Fund Di Mid-Term Exams Questions

Fall 06’ and Spring 07’

# 2. The function of developer solution is to:

(A) Create bromine ions to slow the development process(B) Remove unexposed emulsion from the film(C) Ensure the archivability of the film(D) Create sensitivity specks(E) Convert exposed silver ions to elements silver

# 3. What is the function of a grid?

(A) To absorb low energy radiation before it reaches the patient(B) To absorb primary radiation(C) To absorb remnant radiation(D) To absorb scattered radiation

# 4. When 90 kVp is chosen to perform a lateral lumber x-ray, how is that electrical energy delivered to the x-ray tube during the exposure?

(A) 90 kV to the cathode, 0 kV to the anode(B) 90 kV to the anode, 0 kV to the cathode(C) None of the above(D) 45 kV to the anode, 45 kV to the cathode

# 5. The radiographic technique for a lateral lumber x-ray on a high frequency x-ray generationg system requires 86 kVp and 80 mAs.

(A) 80(B) 86(C) 6880(D) 9700(E) None of the above

# 6. Starter solution consists of in water.

(A) Silver sulfite crystals(B) Silver ions(C) Bromine ions(D) Silver halide crystals

# 7. The problem with a 10 degree target angle (anode angle) in a typical chiropractic practice is:

(A) Anode heel cutoff will be excessive(B) The accompanying focal spots are too small(C) The head capacity of the anode is too great.(D) The cost is prohibitive

# 8. Which one of the following statements is true about high-frequency x-ray generator?

(A) The 60 Hz power supply is half wave rectified(B) They produce less anode heat per exposure compared to single phase(C) They regulate incoming line voltage during the exposure(D) They produce 120 bursts of x-rays per second

# 9. The visible “noise” seen on radiographs that are taken on 600 and 1200 speed film screen combinations with high frequency generators is best described as:

(A) Fog(B) Penumbra(C) Paraliax(D) Quantum mottle(E) None of the Above

# 10. X-ray photons:

(A) Have no significant rest mass and a charge of +2(B) Have no significant rest mass and are electrically neutral(C) Have 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and are neutral(D) Have a negative charge and no rest mass

# 11. Ultraviolet radiation and microwaves have different:

(A) Wavelengths(B) Frequencies(C) Energies(D) All of the Above(E) None of the Above

# 12. The energy of characteristic x-rays depends on:

(A) The mAs(B) The atomic number of the target material(C) The kVp(D) The atomic number of the filtration material

# 13. Which of the following imaging techniques has the best spatial resolution?

(A) Nuclear medicine(B) Radiography(C) Diagnostic ultrasound(D) Computed tomography(E) Magnetic resonance

# 14. The relationship between the density of an object being x-rayed and attenuation is:

(A) Logarithmic(B) Directly proportional (C) Inversely proportional(D) There is no quantifiable relationship between density and attenuation

# 15. Which x-ray interaction with matter predominates in soft tissue below 40 kVP?

(A) Pair Production(B) Compton(C) Photoelectric effect(D) Classical scatter

# 16. Film latitude is a measure of a films ability to:

(A) Be exposed in front of any type of intensifying screen(B) Record density and contrast between 0.25 OD and 2.5 OD(C) Be processed between 88⁰ F and 95⁰F(D) Be optimally developed in variable chemical concentrations

# 17. What happens to the effective focal spot as the anode angle decreases?

(A) Increases(B) Decreases(C) Stays the same

# 18. A single unit of electromagnetic radiation is also called a:

(A) Proton(B) Photon(C) Quark(D) Meson

# 19. At what part thickness is the use of a grid recommended?

(A) 6 cm(B) 9 cm(C) 12 cm(D) 15 cm

# 20. What is the effect on HVL as a diagnostic x-ray beam passes through matter?

(A) The HVL increases(B) The HVL decreases(C) The HVL stays the same

# 21. 1 amp of electrical power how many electronics will be produced in one second?

(A) 6.3 x 1010

(B) 6.3 x 1012

(C) 6.3 x 1014

(D) 6.3 x 1016

(E) 6.3 x 1018

# 22. The principle metal used in the manufactured of x-ray film is:

(A) Bromine(B) Lead(C) Silver(D) Gold

# 23. Of the following x-ray interactions with matter, which two are the most important in diagnostic radiology?

(A) Classic scattering(B) Compton interaction(C) Photoelectric interaction(D) Photodisintegration(E) Pair production

# 24. The inverse square law relationship between intensity and distance from a source is a result of:

(A) Scatter(B) Divergence(C) Attenuation(D) Absorption

# 25. Considering the “heel effect”, where is the greatest intensity of the x-ray beam?

(A) On the Cathode side of the beam(B) At the central ray(C) On the anode side of the beam

# 26. (True or False)

A characteristic curve is produced on two radiographic films, A and B. Comparing the straight line portion of each curve it is noted that the slope of B is greater than A. It could be said that B demonstrates more contrast than A.

# 27. The optimal temperature for developer solution used in automatic processing is between degrees.

(A) 40 and 50(B) 60 and 68(C) 40 and 72(D) 40 and 80(E) 68 and 96

# 28. Considering diagnostic x-ray production, at what point are the number of bremsstrahlung and characteristic photons equal?

(A) 40 kVp(B) 60 kVp(C) 80 kVp(D) They are never equal, bremsstrahlung always exceeds characteristics production.

# 29. During x-ray production infrared heat is produced in the anode when:

(A) Outer shell electrons of the target material are ionized(B) Outer shell electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits(C) Then fall back into their original orbit(D) Inner shell electrons of the target material are ionized(E) Inner electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits then fall

back into their original orbit.

# 30. What is the main purpose of a filter?

(A) To decrease the load on he x-ray generator.(B) To reduce the amount of high energy x-ray photons reaching the patient(C) To reduce the amount of low energy x-ray photons reaching the patient(D) To improve radiographic quality

# 31. The sensitivity speck found in x-ray film emulsions is usually made of:

(A) Silver sulfite(B) Silver halide(C) Silver bromide(D) Bromine(E) Silver

# 32. If starter solutions is not used:

(A) Unexposed silver will be developed(B) The film emulsion will swell uncontrollably(C) The fixer solution is too strong(D) The developer solution gets too hot

# 33. Measuring parallel to the long axis of the x-ray tube, what is the approximate difference in intensity of x-ray exposure between the two ends of an x-ray beam collimated to 17 inches tall at a focal film distance of 40 inches?

(A) 5%(B) 30%(C) 75%(D) 100%

# 34. A patient has both a gall stone and a kidney stone that contain sufficient calcium to be seen on an x-ray, are round, and measure 5 mm in diameter. How will these stones appear when imaged on an AP lumbar spine radiograph?

(A) It is impossible to predict how this will come out(B) They will appear the same size as they are the size(C) The gall stone will appear larger than the kidney stone(D) The kidney stone will appear larger than the gall stone

# 35. If the distance from a point source of light or x-rays is tripled, the intensity of the light or x-rays will be:

(A) One ninth(B) One third(C) Three times(D) Nine times

# 36. Which of the following lumbar spine radiographic techniques would give the largest dose to the patient?

(A) 68 kVp, 50 mAs(B) 80 kVp, 25 mAs(C) 92 kVp, 12.5 mAs

# 37. One of the reasons tungsten is used in x-ray anode manufacture is:

(A) High specific gravity(B) Low atomic number(C) High atomic number(D) Low melting point

# 38. Grids remove approximately % of the scatter radiation that would otherwise strike the film.

(A) 10(B) 30(C) 80(D) 100

# 39. Crossover light is controlled by:

(A) Mirrors(B) Dyes(C) Reflection(D) None of the Above

Supertech Questions. Use Your Supertech To Answer The Following Questions.

# 40. You have just opened your clinic and the first x-ray you need to perform is an AP thoracic spine that measures 22 cm on a 37 year old male. Using a TCF of -4 your exposure factors would be:

(A) 80 kVP, 4mAs(B) 80 kVp, 14 mAs(C) 80 kVp, 25 mAs(D) None of the Above

# 41. When you began your practice all of the radiographic intensifying screens were the same. After a few years you have developed a large sports injury practice and want to provide better quality extremity images of those hand and foot injuries. Therefore, changing from a 600 speed film/screen combination to a 100 speed extremity film/screen combination will require what adjustment to the TCF?

(A) A decrease(B) No Change(C) An Increase

Answer These Questions For The Following Slides

# 42. This in an x-ray tube. What is the function of the section enclosed in the circle during a radiographic exposure?

(A) The vacuum inside the tube is maintained through continuous suction by this device(B) X-ray photons are produced here(C) This is the source of the electrons that will be used to make x-ray photons(D) None of the Above

# 43. The primary function of the device indicated by the arrow is:

(A) Limit the size of the x-ray beam(B) To provide light so you can see what you are doing when you are taking x-rays(C) To remove (filter) most of the Bremsstrahlung photons from the beam.(D) To focus the x-ray beam

# 44. These white panels serve what primary purpose when creating an x-ray image?

(A) Whne stimulated by x-ray photons they produce light photons that are the primary source of exposure to the silver halide crystals

(B) They hold the film flat to minimize distortion of the anatomy.(C) They heat up the film during x-ray exposure which initiates the development process.(D) These white panels capture up to 90% of the scattered x-ray photons thus improving

image contrast

# 45. This object ( on the left) when x-rayed creates the image on the right. What is the purpose of this device?

(A) To measure the level of detail seen on a radiographic film(B) To assess focal spot size(C) To absorb scattered x-ray photons before they strike the film(D) To measure the number of photons in the beam

# 46. These two foot films were exposed according to the 15% Rule. Which one was taken with the lowest kVp setting?

(A) A(B) B(C) Cannot be assessed from the information provided

# 47. Assuming these two x-rays were taken with the same kVp, which one was taken with the most mAs?

(A) A(B) B(C) Cannot tell from the information provided(D) Changing the mAs has no visible effect on the processed film

# 48. According to the optical densities shown on the right, the anode portion of the beam was directed:

(A) Toward A(B) Toward B(C) Cannot be determined from the available information

# 49. Region 2 most closely represents the of the H&D curve.

(A) Toe(B) Straight Line(C) Shoulder(D) None of the Above

Answers:

2-E; 3-D; 4-D; 5-D; 6-C; 7-A; 8-C; 9-D; 10-B; 11-D; 12-B; 13-B; 14-B; 15-C; 16-B; 17-B; 18-B; 19-C; 20-A; 21-E; 22-C; 23-B,C; 24-B; 25-A; 26-True; 27-E; 28-D; 29-B; 30-C; 31-A; 32-A; 33-B; 34-C; 35-A; 36-A; 37-C; 38-C; 39-B; 40-B; 41-C; 42-C; 43-A; 44-A; 45-A; 46-A; 47-B; 48-B; 49-B

Fund Di Midterm(Unknown Date)#1. The inverse square law states that:

(A) Intensity is directly proportional to the square of the distance(B) The square of the intensity is directly proportional to the distance(C) Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance(D) The square of the intensity is inversely proportional to the distance

# 2. The function of developer solution is to:

(A) Convert exposed silver ions to elemental silver(B) Create bromine ions to slow the development process(C) Remove unexpected emulsion from the film(D) Ensure the archivability of the film(E) Create sensitivity specks

# 3. When bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced:

(A) Projectile electrons are totally absorbed(B) Projectile electrons lose energy(C) Target electrons are displaced(D) Target electrons are removed from their orbits

# 4. Measuring parallel to the long axis of the x-ray tube, what is the approximate difference in intensity of x-ray exposure between the two ends of an x-ray beam collimated to 17 inches tall at a focal film distance of 40 inches?

(A) 50%(B) 30%(C) 75%(D) 100%

# 5. What percentage of film darkening results from light produced by the intensifying screen?

(A) 5%(B) 25%(C) 75%(D) 95%

# 10. The visible “noise” seen on radiographs that are taken on 600 and 1200 speed film screen combinations with high frequency generators is best described as:

(A) Penumbra(B) Parallax(C) Quatum mottle

(D) Fog(E) None of the Above

# 11. Atoms with all electron shells filled are:

(A) Usually found in group 1 of the periodic table(B) Chemically stable(C) Radioactive(D) Chemically unstable

# 12. What is the effect on HVL as a diagnostic x-ray beam passes through matter?

(A) The HVL increases(B) The HVL decreases(C) The HVL stays the same

# 13. How many atoms are there in one molecule of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )?

(A) One(B) Two(C) Four(D) Five(E) Six

# 14. When compared with visible light, x-rays have greater:

(A) Wavelength(B) Frequency(C) Mass(D) Velocity

# 15. A shift of the x-ray emission spectrum toward the right will occur because of:

(A) An increase in mAs(B) A decrease in mAs(C) An increase in kVp(D) A decrease in kVp

# 16. Viewing a radiograph, one might properly say that:

(A) Bony structures are the most radiopaque(B) Fat is radioreflective(C) Lung tissue is the least radiolucent(D) Soft tissue is the most radiodense

# 17. Which of the following is cited as the largest contribution to unnecessary patient radiation dose?

(A) Excessive kilovoltage(B) Excessive milliamperage(C) Failure to collimate(D) Failure to communicate

# 18. You are comparing the performance and characteristics of x-ray from two different manufacturers using H&D curves. You note that the straight line portion of film A is positioned further toward the right on the horizontal (x) axis than that of film B. What does this tell you about film A?

(A) It is less sensitive to the effects of light and radiation exposure(B) It is more sensitive to the effects of light and radiation exposure(C) There is not enough information provided to answer this question

# 19. The optimal temperature for developer solution used in automatic processing is between degrees.

(A) 40 and 50(B) 60 and 68(C) 40 and 72(D) 40 and 80(E) 88 and 96

# 20. True or False

Bremmstrahlung is a type of photon interaction with matter

# 21. The reason for using anodes that rotate during x-ray production is:

(A) For greater heat capacity

(B) Decreases the size of the effective focal spot

(C) To make x-ray production more efficient

(D) To improve x-ray quality

# 22. The difference in taking a radiograph with or without a grid is:

(A) The non grid exposure require more kVp(B) The non grid exposure requires more mAs(C) The grid exposure requires more kVp(D) The grid exposure requires more mAs.

# 23. The sensitivity speck found in x-ray film emulsions is usually made of:

(A) Silver(B) Silver sulfite(C) Silver halide(D) Silver bromide(E) Bromine

# 24. Which of the following factors affects the quantity of scatter radiation?

1) kVP2) Part thickness3) Field size

(A) 1 and 2(B) 1 and 3(C) 2 and 3(D) 1,2, and 3

# 25. Which of the following target angles is characteristically found in modern rotating anode x-ray tubes?

(A) 1 degree(B) 14 degree(C) 30 degree(D) 60 degree(E) 120 degree

# 26. Which x-ray interaction with matter predominates in soft tissue above 80 kVp?

(A) Compton(B) Pair production(C) Classical scatter(D) Photoelectrical effect

# 27. Which of the following will reduce patient radiation dose?

(A) Higher mAs and lower filtration(B) Higher kVp and lower filtration(C) Higher mAs and lower kVp(D) Higher kVp and lower mAs

# 28. You wish to make a single x-ray exposure using technique settings of 90 kVp, 300 mA, and 1 second. You discover this exceeds tube limits and no exposure is allowed. How could you safely make the exposure to obtain an isodense film?

(A) Use a higher mA setting (400) with all other factors equal(B) Use a lower mA (200), adjust the time (1.5 sec), and leave the kVp alone.(C) Use a lower mA setting with all other factors equal.(D) Any of the Above(E) None of the Above

# 29 What is the main purpose of a filter?

(A) To improve radiographic quality(B) To decrease the load on the x-ray generator(C) To reduce the amount of high energy x-ray photons reaching the patient(D) To reduce the amount of low energy x-ray photons reaching the patient

# 30. True or False?

A characteristic curve is produced on two radiographic films, A and B. Comparing the straight line portion of each curve it is noted that the slope of B is greater than A. it could be said that B demonstrates more contrast than A

# 31. As demonstrated on a characteristic curve, as film contrast decreases, film latitude:

(A) Decreases(B) Stays the same(C) Increases

# 32. The energy of characteristic x-rays depends on:

(A) The atomic number of the filitration material(B) The kVp(C) The mAs(D) The atomic number of the target material

# 33. A radiographic technique produces an entrance skin exposure of 200 mrads at an 80 cm source-to-patient distance. What will be the entrance skin exposure at a distance of 160 cm if the technique remains the same?

(A) 50 mrads(B) 80 mrads(C) 100 mrads(D) 160 mrads(E) 400 mrads

# 34. Starter solution consists of in water.

(A) Silver halide crystals(B) Silver sulfite crystals(C) Silver ions(D) Bromine ions

# 35. During x-ray production infrared heat is produced in the anode when:

(A) Inner electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits then fall back into their original orbit.

(B) Inner shell electrons of the target material are ionized(C) Outer shell electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits

then fall back into their original orbit.(D) Outer shell electrons of the target material are ionized.

# 36. The formula kVp x mAs x 1.41 is used to calculate:

(A) The heating of the anode during single phase half wave rectified generated x-ray exposures.

(B) The heating of the anode during high frequency generated x-ray exposures.(C) The heating of the anode during single phase full wave rectified generated x-ray

exposures(D) Two of the above(E) None of the above

# 37. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a grid?

(A) It decreases image contrast(B) It decreases image detail(C) It decreases patient radiation dose(D) It increases patient radiation dose

# 38. You can always identify the aspect of the x-ray tube that is the cathode end of the tube because:

(A) It is always the round end of the tube(B) There are two main power-supplying electrical cables(C) It always points South(D) It always points North(E) There is One main Power-supplying electrical cable

# 39. Which of the following lumbar spine radiographic techniques would give the largest dose to the patient?

(A) 66 kVp, 50 mAs(B) 80 kVp, 25 mAs(C) 92 kVp, 12.5 mAs

# 40. What are the two principles classes of ionizing radiation?

(A) Particulate and electromagnetic(B) Particulate and ultrasound(C) MRI and ultrasound(D) MRI and electromagnetic

# 41. A frequency of 1 kHz is:

(A) 1 cycle/sec.(B) 100 cycles/sec(C) 103 cycles/ sec(D) 106 cycless/sec

# 42. In a vacuum, x-rays travel with a velocity of:

(A) 3 x 108 m/sec(B) 3 x 1012 cm/sec(C) 186,000 km/hr(D) 186,000 mph

# 43. X-ray photons used for general purpose diagnostic x-ray can be:

(A) Ionized(B) Focused(C) Attenuated(D) Compacted(E) Subdivided

# 44. The resolution of a dedicated extremity film/screen combination is in the range of . line pairs per mm.

(A) 1(B) 5(C) 10(D) 20(E) 50

# 45. Which one of the following is NOT a property of x-ray photons?

(A) They are capable of ionizing biologic matter(B) They travel at approximately ½ the speed of light after bremsstrahlung interactions.(C) They possess no mass(D) They have no electrical charge

# 46. Which of the following has a positive charge?

(A) Electron(B) X-ray(C) Gamma ray(D) Proton(E) Neutron

# 47. X-ray photons:

(A) Have a negative charge and no rest mass.(B) Have 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and are neutral(C) Have no significant rest mass and are electrically neutral(D) Have no significant rest mass and a charge of +2.

# 48. The anode heel effect occurs because of:

(A) Photon absorption(B) The shape of the filament(C) Excessive tube current(D) The space charge effect(E) Difference between the incident and refractive angles of projectile electrons

# 49. An example of crossover occurs when:

(A) Developer chemicals are carried by the film into the fixing solution(B) Light produced by the front intensifying screen exposes the rear film emulsion(C) Electrons move across the gap from the anode over to the cathode(D) All of the above are examples crossover(E) None of the above are examples of crossover

# 50. The approximate heat storage capacity of a typical anode found in a small office setting is HU.

(A) 15(B) 150(C) 1,500(D) 15,000(E) 150,000

# 51. The principle agent found in automatic processing chemicals used for developing the shades of gray on radiographs is:

(A) Sodium carbonate(B) Glutaraldehyde(C) Phenidone(D) Metol

#52. The kV ripple associated with 100 kHz high frequency x-ray generating systems is %

(A) 1(B) 6(C) 100(D) 120

# 53. For low volume users (processing less than 40 sheets of various film sizes per 8 hour workday) Kodak recommends what replenishment rates in ml/sheet?

(A) 65 ml developer, 85 ml fixer(B) 50 ml developer, 70 ml fixer(C) 200 ml developer, 280 ml fixer(D) 80 ml developer, 100 ml fixer

# 54. The blurring of the edge of an object seen on an x-ray film is partially due to:

(A) Parallax(B) The 15% rule(C) The anode heel effect(D) The inverse square law(E) HVL or TVL

# 55. True or False

Parallel grids are designed to remain stationary during radiographic exposures

# 56. Reciprocity failure is of most concern when imaging small body parts using the highest mA setting on high frequency generators and:

(A) 100 speed extremity imaging systems(B) 400 speed film/screen systems(C) 600 speed film/screen systems(D) 800 speed film/screen systems(E) 1200 speed film/screen systems

# 57. Considering the “heel effect”, where is the greatest intensity of the x-ray beam?

(A) On the anode side of the beam(B) On the cathode side of the beam(C) At the central ray

SuperTech Questions. Use Your Supertech To Answer The Following Questions

# 58. You bought a chiropractic practice and the x-ray equipment included an 8:1 grid. The retiring doctor used a Supertech and successfully used a TCF of -2 at 40”. You decide you want your films to have more contrast and figure a new 12:1 grid will help to get it. What is your new TCF for 40” exposures?

(A) 0(B) -1(C) -2(D) -3

# 59. You accidentally use +2 for your TCF when calculating an x-ray technique instead of the proper TCF of -2. What is the effect on the finished radiograph?

(A) There is no perceptible change(B) It’s a lot darker than it should be(C) It’s a lot lighter than it should be(D) It’s a little lighter than it should be(E) It’s a little darker than it should be

# 60. A PA skull, measuring 20 cm, was exposed at 86 kVp and 18 mAs and resulted in a well exposed film. What was the total correction factor (TCF) used to produce this film?

(A) +2(B) 0(C) -2(D) -4

Answers:

1-C; 2-A; 3-B; 4-B; 5-D; 10-C; 11-B; 12-A; 13-D; 14-B; 15-C; 16-A; 17-C; 18-A; 19-E; 20-False; 21-A; 22-D; 23-C; 24-D; 25-B; 26-A; 27-D; 28-B; 29-D; 30-True; 31-C; 32-D; 33-A; 34-D; 35-C; 36-B; 37-D; 38-E; 39-A; 40-A; 41-C; 42-A; 43-C; 44-C; 45-B; 46-D; 47-C; 48-A; 49-B; 50-E; 51-C; 52-A; 53-D; 54-A; 55-False; 56-E; 57-B; 58-B; 59-B; 60-C

Fund Di Midterm(Unknown Date)# 1. The function of the developer solution it to:

(A) Remove exposed emulsion form the film(B) Ensure the archivability of the film(C) Create sensitivity specks(D) Convert exposed silver ions to elemental silver(E) Create bromine ions to slow the development process.

# 2. The combination of Kodak Lanex Fast screens and T-mat-G-film is rated at speed.

(A) 100(B) 200(C) 400(D) 600(E) 1200

# 3. The binding energy of an electron to a nucleus:

(A) Increases in value with increasing distance from the nucleus(B) Is higher for an L shell than for an M shell(C) Is higher for the K shell of a low Z atom than for the K shell of a high Z atom(D) Is higher for an N shell than for an M shell electron

# 4. Radioactive half-life is:

(A) Exactly one half of the quantity of material now present(B) The time necessary for one half of the mass to disappear(C) The time necessary for one atom to completely disintergrate(D) The time required for the radioactivity to reach one half of its original value

# 5. X-ray photons:

(A) Have no rest mass and are neutral(B) Have no rest mass and charge of +2(C) Have a negative charge and no rest mass(D) Have 1 atomic mass unit (amu) and are neutral

# 6. What are the two principle classes of ionizing radiation?

(A) MRI and ultrasound(B) MRI and electromagnetic(C) Particulate and electromagnetic(D) Particulate and ultrasound

# 7. A single unit of electromagnetic radiation is also called a:

(A) Proton(B) Photon(C) Pi meson(D) Quark

# 8. For any electromagnetic radiation an increase in:

(A) Velocity results in an increase in energy(B) Velocity results in an increase in frequency(C) Frequency results in an increase in energy(D) Wavelength results in an increase in energy

# 9. An example of crossover occurs when:

(A) Developer chemicals are carried over into the fixing solution(B) Electrons move from the anode over to the cathode(C) Light produced by the front intensifying screen exposes the rear film emulsion(D) All of the above(E) None of the about

# 10. X-ray photons can be:

(A) Attenuated(B) Compacted(C) Subdivided(D) Concentrated(E) Focused

# 11. Viewing a radiograph one might properly say that:

(A) Lung tissue is radiolucent(B) Soft tissue is radiopaque(C) Bony structures are radiolucent(D) Fat is radioreflective

# 12. When compared with visible light, x-rays have greater:

(A) Mass(B) Velocity(C) Wavelength(D) Frequency

# 13. Tissue that absorbs x-radiation is called:

(A) Radiolucent(B) Radio transmission(C) Radiopaque(D) Radio emission

# 14. The principle(s) of radiation protection is (are): (You may choose more than one answer)

(A) Distance(B) Time(C) Recovery or regeneration(D) Biologic variability(E) Shielding

# 15. A radiographic technique produces an entrance skin exposure of 200 mrads at an 80 cm source to patient distance. What will be the entrance skin exposure at a distance of 160 cm if the technique remains the same?

(A) 50 mrads(B) 80 mrads(C) 100 mrads(D) 160 mrads(E) 400 mrads

# 16. A radiographic technique produced an intensity of 100mR at a source to film distance of 80 inches. With all other factors remaining the same, how would you adjust the time of exposure to maintain the intensity with the source to film distance of 40 inches?

(A) Leave the time the same(B) Use one quarter the original time(C) Use one half the original time(D) Double the original time(E) Triple the original time.

# 17. Which of the following does not apply to x-ray photons?

(A) Reflection(B) Absorption(C) Attenuation(D) Penetration

# 18. Given two x-rays photons, one of 50 keV and the other of 100 keV, the 50 keV photon:

(A) Will have a higher velocity(B) Will have a longer wavelength(C) Mostly likely came from the nucleus of the anode material.(D) Will Have a higher frequency

# 19. In a vacuum, x-ray travel with a velocity of:

(A) 186,000 km/hr(B) 186,000 mph(C) 3 x E8 m/sec.(D) 3 x E8 cm/sec

# 20. Lines on radiographs running perpendicular to the path of the film traveling through the processor are (more than one answer):

(A) An indication of dirty rollers(B) Usually repeated every 3.14 inches(C) Caused by dirt on the crossover racks(D) Repeated at 1 inch intervals(E) An indication of dirty cassettes

# 21. In general, restriction of the primary beam with cones or solimators requires that the device restrict the beam to an area whose measured dimensions differ from the desired dimensions by no more than of the SID.

(A) 1 %(B) 2 %(C) 3 %(D) 4 %(E) 5 %

# 22. The large filament is chosen during radiography when the heat load is:

(A) High and visibility of detail is less important(B) High and visibility of detail is more important(C) Low and visibility of detail is less important(D) Low and visibility of detail is more important

# 23. The anode heel affect occurs because of:

(A) Excessive tube current(B) The space charge effect(C) Difference between the incident and refractive angles of projectile electrons(D) Photon absorption(E) The shape of the filaments

# 24. Which of the following target angles is characteristically found in modern rotating anode x-ray tubes?

(A) 1 degree(B) 15 degrees(C) 30 degrees(D) 60 degrees(E) 120 degrees

# 25. Which of the following is not a reason hydrogen atoms are used to create magnetic resonance images?

(A) Because of their common distribution in the human body(B) Because of their different distribution in normal and diseased tissue(C) Because of their high gyromagnetic ratios(D) Because of their large magnetic dipoles(E) Because of their low atomic number

# 26. Which of the following are correct regarding the half value layer (more than one answer).

(A) The HVL changes with a change in kVp(B) The HVL for diagnostic radiology is usually expressed in mm of copper(C) The HVL for 70 kVp is the same for all x-ray machines(D) The HVL best describes the penetrating quality of an X-ray beam(E) The HVL may be determined graphically by using semilogarithmic paper.

# 27. The rate of precession of an atom of any type is called its:

(A) Dipole moment(B) Gyromagnetic ratio(C) Larmor Frequency(D) T1 weighting(E) Telsa

# 28. True or False- MRI has no proven contraindications

# 29. Which of the following is not an operator controllable variable in the production of a quality sonogram

(A) Thickness of intermediate anatomy between probe and target tissues.(B) Frequency of the transducer(s) used during the exam(C) Incident slice angles sent and received by the probe(D) Amplitude of the ultrasonic waves(E) Echolic character of the imaged tissue

# 30. A piece of wire mesh (screen) is typically used in radiology quality control for:

(A) Testing film screen contact(B) Grounding the operator to minimize static electrical discharge artifacts on film(C) Retrieving pieces of lost film from the processing solutions(D) Filtering the air vent into the darkroom

# 31. The piezoelectric crystals embedded in the head of the ultrasound transceiver are:

(A) Not expensive, precisely why every clinic should have some(B) Different from the type used in therapeutic ultrasound(C) Solid, but expand and shrink with alternating current charge changes(D) Durable and forgiving if mishandled(E) Resonating with similar intensity of therapeutic ultrasound crystals.

# 32. True or False- Sonography is ideal for imaging lungs due to its nonionixing nature.

Answer:

1-D; 2-D; 3-B; 4-D; 5-A; 6-C; 7-B; 8-C; 9-C; 10-A; 11-A; 12-A; 13-C; 14-A,B,E; 15-A; 16-B; 17-A; 18-D; 19-C; 20-A,B; 21-B; 22-A; 23-D; 24-B; 25-B; 26-A,C,E; 27-C; 28-False; 29-A; 30-D; 31-C; 32-True

Fund Di Midterm (Date Unknown)# 1. The difference in taking a radiograph with or without a grid is:

(A) The grid exposure requires more kVp(B) The grid exposure requires more mAs(C) The non grid exposure requires more kVp(D) The non grid exposure requires more mAs

# 2. The reason lateral or flexion/extension cervical spine x-rays do not normally require the use of a grid is that:

(A) The neck is typically smaller in its lateral dimension(B) The neck is actually larger in its lateral dimension(C) There is an air gap between the neck and the film(D) Is the way Dr. Ryan teaches it in positing class

# 3. You can always identify the aspect of the x-ray tube that is the anode end of the tube because:

(A) It always points north

(B) It is always the round end of the tube

(C) There is one main power supplying electrical cable

(D) These are two main power supplying electrical cable

(E) It always points south.

# 4. The approximate speed of anode rotation during x-ray production is rpm.

(A) 300(B) 3,000(C) 30,000(D) 300,000

# 5. The approximate heat storage capacity of a typical anode found in a small office setting is _______HU.

(A) 15(B) 150(C) 1,500(D) 15,000(E) 150,000

# 6. The problem with a 10 degree target angle (anode angle) is a typical chiropractic practice is:

(A) The accompanying focal spots are too small(B) The head capacity of the anode is too great(C) The cost is prohibitive(D) Anode heel cutoff will be excessive

# 7. Which of the following is not part of acceptance testing of newly installed x-ray equipment?

(A) Have the grids x-rayed and view the resulting film(B) Check to be sure that the grids have actually been installed.(C) Check the legend on the grid to confirm the grid ratio is as ordered(D) Ask to see the results of a star pattern or other test of focal spot size(E) Check the oil level in the x-ray tube.

Matching

8. Timer a) Guarantees that the operator remains behind the secondary barrier during the exposure

9. Flasher/printer b) Provides most of the medicolegal information for each film

10. Grid c) Converts 110 volts or 220 volts input to kilovolt levels of output

11. Deadman switch d) Stops the tube current after a preselected time interval

12. Transformer e) Absorbs x-rays scattered by the patient before striking the film

# 13. Which one of the following is not property of x-rays photons?

(A) They possess no mass(B) They have no electrical charge(C) They are capable of ionizing biologic matter(D) They travel at approximately ½ the speed of light after bremsstrahlung interactions

# 14. The formula kVp x mAs is used to calculate:

(A) The heating of the anode during single phase generated x-ray exposures(B) The heating of the anode during three phase generated x-ray exposures(C) The heating of the anode during high frequency generated x-ray exposures(D) All of the above(E) None of the above

# 15. True or False

Given the same series of x-rays, with kV adjustment to maintain film contrast, performing the series on a high frequency generating system will result in less heat generated in the anode when compared to a single phase system.

# 16. You wish to make a single exposure using technique setting of 90 kVp, 300 mA, and 1 second. You discover this exceeds tube limits. How could you safely make the exposure to obtain an isodense film?

(A) Use a higher mA setting (400) with all other factors equal.(B) Use a lower mA setting with all other factors equal.(C) Use a lower mA (200), adjust the time (1.5 sec.) and leave the kVp alone.(D) All of the above(E) None of the above

# 17. During x-ray production infrared heat is produced in the anode when:

(A) Outer shell electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits then fall back into their original orbit

(B) Outer shell electrons of the target material are ionized(C) Inner electrons of the target material are temporarily elevated from their orbits then fall

back into their original orbit(D) Inner shell electrons of the target material are ionized

# 18. The kV ripple associated with single phase x-ray generating systems is %.

(A) 1(B) 6(C) 100(D) 200

# 19. Which one of the following statements is true about high frequency x-ray generators?

(A) They produce 120 bursts of x-rays per second(B) They regulate incoming line voltage during the exposure(C) They produce more anode heat per exposure compared to single phase(D) The 60 Hz power supply is half wave rectified

# 20. What is the effect of HVL as a diagnostic x-ray beam passes through matter?

(A) The HVL increases(B) The HVL decreases(C) The HLV stays the same

# 21. What is meant by the term TVL?

(A) It is the thickness of lead that will reduce x-ray intensity by 1/10.(B) It is the thickness of any material that will decrease the intensity of a given x-ray beam

by 10%.(C) It is the thickness of any material that will decrease the intensity of a given x-ray beam

by 90%.(D) It is 1/10 of the thickness of any given material necessary to stop all xrays of a particular

x-ray beam

# 22. The unsharpness of the edge of an object seen on a radiograph is due to:

(A) The anode heel affect(B) The inverse square law(C) HVL or TVL(D) Parallax

# 23. The sensitivity speck found in x-ray film emulsions is usually made of:

(A) Silver halide(B) Silver bromide(C) Silver(D) Silver sulfide

# 24. The resolution of a dedicated extremity film/screen combination is in the range of _______line.

(A) 1(B) 5(C) 10(D) 20(E) 50

# 25. Film latitude is a measure of:

(A) A film’s ability to record density and contrast between 0.25 OD and 2.5 OD.(B) A film’s ability to be processed between 88⁰ F and 95⁰ F(C) A film’s ability to be optimally developed in variable chemical concentrations(D) A film’s ability to be exposed in front of any type of intensifying screen

# 26. True or False

A characteristics curve is produced on two radiographic films A and B. Comparing the straight line portion of each curve it is noted that the slope of B is greater than A. It could be said that B demonstrates more contrast than A.

# 27 As demonstrated on a characteristic curve, as film contrast decreases, film latitude:

(A) Increases(B) Decreases(C) Stays the same

# 28. Reciprocity failure is of most concern imaging small body parts using the highest mA setting on high frequency generators and:

(A) Extremity imaging systems (100 speed)(B) 400 speed film/screen systems(C) 600 speed film/ screen systems(D) 800 speed film/screen systems(E) 1200 speed film/screen systems

# 29. The prime agent found in automatic processing chemicals used for developing the black on radiographs is:

(A) Phenidone(B) Metol(C) Sodium carbonate(D) Glutaraldehyde

# 30. The fixing chemistry usually contains:

(A) Metol(B) Phenidone(C) Methadone(D) Thiosulfate

# 31. Assuming a starting optimal kVp technique the 15 % rule states:

(A) If you decrease the kVp by 15 % you balance this by increasing the mAs by 15%(B) If you decrease the kVp by 15 % you balance this by decreasing the mAs by 15%(C) If you decrease the kVp by 15 % you balance this by increasing the mAs by 50%(D) If you decrease the kVp by 15 % you balance this by increasing the mAs by 100%

Answer

1-B; 2-C; 3-D; 4-B; 5-E; 6-D; 7-E; 8-D; 9-B; 10-E; 11-A; 12-C; 13-D; 14-A; 15-True; 16-C; 17-A; 18-C; 19-B; 20-A; 21-C; 22-D; 23-E; 24-C; 25-A; 26-False; 27-B; 28-E; 29-A; 30-D; 31-D

X-Ray Fundamentals

February 12, 1991

1. On taking a dorsoplantar view of the foot which way is the anode positioned?

2. Because of the unavoidably large object/film distance encountered when performing a lateral or oblique cervical spine radiograph, magnification will be most reduced by using a focal film distance of:

a. 36 in.b. 40 in.c. 60 in.d. 72 in.

3. Grids are positioned between the: a. Cathode and anodeb. Collimator and tubec. Patient and the tubed. Patient and the film

4. How many half-lives are required beforea quantity of radioactive material has decayed to less than 13% of its original value? 1=50 2=25 3=12.5

a. 7b. 5c. 4d. 3e. 2

5. What are heat units? a. The room temperature in the x-ray room.b. The temperature of the processing chemicals.c. The amount of heat-necessary to cause thermionic emission at the filament.d. KVP x mA x seconds

6. The anode heel affect is: a. An artifact caused by x-raying a patient’s foot with the shoe on.b. Particularly important on x-rays of the thoracic spine. Thus the filters.c. A physical phenomenon but not of practical importance.d. Particularly important on X-rays of the lumbar spine.

7. NCRP recommendations for added filtration is: a. Leadb. Tungstenc. Aluminumd. Irone. Plastic

8. Which of the following is not to be considered electromagnetic radiation? Choose more than one.

a. Alphab. X-raysc. Gammad. Beta

9. X-rays travel: a. In parallel paths.b. At the speed of soundc. At a speed directly proportional to the mAs.d. At a speed inversely proportional to the kVpe. At the speed of light.

10. When a very high electrical potential (kVp) is applied across the x-ray tube, then electrons are ________ _________ the anode.

a. Repelled byb. Attracted toc. Magnetized byd. Vaporized by.

11. Kilovoltage controls the _______________ of the electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode.

a. Numberb. Directionc. Speedd. Focusing

12. The exposure from x-ray tube operated at 70kVp, 200mAs is 400 MR at 36 in. What would be the intensity of the beam if the distance was increased to 72”?

a. 100 MRb. 800 MRc. 200 MRd. 300 MR

13. The term for when x-rays are emitted with equal intensity in all directions is ______________.a.

14. (T/F) When an x-ray tube becomes gassy, x-ray production falls off and the tube will fail.

15. (T/F) According to Bushong the most common cause for tube failure is overloading a cold anode.

a. Correct answer is plating out of tungsten.16. (T/F) Dual focus tube is a designation which explains the tube may only be used at 40 and at 72

in.a. Correct answer is small focal spot and large focal spot.

17. (T/F) As grid ratios increase so does patient exposure.

18. (T/F) The positive of the tube is the cathode.a. Correct answer is Cathode = negative

19. (T/F) The line focus principle explains the fact that there are relatively large effective focal spots with very small actual focal spots.

20. To make radiographic exposures today we use ________ across the tube. a. Full-wave rectified currentb. Half-wave rectified current

21. (T/F) Because of their simple design and their time tested record, mechanical timers have proven their reliability.

22. What types of x-ray production occurs at the tube? (Choose more than one) a. Characteristic radiationb. Compton radiationc. Photoelectricd. Bremstrahlung

NOTE- Compton and photoelectric interact with matter.

23. Increase in the kVp by 15/10 is equivalent to: a. Decreasing the mAs by halfb. Doubling the mAs.

24. The final radiographic image results from approximately ____________ percent of x-rays emitted from the tube.

a. 1%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%e. 99%

25. What is the single most important source of scatter radiation during radiography? a.

26. (T/F) the cooling rate of the anode is a linear process.a. Correct answer is: cooling of the anode is very rapid initially, after time it slows down.

27. (T/F) X-rays can travel through a vacuum.

28. (T/F) Compensating filtration attenuates the x-ray beam primarily through Compton interactions.

a. Correct answer is: photoelectric interaction

29. (T/F ) To reduce patient exposure high kVp exposures are preferred to low kVp exposures.

30. (T/F) Grid material is usually made of aluminum.a. Correct answer is: Lead, (Al is the added filtration).

31. (T/F) The difference between high and medium contrast film is basically one of silver halide size and distribution.

32. (T/F) Some states have legislated specific exposure values for various average size body parts which may not be exceeded.

33. The purpose of the phosphor in the intensifying screen is to:a.

The following three problems you may assume-the following.

You have a rare earth combination of 400 speed and a particular grid ratio and at 40 in. and your total correction factor is -1.

34. You have a 75 year old male patient, He has fallen and injured his shoulder and your examination suggests dislocation. Your measurement for the shoulder is 18cm.

a. Buck, 40”, 71 kVp, 17.5 mAs.b. Buck, 0.60”, 71 kVp, 60.0 mAs.c. Non-buckyd. Non-bucky

35. A 27 year old male patient from East St. Louis is complaining from sinus symptoms. Transillumination of the maxillary sinus shows opacity on the right side. Measurement for the Waters projection of the sinuses is 23 cm.

a. Bucky, 36”, 86 kVp, 60 mAsb. Bucky, 40”, 86 kVp, 50 mAsc. Non-buckyd. Non-bucky

36. Your first day appointment brings in a fifteen year old female. She fell off her new four in. high heels (you do not own an extremity cassette). Measurement for the lateral ankle is 10cm.

a. Buckyb. Buckyc. Non-Bucky, 40’, 60 kVp, 5 mAsd. Non-Bucky, 40” 0.60 kVp, 2.5 mAs.

37. Due to the thickness in the lumbar spine in its lateral dimension, a lateral projection always utilizes.

a.

Answer:

1-Toward the toes; 2-D; 3-D; 4-D; 5-D; 6-B; 7-C; 8-A,B; 9-E; 10-B; 11-C; 12-A; 13-Isotropically; 14-True; 15-False; 16-False; 17-True; 18-False; 19-False, 20-A; 21- False; 22-A,D; 23-A; 24-A; 25-Patient; 26-False; 27-True; 28-False; 29-True; 30-False; 31-True; 32-True; 33-Convert x-ray energy into light; 34-A; 35-B; 36-C; 37-A moving bucky or a stationary grid