentive of others to buy the asset too.

Even though this is a fully rational decision, it may sometimes lead to mistakenly high asset values (implying, eventually, a crash) since the first investors may, by chance, have been mistaken.

In "adaptive learning" or "adaptive expectations" models, investors are assumed to be imperfectly rational, basing their reasoning only on recent experience.

In such models, if the price of a given asset rises for some period of time, investors may begin to believe that its price always rises, which increases their tendency to buy and thus drives the price up further.

Likewise, observing a few price decreases may give rise to a downward price spiral, so in models of this type large fluctuations in asset prices may occur.

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On September 15, 2008 the global investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection, sending shock waves across the international financial system.

This was soon followed by other bankruptcies, bailouts and takeovers of financial institutions in the US and Europe.

Subsequently many economies—Germany, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong among others—were declared to be in recession.

The high point came when the National Bureau of Economic Research announced on December 1, 2008 that the US economy was in recession since December 2007

Overall tightening of credit with financial institutions making both corporate and consumer credit harder to get

Financial markets (stock exchanges and derivative markets) that experienced steep declines

Liquidity problems in equity funds and hedge funds

Devaluation of the assets underpinning Insurance contracts and pension funds leading to concerns about the ability of these instruments to meet future obligations

Increased public debt (public finance) due to the provision of public funds to the financial services industry and other affected industries

Devaluation of some currencies (Icelandic crown, some Eastern Europe and Latin America currencies) and increased currency volatility

Exports from developing countries fell sharply dragging many of them into the global economic downturn.

The Philippines was not spared the fallout from the crisis as GDP growth decelerated considerably in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first half of 2009.

Asset prices experienced volatility but unlike the 1997 East Asian crisis, the financial sector remained fairly stable

Foreign exchange reserves maintained an upward trend despite the fall in exports and larger capital outflows.

Unemployment increased moderately, but was more pronounced in the manufacturing sector which felt the brunt of the slowdown mainly through the export channel.

Remittances from overseas Filipino workers continued to grow, however, albeit at a lower rate

A cause of concern is the widening fiscal deficit, which is largely due to the need to increase government expenditures to offset lower consumption, investment, and exports.

The Economic Resiliency Plan is a key component of the Government response to the crisis and 2009 first half data indicate modest success

However, another factor behind the wider fiscal deficit is the weak tax effort and if this persists, the resources to finance achievement of the Millennium Development Goals will likely be reduced

Economic Resiliency Plan (ERP) – a PhP330 Billion Fiscal Package geared towards stimulating the economy through a mix of government spending, tax cuts, and public-private partnership projects

Social Protection Programs

“Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Philippines”

Josef T. Yap, Celia M. Reyes, and Janet S. Cuenca (PIDS)

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