Theories of Motivationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"feature=BFa HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5 HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"lf=results_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"feature=BFa HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5 HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCCB02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&feature=BFa&list=PLCC

B02F560F683AA5&lf=results_video"lf=results_videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOlTdkYXuzEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6wRkzCW5qI

Today’s Topic The Psychology of Motivation October 26th, 2017Motivation is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature. There are four perspectives scientists have when looking at motivation including: • Instinct theory • Drive reduction theory • External/Arousal theory • Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Instinct Theory of Motivation

To be an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearnedAccording to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior.William James

created a list of human instincts that included such things as attachment, play, shame, anger, fear, shyness, modesty and love.

The main problem with this theory is that it did not really explain behavior, it just described it. By the 1920s, instinct theories were pushed aside in favor of other motivational theories,

HUMAN EXAMPLE:

Human mother, unlike many other species, will stay awake with a crying infant all night long trying to provide comfort. Why? Instinct theory suggests that she is programmed to behave in this manner –Video Clip: Extraordinary ManNick VujicicAutistic twins in NYC Marathonhttp://abcnews.go.com/US/autistic-twin-runners-make-strides-2013-york-city/story?id=20769151

Incentive Theory of MotivationWhich school of psych thought?????Behaviorist! Behaviorist!The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid. Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role!! in this theory of motivation.

Intrinsic versus Extrinsic MotivationKey Concept> Exampleshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Obo6xCAHIG8 HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Obo6xCAHIG8&feature=fvwrel"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Obo6xCAHIG8&feature=fvwrel"feature=fvwrelhigh school football player runs out of boundshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgz-ObKXaNgsusan boylehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSrAJsWvEIcDrive Theory of MotivationClark Hull- Neo BehavioristDrive Reduction Theory- ( Wow!! so important>>the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need of essential

cares. The aim of drive reduction is Homeostasis !! Key<<Equilibrium same difference…Homeostasis i s the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry. • According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be

motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component, such as hunger or thirst. The problem ??? with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs. For example, people often eat even when they are not really hungry.

One of the biggest problems with

Hull's drive reduction theory is that it does not account for how secondary reinforcers reduce drives. Unlike primary drives such as hunger and thirstsecondary reinforcers do nothing to directly reduce physiological and biological needs. Take money, for example. While money does allow you to purchase primary reinforcers, it does nothing in and of itself to reduce drives.DOES MONEY BUY HAPPINESS??? Despite this, money still acts as a powerful source of reinforcement

Another major criticism of the drive reduction theory of learning is that it does not explain why people engage in behaviors that do not reduce drives. For example, people often eat when they’re not hungry or drink when they’re not thirstyExplain that one!. In some cases, people actually participate in activities that increase tension such as sky-diving or bungee jumping. Why would people seek out activities that do nothing to fulfill biological needs and that actually place them in considerable danger? Drive-reduction theory cannot account for such behaviors.

Arousal Theory of MotivationThe Yerkes–Dodson Law is an empirical relationship between arousal and performance , originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908.

Another KEY CONCEPT ON MOTIVATION>>The law dictates that performance increases with physiological( adrenaline) or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases. The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog.WE PERFORM BEST! AT INTERMEDIATE LEVELS OF AROUSAL When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book.

According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation.Humanistic Theory of MotivationHumanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow’s ABE’S THEORY IS HUGE!!! HUGE! HUGE! TOO HUGE 4 MERE WORDS

hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels. First, people are motivated to fulfill basic biological needs for food and shelter, as well as those of safety, love and esteem. Once the lower level needs have been met, the primary motivator becomes the need for self-actualization, or the desire to fulfill one's individual potential.Video: Self Actualization- QUOTESAchievement Motivation- a desire for significant accomplishment For mastery of things, people, or ideas For attaining a high standard David McClelland and John Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns developed the scoring system for the

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) which is used in achievement motivation research.

WHAT MOTIVATES YOU MOST? THE STRIVING FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT AND GREATER GLORY OR THE FEAR OF FAILURE??? WHAT BUTTON?

A mathematical model that proposes that peoples’ motives to achieve and their fear of failure are the primary factors determining whether they will approach or avoid an achievement situation. The model proposes that: need to achieve = motive to achieve success − motive to avoid failure . That is, if the motivation to achieve success is stronger than the motive to avoid failure, the individual will enter into the achievement situation, otherwise he or she may withdraw

TO END WITH JIMMY V - AMAZINGhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuoVM9nm42EJimmy V

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1pvRDFFqs HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1pvRDFFqs&feature=related"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv1pvRDFFqs&feature=related"feature=relatedSteve Jobs5 MINUTE >>>SELF ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVl8tj3Wf58Randy Pauschhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnPu1yJGneQchild eats

Total prevalence of DiabetesTotal: 25.8 million children and adults in the United States—8.3% of the population—have diabetes.Diagnosed: 18.8 million peopleUndiagnosed: 7.0 million peoplePrediabetes: 79 million people*New Cases: 1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in people aged 20 years and older in 2010.* Under 20 years of age

• 215,000, or 0.26% of all people in this age group have diabetes • About 1 in every 400 children and adolescents has diabetes

Age 20 years or older• 25.6 million, or 11.3% of all people in this age group have diabetes

Age 65 years or older• 10.9 million, or 26.9% of all people in this

age group have diabetes Men

• 13.0 million, or 11.8% of all men aged 20 years or older have diabetes Women

• 12.6 million, or 10.8% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes

Optimal Arousal • Not all behaviors reduce immediate physiological needs or tension states.

Hunger MotivationToday’s Topichttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIGMIBkFqVA3 minute secret binge eating tapeTo find out what exactly triggers hunger, A.L Washburn

swallowed a balloon andthen inflated it in his stomach. Once inflated, the balloon would transmit hisstomach contractions to a recording device. Each time he felt hungry, he wouldpush a button.

He revealed that he was having stomach contractions when ever he was hungry. • Even when the stomach was removed from some rats, they were still eating. THEORY DISPROVEDAnother blow to the Cannonand Washburn theory comes from a clever study of two amnesiapatients unable to form memories of new events. Within thirty minutesof eating a full lunch, these patients were offered a second meal,soon to be followed by a third. Their stomachs were full, but becausethey could not remember having so recently eaten, both patients consumedthe meals that were offeredGlucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry . fuel for brain, muscles, heart)

Increased levels can cause diabetes• By increasing insulin, glucose is then reduced because this hormone can convert glucose into stored fat. • Once your blood glucose level drops, your hunger increases. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5fPPO-zYdYWhat does insulin do??INSULINRELEASED FROM THE PANCREAS) IS THE MAGIC KEY!!! OPENS THE CELL DOOR FOR GLUCOSE TO ENTER AND PROVIDE ENERGYSTOPS THE USE OF FAT AS ENERGYGlucagon is released from pancreas when blood sugar levels are low> causes the liver to release stored glucose .TYPE 1 DIABETES>> NO OPEN DOORTotal: 25.8 million children and adults in the United States—8.3% of the population—have diabetes.Diagnosed: 18.8 million peopleUndiagnosed: 7.0 million peoplePrediabetes: 79 million people*

New Cases: 1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in people aged 20 years and older in 2010.* Under 20 years of age

• 215,000, or 0.26% of all people in this age group have diabetes • About 1 in every 400 children and adolescents has diabetes

Age 20 years or older• 25.6 million, or 11.3% of all people in this age group have diabetes

Age 65 years or older• 10.9 million, or 26.9% of all people in this age group have diabetes

Men• 13.0 million, or 11.8% of all men aged 20 years or older have diabetes

Women• 12.6 million, or 10.8% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes

TYPE 2> WEAK OPENING• LEPTIN IMPACT>>>Leptin has traditionally been regarded as a link between fat mass, food intake, and energy expenditureLeptin is a hormone/PROTEIN that assists in regulating both appetite and metabolism. Leptin was only discovered in 1994 – therefore research is only very recent.Leptin levels are

generally proportional to body fat, as leptin is released by fat cells. It is thought that many obese people may have developed Leptin resistance – whereby the body fails to respond to leptin signals. Cutting edge research! This begins a cycle where more leptin is produced.Leptin is secreted into the bloodstream and helps to regulate the amount of fat stored in the body. It acts as a sort of Lipostat; more leptin in the bloodstream increases energy expenditure and decreases food intake while less leptin decreases energy expenditure and increases food intake.

.

Remedies> Never eat heavy after dinner. Maintain circadian rhythm.LEPTIN PEAKS AT AROUND 9:00 HIGH METAB LOW APPETITEWhy Are You Eating at 9:00?? Why? Why? Why?FIRST SIGN OF LEPTIN RESISTANCE> HIGH CRAVINGS OF FOOD AT THIS TIME• 11 HOUR RULE..BETWEEN DINNER AND BREAKFAST• IF YOU HAVE A HARD TIME GOING 5 HOURS WITHOUT EATING? CLEAR SIGN OF LEPTIN

IMBALANCEHunger was found to be centered in the Hypothalamus. • The lateral side THE “ON SWITCH) brings on the stimulus for hunger. When stimulated, animals began to eat and when it was destroyed, starving animals would stop eating. • This happens by this region releasing orexin, a hormone which triggers hunger. Good or Bad???? For weight loss??

BROWN FAT VERSUS WHITE FAT..

YOU WANT BROWN!!!That lucky friend of yours — the one who barely gains weight when eating the same things you eat, even though your waistline expands — might

have a hormone called orexin to thank.

A new study shows that mice deficient in orexin, which is produced in the brain, gained more weight when fed the same high-fat diet as mice that weren't deficient in the hormone.Supplementing this hormone may be one way to help people lose weight, the researchers suggested, though the new findings are preliminary.The hormone helps stave off weight gain because it's involved in the body's production of brown fat, which burns calories rather than storing them as white fat does!!!, the study showed."Without orexin, mice are permanently programmed to be obese. With it, brown fat is activated and they burn more calories," Great Knowledge To have!!Orexin deficiency is associated with obesity, suggesting that orexin supplementation could provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Most current weight loss drugs are aimed at reducing a person's appetite. An orexin-based therapy would represent a new class of fat-fighting drugs -- one that focuses on peripheral

fat-burning tissue rather than the brain's appetite control center."Our study provides a possible reason why some people are overweight or obese despite the fact that they don't overeat -- they might lack the orexin necessary to activate brown fat and increase energy

Increases the sensitivity to LEPTIN• The Ventromedial hypothalamus region depresses hunger THE “OFF BUTTON”, when the area isstimulated, animals will stop eating and when it is destroyed, it will cause theintestines to process food more rapidly. Explained why people with tumors inthis region ate excessively and would gain weight.• Ghrelin is the hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. Makes HIGH CALORIE FOODS more appealing.Breakfast study confirms>>> Groups were given Gherlin>Groups ate a healthy breakfast> Groups with Ghrelin craved the high calorie foodsAlso activates the Brain for LEARNING!!! STUDY BEFORE EATING

NOT AFTER!!!• triggers INCREASE IN HUNGER! IF ALCOHOL OR GREASY FOODS ARE EATEN WHAT HAPPENS??GHRELIN INCREASES AND WE ARE FAMISHED!. PYY i s the digestive hormone which suppresses appetite. RELEASED IN OUR INTESTINES, TELLS US WHEN WE ARE FULL!!!!!!A PEPTIDE> SUPRESSES PANCREASIt is the BRAKE!!

Highest Metabolism and Lowest Body FatIncredible Human Specimen He’s Amazing!One of the theories states that one may manipulate the lateral and ventromedialhypothalamus and alter the body’s center which regulates our intake depending onour predisposed body weight also known as the set point.HORMONE TISSUE RESPONSE

OREXIN INCREASE

HYPOTHALMUS INCREASE HUNGER

GHRELIN INCREASE

STOMACH INCREASE HUNGER

INSULIN INCREASE

PANCREAS INCREASE HUNGER

LEPTIN INCREASE

FAT CELLS DECREASE HUNGER

PPY INCREASE

DIGESTIVE TRACT

DECREASE HUNGER

Glucose SongDavid Lyyken Twins study revelations?Different families, different family weightTwins still had a genetic disposition for the same weight• Fraternal versus IdenticalB asal M etabolic R ate is the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. • This may be untrue because there can be psychological factors which drive hunger. http://www.manuelsweb.com/kg_lbs.htm

http://www.calculator.org/calculate-online/health-fitness/basal-metabolic-rate.aspx Anorexia Nervosa - When a normal-weight person diets and becomessignificantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve .Usually andadolescent female• When a person weighs less than 85% of their normal body weight • 95% of sufferers are female • most are between the ages of 18-30 • 30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIFAoRU1veo HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIFAoRU1veo&feature=related"& HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIFAoRU1veo&feature=related"feature=relatedMANOREXIABulimia Nervosa -Disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of

overeating, usually of high caloric foods, followed by vomiting or over exercise • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIGM HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIGMIBkFqVA"-*- HYPERLINK "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIGMIBkFqVA"IBkFqVASecret Binging Twin research also shows that these eating disorders may have a genetic component. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8A9cQBuV1ATyra on Strange eating disordershttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C78BMJ7D68IGLUCOSE SONG1Achievement Motivation- a desire for significant accomplishment For mastery of things, people, or ideas For attaining a high standard David McClelland and John Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect

achievement concerns developed the scoring system for the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) which is used in achievement motivation research.

A mathematical model that proposes that peoples’ motives to achieve and their fear of failure are the primary factors determining whether they will approach or avoid an achievement situation. The model proposes that: need to achieve = motive to achieve success − motive to avoid failure. That is, if the motivation to achieve success is stronger than the motive to avoid failure, the athlete will enter into the achievement situation, otherwise he or she may withdraw