3rd 9 weeks Review: Anatomy Study Guide

Senses-Cardiovascular System (Ch 8-11)

Study: NB p. 1-23 Focus on Endocrine/Blood Concept Map, Note Summaries and Labeling Diagrams

KEY FOR SENSES 1 & 2 nose-chemo, tongue-thermo and chemo, eye-photo, ear- mechanoreceptors

3. DEAFNESS: Auditory nerves are damaged, CATARACTS: lens is cloudy, GLAUCOMA: increase in pressure of the eye,

4. PATHWAY OF EAR pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, fluid in cochlear canals (upper and middle/ lower)5. hammer, anvil, stirrup6. EARDRUM middle, AUDITORY CANAL outer and inner OSSICLESEYE: A-Iris B-Lens-C- Cornea D- Sclera D2 Retina E-Optic Nerve F-Optic Disk (Blindspot) EAR: Auditory/Eustachian Tube, B) Cochlea C) Semicircular D) Incus/Anvil E) Malleus/Hammer F) Pinna/Auricle G) Vestibule H Stapes I-Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) J Ex. Auditory Canal

1. Ch 8 Senses: What types of receptors are found in: Nose, Tongue, Eye, EarChoices include (chemo, thermo, photo and mechanoreceptors)

2. Anatomically describe what happens when someone is affected by:3. Deafness, Cataracts, Glaucoma, Myopia4. Look at your (Senses Labeling Sheet p. 2)Trace the pathway of sound through the ear. Remember to

include auditory Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes). 5. What is the common name for each of the three Ossicles above?6. Where would you find the: Tympanic Membrane, Auditory Canal, Cochlea Ossicles (Outer, Middle,

Inner Ear)?a. Sclera, Cornea, Vitreous Humor, Optic Nerve, Fovea Centralis

LABELING: Label & provide function for ear & eye:

Ch 9 Endocrine System: Look at your Endocrine Concept Map and list hormones for the following glands:

Gland Hormones Functions DISORDERThyroid T3, T4, Calcitonin METABOLIC RATE Goiter-Cyst/Bulge in

Neck (Iodine Deficency)

Parathyroid PTH (Parathyroid)/ Bone Density OSTEOMALACIA, OSTEOPOROSIS

HypothalamusAdrenal GlandPituitary GlandThymusPancreasCh 10 Blood : List all leukocytes and their functions.

1. What is the trick to remember their order of abundance? Never LET MONKEYS EAT BANANASNEUTROPHILS-MOST ABUNDANT, MONOCYTES, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS (LEAST ABUNDANT)

2. How many leukocytes does one have in comparison to red blood cells (erythrocytes)? 1 FOR EVERY 100 RBC.

3. What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell? 100-120 DAYS4. What are WBC, RBC & platelet clinical names? LEUKOCYTES;ERYTHROCYTES,

THROMBOCYTES5. Platelets are fragments of which leukocyte? MEGAKARYOCYTES6. Using Figure 10.1 Trace the Pathway of Blood Cell development. 7. What type of blood cell gives rise to almost all of the leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets? MYELOID8. What type of stem cell produces lymphocytes? LYMPHOID

Ch 11: Cardiovascular System: The Superior Vena Cava drains into which chamber….RIGHT ATRIUM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 1 (Pp. 328 – 334) 1. Simply stated, what is the major function of the cardiovascular system? TO TRANSPORT GASES AND NUTRIENTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

2. What is the cardiovascular system's transport vehicle? THE HEART & VESSELS3. List 4 categories of materials carried in the blood. FORMED ELEMENTS, 4. What provides the force needed to move blood around the body? BLOOD PRESSURE5. What is the approximate size of the human heart? 1 FIST (APROX 1 LB)6. Describe the location of the heart. IN THE THORACIC CAVITY (5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE-PERICARDIUM)7. What is the more pointed part of the heart called? In which direction does it point? APEX; LEFT HIP8. Where does one place a stethoscope to count the heart rate? AT THE BASE9. Where is the base of the heart? ANTERIOR OF HEART (TOP)10. What is the pericardium? Of which type of tissue is it made? SAC MADE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE11. What is the purpose of the fluid produced by the pericardial membranes? SYNOVIAL FLUID REDUCES FRICTION12. What name is given to an inflammation of the pericardium? PERICARDITIS13. What dangerous situation can result? INFECTION; DEATH14. Describe the construction of the semilunar valves. MOON-LIKE STRUCTURE15. Under what conditions are the semilunar valves open? DURING SYSTOLE (HIGH PRESSURE16. What causes the semilunar valves to close? Why is this important?17. Describe the timing of the opening and closing of the 4 valves.18. What problem results from an incompetent valve? BLOOD LOSS19. What is valvular stenosis and what causes it? HARDENING OF VALVES- AGE/DIET

20. What treatment is there for valves that do not work properly? VALVE REPACEMENT (BALOON AORTIC REPLACEMENT-REMOVE CLOTS)21. Of what use to the heart muscle is the blood that flows through its chambers? NONE THIS BLOOD DOESN’T NOURISH THE HEART22. How, then, does the heart muscle get oxygen and nutrients? CAROTID SINUS23. Why is it unhealthy for the heart to beat too fast? DEREGULATES CARDIAC CYCLE24. What is angina? What is a myocardial infarction? ANGINA PECTORIS-CHEST PAIN LACK OF BLOOD/OXYGEN TO HEART. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-CLINICAL TERM FOR HEART ATTACK MYOCARDIAL TISSUE DIES. 25. What distinguishes Pulmonary Veins from other veins in the body? ONLY OXYGEN RICH VEINS IN BODY

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2 (Pp. 334 – 339)

1. How many times per day are the 6 L of blood circulated through the body? 3x/MIN ( 60 MIN x 24 HRS 4320 TIMES /DAY)

2. What is the responsibility of the autonomic nervous system to the heart? CONTROL BLOOD PRESSURE3. What is the responsibility of the intrinsic conduction system of the hearT? SEND ELECTRICAL IMPULSES4. Why is the intrinsic conduction system not like tissue found anywhere else in the body? NERVE BUNDLES ARE

SEGMENTED5. In which direction does the heart muscle depolarize? UNIDIRECTIONAL (ATRIA-VENTRICLE) TOP DOWN6. What is the average contraction rate of a normal healthy heart? 70 BPM7. What is the function of the SA node? REGULATE CARDIAC CYCLE8. What is the common name of the SA node? PACEMAKER9. Explain what would happen to the heart's beating if the AV node was damaged. What is this condition called?

FIBRILLATION10. Under what conditions might an artificial pacemaker be required? WHEN MYOCARDIUM IS DAMAGED/

HEART ATTACK 11. Define ischemia. DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO HEART12. What happens when the heart is in fibrillation? IRREGULAR HEART IMPULSES13. Why is fibrillation dangerous? BLOOD CAN’T CIRCULATE THROUGH HEART/CHAMBERS CAN’T FILL14. Define tachycardia. RAPID HR GREATER THAN 100 BPM (BEATS PER MIN)15. Define bradycardia. SLOWER THAN 40 BPM16. How does the timing of the contraction of the atria compare to each other? THEY SERVE AS A DUAL PUMP

AND LEFT ATRIA CONTRACT ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY (REVIEW CARDIAC CYCLE TABLE BELOW)

17. Define systole and diatole. To the action of which chambers do these words refer? SYSTOLE-VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION; DIASTOLE-LOWER PRESSURE ATRIA RELAX

18. What is the length of one cardiac cycle? (0.8 SEC)19. What 2 syllables describe the heart sounds? LUB DUP20. What causes each of the sounds that the heart makes? LUB-VENTRICLES CLOSING DUP- SHARPER NOISES

EJECTS BLOOD INTO THE AORTA-SYSTEMIC & PULMONARY CIRCUIT21. What is a heart murmur? MITRAL VALVE DOESN’T CLOSE ALL THE WAY 22. What causes the blood to make sounds when there is a murmur? BLOOD LEAKAGE23. In which people (ages) are heart murmurs fairly common? Why is this so?24. Define cardiac output. AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECT THROUGH EACH CHAMBER x HEART RATE25. Define stroke volume. AMOUNT OF BLOD EJECTED /CHAMBER26. What causes the stroke volume to increase? STROKE VOLUME- HEART RATE, EXTERNAL STRESSORS27. What percent of the blood in the ventricles is pumped out at a time? 28. What does Starling's law say is the critical factor that controls the stroke volume?29. What factor determines how much the heart muscle is stretched? EXERCISE, STRESSORS 30. Name a factor that changes that affects venous return. HORMONAL, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 31. Name 2 factors that will decrease stroke volume. HEART SIZE, OVERLOAD32. Name 4 factors that influence heart rate. DISEASE, ANEMIA, METABOLISM, ORGAN ISSUES33. What is the effect of physical or emotional stress on the heart? OVERWORKS THE HEART

34. Name 2 hormones that affect heart rate. ANGIOTENSIN; ADH, RENIN35. What can a deficiency of calcium do to the heart? AFFECTS THE Q-T INTERVAL; HYPOTENSION What

about hypercalcemia? HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)36. How might the heart respond to a deficiency of potassium? DYSRHYTHMIAS, PALPITATIONS37. What is the resting heart rate range of a fetus? 110-160- BPM38. What is the average heart rate of females? 60-70 BPM39. What is the average heart rate of males? 90-100 BPM40. Why does your heart rate increase when you have a fever? YOU ARE FIGHTING AN INFECTION 41. Under what circumstances does congestive heart failure occur? ARTERIAL BLOCKAGE42. Define atherosclerosis. HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES43. List 3 factors that can weaken the heart and lead to congestive heart failure. BLOCKAGE, HYPERTENSION,

HIGH CHOLESTEROL 44. Why does a person who has failure of the left side of the heart have difficulty breathing? ISSUES WITH

AORTIC output45. Why does a person who has failure of the right side of the heart have edema (swelling) of the feet and ankles, etc?

Issues with blood flow to the pulmonary circuit (oxygen deficiency)46. What is the highest oxygen concentration vessel in fetal circulation? UMBILICAL VEIN47. Which hormone is responsible for blood cell formation? ERYTHROPOEITIN Which chemical starts hemostasis

(blood clotting)? SEROTONIN48. Which vessels are found under the a) arm, SUBCLAVIAN b) hip region ILLIAC c), abdominal region

ABDOMINAL AORTA d) liver VESSELS e) foot ? DORSAL PEDALIS49. Name the 3 layers of the heart. Which one would contain heart muscle? EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM,

ENDOCARDIUM; MUSCLE: MYOCARDIUM VESSELS: TUNICA EXTERNA, TUNICA MEDIA (MUSCLE- THICKER IN ARTERIES THAN VEINS), TUNICA INTERNA (EPITHELIUM)

50. What is the clinical term for the “pacemaker”? SINOATRIAL NODE

51. Stages of the cardiac cycle[3][edit]

AV valves*

Semilunar valves† Status of ventricles and atria

1. Atrial Systole open closed

• Atria contract and pump blood

• Ventricles, already partially filled from phase 5, receive last ~30% of blood, for a final resting volume of approximately 130mL.

2. Isovolumetric Contraction closed closed

• Ventricles begin to contract. Ventricular muscle initially shortens only a little, but intraventricular pressure rises sharply

• Ventricular volume unchanged

3. Ventricular Ejection closed open

• Pressures in left and right Ventricle exceed pressures in Aorta (80mmHg) and Pulmonary Artery (10mmHg). Ejection is rapid at first, slowing down as systole progresses.

• Amount ejected each ventricle per stroke at rest is 70-90mL. Approximately 50mL of blood remains in each ventricle at the end of systole

4. Isovolumetric Relaxation closed closed

• Valves close as Ventricles relax and pressure within Ventricles drops below 120mmHg. This ends once Ventricular Pressure falls below Atrial pressure and AV valves open

• pump blood to rest of body5. Ventricular Filling

open closed • ventricles relaxed

• ventricles passively fill with approximately 70% of their final

volume. As the ventricles fill, rate of filling decreases and the AV valves drift towards closing• atria expand and are filling

* AV (atrioventricular) valves:1) mitral valve – between the left atrium and the left ventricle2) tricuspid valve – between the right atrium and the right ventricle

† Semilunar valves:

1) aortic valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta2) pulmonic valve – between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

ADDITIONAL PRACTICE

KEY Cardiovascular Study Guide

Isengard-Anatomy CP

Learning Objectives:

RBC & WBC Formation (Red Blood Cell terms, reticulocyte, granulocyte, myeloid stem cells) Red blood cells are formed with reticulocytes. They originate in bone marrow and will be

recycled in the spleen. Various hormones are required for RBC formation. Erythropoeitin is one of the main hormones. -White Blood Cells are categorized as granulocytes or agranulocytes (possessing no

granules). Most WBCs arise from myeloid stem cells with the exception of the lymphocytes. Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils Agranulocytes are the monocytes ,lymphocytes

Steps of Hemostasis (Blood Stoppage)

1) Vascular Spasms (Serotonin Secretion)2) Platelet Plug- Prothrombin Activator-forms plug3) Fibrinogen will generate fibrin ( a tissue that will cover the injury)

Steps of Clotting Cascade (Diagram these steps below) Prothrombin, Thrombin, etc.

http://memorize.com/blood-human-anat-and-phys-7th-ed-marieb

Name the hormones responsible for producing:

Erythrocytes-Erythropoeitin Leukocytes-Interleukins &Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Platelets-Thrombopoeitin

Distinguish the differences between antibodies and antigens.

Antigens are markers that identify the blood type as a person’s own(for example, Type A blood would possess A antigens.

Antibodies are generated as an immune response to protect blood from foreign agents. For example,Type A blood would produce B antibodies and vice versa.

Identify these in the table below

List the steps of the cardiac cycle

1. Location and Size Use the letters to label the heart image above

a. Atria (2)

b. Ventricles (2)

c. Sup. and Inf. Vena

d. Pulmonary Trunk

e. Pulmonary Veins

f. Aorta

g. (AV) Valves (What are their names & how many flaps are in each one?) Bicuspid-2 Left / Tricuspid 3 flaps right

a

a

b b

c

de

e

f

g

gh

b

h. Semilunar Valves- pulmonary leads to lungs/ aortic leads to aorta (main artery of the body).

5. Cardiac Circulation- blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. Valves do not allow backflow.

B. Physiology of the Heart (pp. 368–374)

1. Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm

a. Intrinsic Conduction System-

Electrical impulses through nerve signals control heart rate.

SA Node & AV node signal contraction in a healthy heart.

ii. Ischemia-Dead heart tissue usually resulting from a heart attack

iii. Fibrillation Heart rhythms become out of sync (Defibrillators are used to restart the heart impulses).

2. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds- Lub Dub Noises are generated when blood exits the atria (Lub) and then passes through the through the semilunar valves AORTA- & PULMONARY (Dub).

Murmurs-Additional sounds from the lub dub rhythm may indicate backflow from one of the AV valves that close improperly.

Calculating Cardiac Output (CO) CO= HR (Heartrate)X SV (Amount of blood pumped through the heart in one time).

a. Regulation of Stroke Volume (SV) AV and Semilunar Valves typically control stroke volume.

b. Factors Modifying Basic Heart Rate (HR)-Stressful situations can lead to an increase in angiotension, vasoconstrictors, and other hormones that would speed up or slow down the heart rate to accommodate to one’s environment.

II. BLOOD VESSELS (pp. 374–395)

A. Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels (pp. 374–377)

1. Tunics- Tunica Interna- Inner lining of vessel-very slick to reduce friction in bloodflow

Tunica Media (composed of involuntary smooth muscle)

Tunica Externa-Strong outer layer of vessels

2. Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

More muscular in arteries for blood pumping

Vessels are folded inward in veins preventing backflow

B. Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels (pp. 378–386) (Key attached separately on webpage as an Adobe document)

1. Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation (Figure 11.12)

a. Arterial Branches of the Ascending Aorta

i. Right and Left Coronary Arteries

b. Arterial Branches of the Aortic Arch

i. Brachiocephalic Trunk

ii. Left Common Carotid Artery

iii. Left Subclavian Artery

c. Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

i. Intercostal Arteries

ii. Bronchial Arteries

iii. Esophageal Arteries

iv. Phrenic Arteries

d. Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

i. Celiac Trunk

ii. Superior Mesenteric Artery

iii. Renal Arteries

iv. Gonadal Arteries

v. Lumbar Arteries

vi. Inferior Mesenteric Artery

vii. Common Iliac Arteries

2. Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation (Figure 11.13)

a. Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava

i. Radial and Ulnar

ii. Cephalic Vein

iii. Common Iliac

iv. Subclavian Vein

v. Vertebral Vein

vi. Internal Jugularvii. Brachiocephalic

viii. Azygos Vein

ix. Tibial & Fibular Veins

x. Great Saphenous Veins

xi. Gonadal Veins

xii. Renal Veins

xiii. Hepatic Portal

xiv. Hepatic veins

3. Special Circulations (Figures 11.14–11.17)

a. Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis

(Pictured to the right; is responsible for circulating blood through the brain from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system).

Fetal Circulation

This process shuttles blood from the mother to the developing fetus with several important steps.

The placenta (site of nourishment-similar to a yolk sac) will transfer blood flow to the baby’s developing liver.

All oxygen poor blood will then travel to the baby’s heart through the DUCTUS VENOSUS and then pass through the heart. DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS delivers blood back to the fetus after maternal circulation.

One important step in this process is that blood flow does not enter pulmonary circulation but rather bypasses it through the FORAMEN OVALE ( a hole between the two atria).

This important step happens because the baby’s lungs are NOT fully functional and therefore they do not require pulmonary circulation.

c. Hepatic Portal Circulation

This process is important for digestion. It delivers necessary nutrients from digestive tract to the blood for circulation throughout the body.

Hepatic refers to the liver (Hepatitis-Inflammation of the Liver)