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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1)


Thesmallestunitofanelementisa(n)


1)


_______ A)


atom. B)


oxygen. C)


electron. D)


proton. E)


neutron.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

2)


Listthefollowinginorderofincreasingsize:atom,molecule,proton,neutron,electron.


2)


_____________


3)


Whenatomsoftwoormoredifferentelementsarechemicallylinkedtogether,theresultisa(n)


3)


_______ A)


peptidebond. B)


matter. C)


compound. D)


atom. E)


Noneofthesechoicesarecorrect.

4)


Theatomicmassofanatomindicatestheaveragetotalnumberof


4)


_______ A)


protons. B)


protonsandneutrons. C)


electrons. D)


neutrons. E)


protonsandelectrons.

5)


Aprotonhasanelectricalchargeof -1whereasanelectronhasanelectricalchargeof +1.


5)


_______ A)


True


B)


False

6)


Oneprotonhasamassapproximatelyequalto


6)


_______ A)


oneneutron. B)


oneangstrom. C)


1836electrons. D)


oneelectron. E)


Morethanoneoftheseiscorrect.

7)


Oneatomofanelementusuallyhas


7)


_______ A)


moreprotonsthanelectrons. B)


equalnumbersofprotonsandelectrons. C)


thesamenumberofprotons,electrons,andneutrons. D)


moreneutronsthanelectrons.

8)


Whichgroupofelementsmakesupmorethan90%ofthebody'smass?


8)


_______ A)


O,H,Na B)


O,C,H C)


C,Na,K D)


Ca,C,O E)


O,Ca,H

9)


Hecontains


9)


_______ A)


2protonsand2electrons. B)


4neutrons. C)


3protonsand1neutron. D)


4protons. E)


2protonsand2neutrons.

10)


Thetwosubatomicparticlesthatcontributealmostallofthemassofanyparticularelementare:1.electrons;2.protons;3.neutrons


10)


______ A)


2and3 B)


1and3 C)


1and2 D)


electronsonlyE)


protonsonly

11)


Theatomicnumberofanelementisequivalentto


11)


______ A)


thenumberofelectronsintheoutershell. B)


thenumberofprotonsinthenucleus. C)


theelectricalchargeofanatom. D)


thenumberofneutronsinthenucleus. E)


thenumberofprotonsplusneutronsinthenucleus.

12)


Approximatelyhowmanydifferentelementsareknown?


12)


______ A)


manymillions B)


onehundred C)


onemillion D)


eleven E)


onethousand

13)


WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredanessentialelementforalivingorganism?


13)


______ A)


carbon B)


nitrogen C)


mercury D)


oxygen E)


hydrogen

14)


Thedifferencebetweenamajoressentialelementandatraceelementisthat


14)


______ A)


traceelementsarenotrequiredforcellfunction. B)


majoressentialelementsarefoundinthebodyinlargeamounts,andarethemostcommonconstituentsofbiologicalmolecules.

C)


traceelementsarenecessaryforcellfunctionbutinminuteamounts. D)


majoressentialelementsaretheonlyelementsfoundinbiomolecules. E)


BothBandCarecorrect.

Identifyeachofthefollowingasanelementoracompound.15)


CO2


15)


______ A)


element


B)


compound

16)


C


16)


______ A)


element


B)


compound

17)


O2


17)


______ A)


element


B)


compound

18)


H2


18)


______ A)


element


B)


compound

19)


C6H12O6


19)


______ A)


element


B)


compound

20)


Radioisotopes


20)


______ A)


areunstableandemitenergycalledradiation. B)


existonlyartificially,usingparticleacceleratorstoproducethem. C)


canbeusedmedicallyforbothdiagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases. D)


areonlyharmfulandareknowntocausedifferentdiseases. E)


AandCarecorrect.


21)


HowmanyneutronsareinthenucleusoftheradioisotopeIodine-131?


21)


_____________


22)


Anantioxidantis


22)


______ A)


acompoundthatabsorbsoxygen. B)


amoleculethataltersfreeradicals. C)


afreeradical. D)


theactiveingredientinbleach. E)


avitamin.

23)


Afreeradicalisa


23)


______ A)


moleculewithanunpairedelectron. B)


moleculewithanextraneutron. C)


moleculewithanextraelectron. D)


moleculewithanextraproton. E)


chargedparticle.

24)


Radioisotopesemit


24)


______ A)


alphaparticles. B)


ions. C)


betaparticles. D)


protons. E)


bothAandC

25)


WhichstatementisNOTtrueforelectrons?


25)


______ A)


Electronshavenosignificantmass. B)


Electronsarefoundinthenucleusofanatom. C)


Electronshaveachargeof -1. D)


Thenumberofelectronsinanatomisusuallythesameasthenumberofprotons. E)


Electronsinfluencetheformationofchemicalbondsbetweenatomstoproducemolecules.

26)


Electronstravelaroundanatom'snucleusalong"pathways"referredtoas


26)


______ A)


tails. B)


trails. C)


ions. D)


isotopes. E)


shells.

27)


Thechemicalbondingbehaviorofanatomisdeterminedby


27)


______ A)


thesizeoftheatom. B)


themassoftheatom. C)


thenumberofprotons. D)


thenumberandarrangementofelectrons. E)


thenumberofneutrons.

28)


Whichofthefollowingelementstend(s)toformcovalentbondsthataretypicallynonpolar?


28)


______ A)


hydrogen B)


nitrogen C)


carbon D)


AandC E)


BandC


29)


Drawtheelectron-dotshorthandforanatomofsodium.Howmanycovalentbondscansodiumparticipatein?


29)


_____________


30)


Whichofthefollowingsubstanceswouldbethemostalkaline?


30)


______ A)


lemonjuice,pH = 2 B)


stomachsecretions,pH = 1 C)


whitewine,pH = 3 D)


urine,pH = 6 E)


tomatojuice,pH = 4

31)


IfasubstancehasapHthatislessthan7,itisconsidered


31)


______ A)


neutral. B)


acidic. C)


abuffer. D)


asalt. E)


alkaline.

32)


WhichisatruestatementregardingthepHofbodyfluids?


32)


______ A)


Astheconcentrationofhydrogenionsincreases,pHdecreases. B)


Astheconcentrationofhydrogenionsincreases,acidityincreases. C)


Astheconcentrationofhydrogenionsincreases,pHincreases. D)


Twoofthesestatementsaretrue. E)


Twoofthesestatementsarefalse.

33)


Acomponentofanimportantbufferinthehumanbodyis


33)


______ A)


NaCl. B)


H2O. C)


HCO3-. D)


H+. E)


HCl.

34)


WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthefourclassesofbiomolecule?


34)


______ A)


nucleotides B)


lipids C)


proteins D)


carbohydrates E)


starches

35)


Allofthesestatementsaboutcarbohydratesaretrueexceptone.Identifytheexception.


35)


______ A)


Polysaccharidesareimportantbothforenergystorageandtoprovidestructuretocells. B)


Simplesugarsincludelactose,glucose,andribose. C)


Glycogenisimportantbothforenergystorageandtoprovidestructureforcells. D)


Celluloseisthemostabundantcarbohydrateonearth. E)


Glycogenisastoragepolysaccharidemadebyanimalcells.

36)


Inregardtolipids,thetermunsaturatedrefersto


36)


______ A)


theringstructureofsteroids. B)


thelackofdoublebondsbetweenadjacentcarbonatomsinafattyacid. C)


fats,suchasbutterandlard,whichcomefromanimalsources. D)


thepresenceofdoublebondsbetweenadjacentcarbonatomsinafattyacid. E)


glycerol,whichactsasananchorforjoinedfattyacids.


37)


Whatarefunctionalgroups?Listthemostcommonfunctionalgroupsfoundinbiologicalmolecules.


37)


_____________


38)


Eachaminoaciddiffersfromothersinthe


38)


______ A)


chemicalstructureoftheRgroup. B)


numberofcentralcarbonatoms. C)


numberofpeptidebondsinthemolecule. D)


sizeoftheaminogroup. E)


numberofcarboxylgroups.

39)


Thealpha-helixandpleatedsheetareexamplesofthe__________structureofaprotein.


39)


______ A)


quaternary B)


secondary C)


pentanary D)


primary E)


tertiary

40)


Interactionsbetweendifferentglobularorfibrouspolypeptidechainsresultinwhichtypeofstructure?


40)


______ A)


tertiary B)


pentagonal C)


secondary D)


primary E)


quaternary


41)


__________isanymoleculethatbindstoanothermolecule.


41)


_____________


42)


Whichofthefollowingprojectsaimstocatalogthestructureandfunctionofallproteinsinthebody?


42)


______A)


humangenomeproject B)


humanphysiologyinitiative C)


humanproteomicsinitiative D)


humanphysiomeinitiative E)


humanproteomeproject

43)


Nucleicacidsarepolymersofunitscalled


43)


______ A)


aminoacids. B)


fattyacids. C)


ribose. D)


nucleotides. E)


bases.

44)


Anucleotideconsistsof


44)


______ A)


aphosphategroupandanitrogenousbase. B)


afive-carbonsugarandanaminoacid. C)


afive-carbonsugarandanitrogenousbase. D)


afive-carbonsugar,anitrogenousbase,andaphosphategroup. E)


afive-carbonsugarandphosphategroup.

45)


Accordingtotherulesofcomplementarybasepairing,anucleotidecontainingthebasecytosinewouldonlypairwithanucleotidecontainingthebase


45)


______ A)


adenine. B)


thymine. C)


uracil. D)


cytosine. E)


guanine.

46)


Themostimportantenergy-transferringcompoundincellsis


46)


______ A)


fructose. B)


glucose. C)


deoxyribonucleicacid. D)


adenosinetriphosphate. E)


protein.

47)


Whichbasesbelowarepurines?1)adenine2)cytosine3)guanine4)thymine5)uracil


47)


______ A)


1and2 B)


1,3,and5 C)


2and3 D)


2,4,and5 E)


1and3


48)


Whatmakestransfatsjustasharmfulassaturatedanimalfats?


48)


_____________


49)


Proteinspecificityis


49)


______ A)


theactivationofaspecificproteinthatisneededtoperformaparticularfunction. B)


thedegreetowhichaprotein-ligandcomplexinitiatesaresponse. C)


thedegreetowhichaproteinisattractedtoaligand. D)


theabilityofaproteintobindacertainligandoragroupofrelatedligands. E)


BandC

50)


Whichofthefollowingisacommonfeatureofsolubleproteins?


50)


______ A)


receptorbinding B)


chemicalmodulation C)


structuralsupport D)


noncovalentinteraction E)


alloftheabove


51)


Twomethodsofproteinactivationinclude__________and__________.


51)


_____________


_____________ Matchthecorrectsubatomicparticlewiththestatementaboutit.Answersmaybeusedonce,morethanonce,ornotatall.

A. protonsB. neutronsC. electrons52)


Anionhasgainedorlost__________.


52)


_____________

53)


Isotopesofthesameelementdifferbyhavingdifferentnumbersof__________.


53)


_____________

54)


Theidentityofanelementcanbedeterminedbythenumberof__________.


54)


_____________

55)


Thisparticlehasachargeof +1andamassof1.


55)


_____________

56)


Thisparticlehasachargeof -1andanegligiblemass.


56)


_____________

57)


Thisparticlehasaneutralchargeandamassof1.


57)


_____________

Matchthegivenexampleswiththepropercategory.Answersmaybeusedonce,morethanonce,ornotatall.

A. ionsB. isotopesC. majoressentialelementsD. traceelements58)


deuteriumandtritium


58)


_____________

59)


carbonandnitrogen


59)


_____________

60)


chlorideandsodium


60)


_____________

61)


chromiumandiron


61)


_____________

62)


hydrogenandoxygen


62)


_____________

Matchthesymbolwiththecorrectelement:

A. PB. NaC. CaD. CE. KF. Pb63)


calcium


63)


_____________

64)


carbon


64)


_____________

65)


potassium


65)


_____________

66)


phosphorus


66)


_____________

67)


lead


67)


_____________

68)


sodium


68)


_____________

Matcheachlevelofproteinstructurewithitsdescription.

A. primaryB. secondaryC. tertiaryD. quaternary69)


Appliestoproteinscontainingmorethanonepeptidechain.


69)


_____________

70)


Thesequenceandnumberofaminoacidsinthechain.


70)


_____________

71)


The3-Dshapeofanaminoacidchain;canbefibrousorglobular.


71)


_____________

72)


Thespatialarrangementofaminoacids;canbeahelixorapleatedsheet.


72)


_____________

Matcheachclassofbiomoleculestothecorrectstatementaboutit.

A. carbohydratesB. lipidsC. proteinsD. nucleotides73)


Glucoseandriboseareexamples;thesemoleculesprovideenergyorstructure.


73)


_____________

74)


ATPandDNAareexamples;theytransferenergyandencodegeneticinformation.


74)


_____________

75)


Comprisedofunitscalledaminoacids,thesecanbelinkedintochainsover100peptideslong.


75)


_____________

76)


Triglyceridesandsteroidsaremembersofthisgroup.Asaclasstheyarehydrophobic.


76)


_____________

Matcheachbondtypewithitsdescription.

A. vanderWaalsB. ionicC. hydrogenD. covalent77)


Thisresultswhenanatomhassuchastrongattractionforelectronsthatitpullsoneormoreelectronscompletelyawayfromanotheratom.


77)


_____________

78)


Theseareweakattractiveforcesbetweenhydrogenandcertainotheratoms.


78)


_____________

79)


Theseresultwhentwoatomsshareapairofelectrons.


79)


_____________

80)


Theseareweakattractiveforcesbetweenthenucleusofoneatomandtheelectronsofanotheratomcloseby.


80)


_____________

Matchthedescriptionstothecorrectproteincategory.

A. fibrousB. globular81)


solubleinwater


81)


_____________

82)


keratin


82)


_____________

83)


disulfidebond


83)


_____________

84)


lipidcarriers


84)


_____________

85)


structuralcomponents


85)


_____________

Forthefollowingquestions,matchthetypeofmodulatorwiththebestdescriptionbelow.

A. involvedinphosphorylationB. cannotbedisplacedbycompetitionC. bindtoproteinsawayfromtheactivesiteD. reversibleantagonist

86)


irreversibleantagonist


86)


_____________

87)


covalentmodulator


87)


_____________

88)


competitiveinhibitor


88)


_____________

89)


allostericmodulator


89)


_____________

90)


Thesmallestunitofanelementisa(n)__________.


90)


_____________

91)


Whentwoormoreatomsarechemicallylinked,thesmallestunitoftheresultingmaterialisreferredtoasa(n)__________.


91)


_____________

92)


A(n)__________isasubstancethatconsistsentirelyofatomswiththesameatomicnumber.


92)


_____________

93)


Thecenterofanatomiscalledthe__________.


93)


_____________

94)


Electronstravelaroundthecenteroftheatomathighspeedforminga(n)__________.


94)


_____________

95)


Acombinationoftwoormoreatomsthathasphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthatdifferfromtheatomsthatcomposeitiscalleda(n)__________.


95)


_____________

96)


Ionswithapositivechargearecalled__________.


96)


_____________

97)


Ionswithanegativechargearecalled__________.


97)


_____________

98)


Inachemicalreaction,__________betweenatomsarebrokenasatomsarerearrangedinnewcombinationstoformdifferentchemicalsubstances.


98)


_____________

99)


Thereactionratesofmanychemicalreactionsthatoccurinthebodyarecontrolledbyspecialproteinmoleculescalled__________.


99)


_____________

100)


A(n)__________isahomogeneousmixturecontainingasolventandasolute.


100)


____________

101)


Moleculesthatreadilydissolveinwaterarecalled__________.


101)


____________

102)


Moleculesthatdonotdissolveinwaterarecalled__________.


102)


____________

103)


ThemoleculeDNAcontainsthefive-carbonsugar__________.


103)


____________

104)


ThemoleculeRNAcontainsthefive-carbonsugar__________.


104)


____________

105)


ThepurinesfoundinDNAare__________and__________.


105)


____________

106)


ThepyrimidinebasesfoundinDNAare__________and__________.


106)


____________

107)


Listandbrieflydescribethesevencategoriesofsolubleproteins.


107)


____________


108)


Ofthechemicalbondingtypeslisted,whichisthestrongestandusuallyrequirestheinputofenergytobebrokenapart?


108)


_____ A)


ionic B)


hydrogenbonds C)


covalent D)


vanderWaalsforces E)


impossibletodetermine


109)


Whatareproteinisoforms?Provideanexample.


109)


____________


110)


Whenamoleculeisreferredtoaspolar,itmeansthat


110)


_____ A)


thepositiveandnegativechargesofthemoleculeareunevenlydistributed. B)


themoleculehasionizedandnowcarriesacharge. C)


themoleculeislikelytodissolveinwater. D)


AandCaretrue. E)


Allofthesearetruestatements.

111)


Lipidsarehydrophobic,anddonotusuallydissolveinwater.Toovercomethisproblem,intheblood,thelipidcholesteroliscombinedwith


111)


_____ A)


nothing;lipidsandwaterjustdonotmix. B)


ahydrophilicmolecule,suchasalipoprotein. C)


ananion,suchaschloride. D)


anotherhydrophobicmolecule,anoil.

112)


Amoleofwater(H2O)


112)


_____ A)


has6.02 × 1023molecules. B)


hasamassof18grams. C)


isequivalentto1literofwater. D)


AandB E)


Allofthesearetruestatements.

113)


Ifanelementiscomposedofatomswithanatomicnumberof6andamassnumberof14,thenaneutralatomofthiselementcontains


113)


_____ A)


14electrons. B)


6neutrons. C)


8electrons. D)


14protons. E)


6protons.

114)


OnemoleofNaClis__________onemoleofC .


114)


_____ A)


equalto


B)


greaterthan


C)


lessthan

115)


Calciumatomshavetwoelectronsintheoutermostshell.Asaresult,youwouldexpectcalciumtoformionswithachargeof


115)


_____ A)


-2. B)


-1. C)


+1. D)


+2. E)


noneoftheabove

116)


Magnesiumatomshavetwoelectronsintheoutermostshellandchlorineatomshaveseven.Thecompoundmagnesiumchloridewouldcontain


116)


_____ A)


2magnesiumand1chlorine. B)


1magnesiumand2chlorine. C)


1magnesiumand1chlorine. D)


2magnesiumand7chlorine. E)


impossibletotellwithoutmoreinformation

117)


Eachofthefollowingstatementsconcerninghydrogenbondsistrueexceptone.Identifytheexception.


117)


_____ A)


Hydrogenbondsareimportantforcesforholdinglargemoleculestogether. B)


Hydrogenbondsarestrongattractiveforcesbetweentwohydrogenatoms. C)


Hydrogenbondscanoccurwithinasinglemolecule. D)


Hydrogenbondscanformbetweenneighboringmolecules. E)


Hydrogenbondsareresponsibleformanyoftheuniquepropertiesofwater.

118)


Thehydrogenbondingthatoccursinwaterisresponsiblefor


118)


_____ A)


theabilityofwatertodissolveinorganicsalts. B)


thelowfreezingpointofwater. C)


thehighboilingpointofwater. D)


thesurfacetensionofwater. E)


alloftheabove

119)


WhenasmallamountofhydrochloricacidisaddedtoasolutionofNa2HPO4,thepHofthesolutiondoesnotchange.ThepHdoesnotchangewhenasmallamountofNaOHisadded,either.Basedontheseobservations,thecompoundNa2HPO4is


119)


_____ A)


abletodonatehydrogenionstotheOH-fromNaOH. B)


actingasabuffer. C)


abletoacceptextrahydrogenionsfromtheHCl. D)


alloftheabove


120)


Compare/contrastthechemicalbondsbetweenadjacentmonomersinDNA,andbetweentwostrandsofDNA.


120)


____________

121)


Explainthegeneralchemicalstructureformonosaccharidesandaminoacids.


121)


____________


122)


Ashortageofcholesterolinthebodycouldinterferewiththeformationof


122)


_____ A)


nucleicacids. B)


proteins. C)


glycogen. D)


steroidhormones. E)


alloftheabove

123)


ThenucleicacidRNA


123)


_____ A)


containsthepentosedeoxyribose. B)


storesthecell'sgeneticinformation. C)


isdoublestranded. D)


containsthepyrimidineuracilinplaceofthymine.

124)


Ionicbondsareformedwhen


124)


_____ A)


twoormoreatomsloseelectronsatthesametime. B)


hydrogenformsbondswithnegativelychargedatomsinthesameordifferentmolecule. C)


electronsarecompletelytransferredfromoneatomtoanother. D)


apairofelectronsissharedunequallybytwoatoms. E)


atomsshareelectrons.

125)


Chemicalreactionsthatoccurinthehumanbodyproceedatafasterrateduetospecialcatalyticmoleculescalled


125)


_____ A)


activators. B)


enzymes. C)


cytozymes. D)


cofactors. E)


noneoftheabove

126)


Asolutioncontainingequalnumbersofhydrogenions(H+)andhydroxideions(OH-)is


126)


_____ A)


alkaline. B)


neutral. C)


basic. D)


acidic. E)


noneoftheabove

127)


Thefuelmoleculeallcellsinthebodycanuseis


127)


_____ A)


vitamins. B)


sucrose. C)


glucose. D)


starch. E)


protein.

128)


Thegroupofbiomoleculescontaininghydrogenandoxygeninthesameratioastheratioinwaterisdefinedasa


128)


_____ A)


lipid. B)


protein. C)


nucleicacid. D)


carbohydrate. E)


noneoftheabove

129)


Afattyacidthatcontainsthreedoublebondsinitscarbonchainissaidtobe


129)


_____ A)


saturated. B)


monounsaturated. C)


carboxylated. D)


polyunsaturated. E)


hydrogenated.

130)


Mostofthefatfoundinthehumanbodyisintheformof


130)


_____ A)


triglycerides. B)


steroids. C)


monoglycerides. D)


prostaglandins. E)


phospholipids.

131)


Cholesterol,phospholipids,andglycolipidsareexamplesof


131)


_____ A)


prostaglandins.


B)


steroids. C)


eicosanoids.


D)


structurallipids.

132)


Eachofthefollowingisafunctionofproteinsexceptone.Identifytheexception.


132)


_____ A)


supportandstructure B)


enzymes C)


storageofgeneticinformation D)


carryingofmessages E)


transport

133)


Apeptidebondlinks


133)


_____ A)


twonucleotides. B)


twoaminoacids. C)


afattyacidandaglycerolmolecule. D)


twosimplesugars. E)


acholesterolmoleculeandafattyacidmolecule.

134)


Areactionbetweenglycerolandasinglefattyacidwouldyielda(n)


134)


_____ A)


diglyceride. B)


omega-3fattyacid. C)


triglyceride. D)


monoglyceride. E)


micelle.

135)


Ifapolypeptidecontains10peptidebonds,howmanyaminoacidsdoesitcontain?


135)


_____ A)


0


B)


5


C)


10


D)


11


E)


12

136)


Glycoproteinmolecules


136)


_____ A)


actasreceptorsonthesurfaceofcellmembranes. B)


functionascellmarkers. C)


arepresentinthesecretionscoatingtherespiratorytract. D)


functionashormonesfromthepancreas. E)


bothAandB


137)


The__________ofasolutionisthenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentration,expressedinmolesperliterofsolution.


137)


____________

138)


__________arecompoundsinsolutionthatmaintainpHwithingivenlimits.


138)


____________

139)


Whenanitrogenousbaseisbondedtoapentosesugarandaphosphate,a__________isformed.


139)


____________

140)


Radiationemittedbyradioisotopescreatesanimageonaspecialphotographicplate,intheoldestmethodofimagingusedinmedicine,__________.


140)


____________

141)


Thetechniqueknownas__________usescomputerstovisualizesectionsthroughthebodythatcanbeusedtoreconstructthethree-dimensionalstructureofspecificorgans.


141)


____________

142)


Radiationinvolvingtheemissionofneutrons + protonsiscalled__________.


142)


____________

143)


Radiationinvolvingtheemissionofanelectroniscalled__________.


143)


____________

144)


Highenergywavesthatareemittedbyradioactivenucleiandwhichpenetratedeeplyintostructuresarecalled__________.


144)


____________

145)


Diagramandexplaintheprogressionofproteinstructurefromprimarytoquaternary.


145)


____________

146)


TrueorFalse?Lipidscontainsubstantiallymoreoxygenthancarbohydratemolecules.Basedonyouranswer,whatdoesthatsuggestaboutlipidsolubilityinwater?


146)


____________

147)


Explainthepolarcharacterofanammoniamolecule(N ).Whatisthecauseofthepartialcharges?WhatistheoverallchargeforN ?


147)


____________

148)


Whatistheinduced-fitmodel?Classifythetypesofbondsinvolvedasstrongorweak.


148)


____________

149)


Ifthedissociationconstantofaproteinislessthanone(Kd<1),whatcanyouconcludeabouttheaffinityoftheproteinfortheligand?


149)


____________

150)


Waterstridersareinsectsthatliterallywalkonwater.Theseinsectsarefrequentlyfoundlivingonponds.Ifhydrogenbondsdidnotexist,howwouldthisaffectthelifeofwaterstriders?


150)


____________

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 151)


Doyouknowwhatkindsofcellmarkersyourredbloodcellshave?Doyouknowyourownbloodtype?Howarethesetwopiecesofinformationrelated?

152)


DescribeanddistinguishbetweenthetechniquesofX-ray,CTscan,PETscan,MRIscan,andultrasound.

153)


DescribewhathappenstoNaClwhenplacedinwater.

154)


Usingtheperiodictable,listthenumberofneutrons,electrons,andprotonsinsodiumandchlorine.Whatistheatomicmassofeachoftheseelements?Whatisthemolecularweightofsodiumchloride(tablesalt),NaCl?Whatisamole?WhatdoesamoleofNaClweigh(calculateit,don'tlookitup)?HowmuchNaClandwaterwouldyoumixtomakea2molarsolution?


155)


Howmanygramsofglucose,m.w.180daltons,isnecessarytomake1literofa1.0molarsolution?


155)


_____ A)


90 B)


180 C)


360 D)


1.0 E)


6.02 × 1023

156)


A5Msolutionof100mlofglucosecontainshowmanygramsofglucose,m.w.180daltons?


156)


_____ A)


90 B)


360 C)


1.0 D)


6.02 × E)


180

157)


HowmanygramsofNaCl,m.w.58.5daltons,isnecessarytomake1literofa2.0molarsolution?


157)


_____ A)


6.02 × 1023 B)


58.5 C)


29.25 D)


2.0 E)


117

158)


If100mlofwatercontains5gramsofNaCl,m.w.58.5daltons,whatisthemolarityofthesolutioninmoles/L?


158)


_____ A)


0.085


B)


2.92


C)


0.85


D)


0.05


E)


0.25

159)


HowmanygramsofNaCl,m.w.58.5daltons,arethemolarequivalentto90gofglucose(m.w.180 daltons)?


159)


_____ A)


0.5


B)


14.6


C)


117


D)


0.25


E)


29.25

160)


HowmanygramsofNaCl,m.w.58.5daltons,arenecessarytomake1literof5%saline?


160)


_____ A)


2.9 B)


58.5 C)


1 D)


6.02 × 1023 E)


50

161)


100mg/dLisatypicalbloodconcentrationofglucose.Themolecularweightofglucoseisapproximately180daltons.Whatisthemolarityofthissolutioninmillimoles?


161)


_____ A)


18


B)


10


C)


5.6


D)


100


E)


0.56

162)


Ifinanacid-basereaction S donatestwo ,onemoleof S wouldequalhowmanyequivalents?


162)


_____ A)


1


B)


2


C)


4


D)


0.5


E)


0.75


163)


WhichHClsolutionismoreacidic,a500mMora5M?


163)


____________

164)


WhatisthepHofa0.005MHClsolution?Assumecompletedissociation.


164)


____________

165)


Writethechemicalformulaforthemoleculedrawnbelow.Whichclassoforganicmoleculedoesitbelongto?Isitmostlikelypolarornon-polar?


165)


____________


1)


A 2)


electron<proton = neutron<atom<molecule 3)


C 4)


B 5)


B 6)


E 7)


B 8)


B 9)


E 10)


A 11)


B 12)


B 13)


C 14)


E 15)


B 16)


A 17)


A 18)


A 19)


B 20)


E 21)


Theatomicnumbergivesthenumberofprotons.Therefore,subtracttheatomicnumberofiodinefromtheradioisotopenumberandtheresultisthenumberofneutronspresentinthenucleus.131 - 53 = 78

22)


B 23)


A 24)


E 25)


B 26)


E 27)


D 28)


D 29)


Na∙; One 30)


D 31)


B 32)


D 33)


C 34)


E 35)


C 36)


D 37)


Severalcombinationsofatomsthatoccurrepeatedlyinbiologicalmolecules.SeeTable2-2 in the main text. 38)


A 39)


B 40)


E 41)


Ligand 42)


C 43)


D 44)


D 45)


E 46)


D 47)


E 48)


Manufacturersattachhydrogenstotheinitiallyunsaturatedvegetableoilsinordertomakethemmoresolidatroomtemperature.

49)


D 50)


D 51)


proteolytic(removalofportionsofthemolecule)andcofactorbinding 52)


C 53)


B 54)


A 55)


A 56)


C 57)


B 58)


B 59)


C 60)


A 61)


D 62)


C 63)


C 64)


D 65)


E 66)


A 67)


F 68)


B 69)


D 70)


A 71)


C 72)


B 73)


A 74)


D 75)


C 76)


B 77)


B 78)


C 79)


D 80)


A 81)


B 82)


A 83)


B 84)


B 85)


A 86)


B 87)


A 88)


D 89)


C 90)


atom 91)


molecule 92)


element 93)


nucleus 94)


shell(ororbital) 95)


compound 96)


cations 97)


anions 98)


bonds 99)


enzymes 100)


solution 101)


hydrophilic(Mostarealsopolar). 102)


hydrophobic(Mostarealsonon-polar.) 103)


deoxyribose 104)


ribose 105)


adenine&guanine 106)


thymine&cytosine 107)


Thesevencategories:enzymes,membranetransporters,signalmolecules,receptors,bindingproteins,regulatoryproteins,andimmunoglobulins.Seepage 38fordescriptions.

108)


C 109)


Closelyrelatedproteinswhosefunctionissimilarbutwhoseaffinityforligandsdiffers.Adultandfetalhemoglobin. 110)


D 111)


B 112)


D 113)


E 114)


A 115)


D 116)


B 117)


B 118)


E 119)


D 120)


Thebondsholdingmonomerstogetherarecovalentbonds,betweensugarandphosphatemolecules.Thebondsholdingneighboringstrandstogetheratthecomplementarybasesarehydrogenbonds.

121)


Monosaccharidesconsistofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen,intheratioC:H:Oof1:2:1.Aminoacidsconsistofacentralcarbon(CH)acarboxylicacid(COOH),anamine(NH2),andanorganicsidechainofvariablestructure(mainlyahydrocarbonchain,designatedasR).

122)


D 123)


D 124)


C 125)


B 126)


B 127)


C 128)


D 129)


D 130)


A 131)


D 132)


C 133)


B 134)


D 135)


D 136)


E 137)


pH 138)


Buffers 139)


nucleotide 140)


X-rays 141)


computerized tomography 142)


alpha radiation 143)


beta radiation 144)


gamma rays 145)


SeeFigure2-9,page30. 146)


False.Lipidscontainmuchlessoxygenthancarbohydrates.Withlessoxygen,lipidsarenotabletoparticipateinhydrogenbondingwithwatermoleculesandthereforearerelativelyinsolubleinaqueousenvironments.

147)


Thenitrogenatomispartiallynegativewhereasthehydrogenatomsarepartiallypositive.Thenitrogenatominamoleculeofammoniahasastrongerattractionfortheelectronsparticipatinginthecovalentbondsthanthehydrogenatoms.However,thenetchargeonthemoleculeisstillzero.

148)


Theinteractionbetweenaproteinbindingsiteandaligandthatareincloseproximityresultsinaconformationalchangeoftheproteintofitmorecloselytotheligand.Thebondsinvolvedarehydrogen(weak),ionic(strong),andvanderWaals(weak).

149)


SinceKd<1,youknowthat[P][L]<[PL].Thereforeatequilibrium,thereisahigherconcentrationofprotein-ligandcomplexsuggestingthattheproteinhasarelativelyhighbindingaffinityfortheligand.

150)


Hydrogenbondsareresponsibleforthesurfacetensionofwater,theattractiveforcebetweenwatermoleculesthatmakesitdifficulttoseparatethem.Thesurfacetensionsupportstheweightofwaterstridersthusallowingthemtowalkonwater.Ifwatermoleculescouldnotformhydrogenbonds,thewaterstriderswouldnotbeabletowalkonwaterbecausetherewouldbenosurfacetensiontosupporttheirweight.Therefore,theseinsectswouldhavetoadapttoterrestrialconditionsnearpondsorlakesratherthanlivingonthem.

151)


Glycoproteinsandglycolipidscanactascellsurfacemarkers.Onbloodcells,someofthesemarkersaredesignatedasthebloodtype.ThemostcommonbloodtypingsystemistheA-B-Osystem,usuallypairedwiththerhsystem,soyourbloodtypemaybe,forexample,B+ orO-.SomeofthisinformationisinCh.16.

152)


Allofthesetechniquesexploitdifferencesindensityoractivityoftissues,whichalterthewayinwhichelectromagneticorsoundwavesaretransmitted,absorbed,orreflected.Thedataareconvertedtoanimage,resultinginapictureoftheinternalorgans,inwhichareasdifferinappearancebasedondifferencesindensityoractivity.Thesetechniquescanbeusedtovisualizetumors,bloodflow,metabolicactivity,damagedorgans,gallorkidneystones,fetuses,etc.X-raysareelectromagneticradiations,whichpenetratetissuestovaryingdegreesbasedontheirdensity.Aphotographicfilmisplacedbehindthebody,producinganimage.CT(cat)scansareaseriesofX-raysthatareanalyzedbyacomputerinsteadofexposingfilm;CTscansprovideimagesinthinplanesorslices,formorepreciselocalizationofdenseareas.PETscansutilizepositronsemittedfromradioisotopes,whichcomputerscananalyzetoprovideinformationaboutmetabolicactivityandbloodflow.InanMRI(NMRornuclearmagneticresonance)scan,amagneticfieldisusedtoaltertheenergylevelofthenucleiofhydrogenatoms,whichemitradiationwhentheyreturntotheirnormalstate;acomputeranalyzesthedata,whichareofrelativelyhighcontrast.Ultrasoundutilizesultrasonic(highfrequencysound)waves,whichproduceechoesthatvarywithtissuedensity,andareanalyzedbycomputer;thistechniqueisespeciallyusefulforobservingfetaldevelopmentbecauseitdoesnotriskharmingthefetuswithradiation.Noneofthesetechniquesisasinformativeasactuallyvisualizingtheareaofinterestbyperformingsurgery,buttheyarenon-invasive.

153)


WatermoleculesbreaktheionicbondsholdingNa+ andCl- together.Eachsodiumionbecomessurroundedbypolarwatermolecules,withtheelectronegativeendsofwatermoleculesinteractingwiththeion.Eachchlorideionalsobecomessurroundedbypolarwatermolecules,butinthiscaseitistheelectropositiveendsofthewatermoleculesthatbindtotheion.Aconsequenceisthatsodiumandchlorideionscanfunctionrelativelyindependentlyofeachotherwheninsolution.

154)


Electronshaveanapproximatemassof0atomicunits,andeachprotonandneutronhasanapproximatemassof1atomicunit,thereforetheatomicmassisjustthesumoftheprotonsandneutrons.Thenumberofprotons(whichinanatomequalsthenumberofelectrons)andtheatomicmassarelistedintheperiodictable,andthenumberofneutronscanbecalculatedfromthat(atomicmass - numberofprotons = numberofneutrons).Sodiumhas11protons,11electrons,and12neutrons,anditsatomicmassis23.Chlorinehas17protons,17electrons,and19neutrons,anditsatomicmassis36(massisroundedupfrom35.5,whichisitsmeasuredweight,andisnotawholenumberbecausethenumberofneutronsvariesslightlyandthereforethisisanaveragemass).Themolecularweightoftablesaltisthesumoftheatomicmassesofeachelementmultipliedbythenumberofatomspresent.Onemoleculeofsodiumchloride,NaCl,weighs(23 + 36)59atomicmassunits.Amoleisastandardquantityof6.02 × 1023ofanything,justasadozenis12ofanything;theweightofamoleofanysubstanceisitsmolecularweightingrams.AmoleofNaCl,therefore,weighs59grams.Tomakea2molarsolution(2molesperliter),youwouldplace59 × 2 = 118gramsofNaClintoavolumetricflaskandaddwateruntilyouhaveafinalsolutionvolumeof1liter.

155)


B 156)


A 157)


E 158)


C 159)


E 160)


E 161)


C 162)


B 163)


A5MsolutionofHClismoreconcentratedthana500mM(i.e.,0.5M)solutionandthereforeismoreacidic. 164)


pH = 2.3.IfpH = - log[ ]andHClisastrongacid,wecanassumecompletedissociationwilloccurinsolution.165)


C11H12N2O2.Thepresenceofthecarboxylicacid(COOH)andamine(NH2)indicatethisisanaminoacid.BecauseoftheRgroupstructure,itisrelativelynon-polar(thisaminoacidistryptophan).

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