Chapter 12. George L. Teetes. 1981. The environmental control of insects using planting time and plant spacing. Pages 209-221. In: David Pimentel (editor). CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Volume 1, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 597 pages.

Keywords: cultural control, planting time, insect pest dynamics, crop dynamics, climate, use of crop planting times to avoid pest densities, early planting, late planting, planting to attain injury-free periods, synchronize insect pests and their natural enemies, with climate conditions, with available alternate host plants, to produce and destroy the crop before the insect can enter diapause, average yields of wheat and percentage of infestation by the Hessian fly for 8 years in fields planted before the safe-seeding date as contrasted to those planted afterwards, factors influencing crop planting time, effect of crop planting time on insect abundance and/or potential damage, plant spacing, microenvironment, in

relation to plant health, vigor, and strength, and crop growth duration, how the rapid fruiting sequence of double-row cotton might reduce boll weevil Anthonomas grandis, damage and allow early defoliation, sorghum midge Contarinia sorghicola, Johnson grass Sorghum halepense, hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum, corn, sorghum, cotton, wheat, greenbug Schizaphis graminum, yellow sugarcane aphid Sipha flava, spider mites, sorghum shootfly Atherigona varia soccata, grasshoppers, tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, corn earworm Heliothis zea, pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, white grubs, pickleworm Diaphania nitidalis, psyllid Paratrioza cockerelli, beet leafhopper Circulifer tenellus, vector of curly top disease Ruga verrucosans, yellow rice stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas, China, wheat stem maggot Meromyza americana, millet Chilo polychrysus darkheaded stem borer, weevil Hylobius pales, sweet potato weevil Cylas formicularius elegantulus, potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella, cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, imported cabbage worm Pieris rapae, pea weevil Bruchus pisorum