chapter 1

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. The word philosophy means ________.a. knowledge of the truthb. wisdom and virtuec. inner sightd. the love of wisdome. enlightenment

____ 2. In philosophy, we examine our religious, political, and moral beliefs in order to ________.a. justify themb. reject themc. ask whether we should continue to hold themd. learn how to persuade other people to accept theme. realize that they are only opinions

____ 3. By philosophically examining our basic beliefs about reality and life, we ________.a. make them our ownb. learn how to teach them to othersc. learn to understand our society betterd. draw closer to one another as a communitye. None of the above

____ 4. The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning ability is ________.a. religionb. philosophyc. autonomyd. acculturatione. None of the above

____ 5. Philosophy seeks to understand ________.a. what it means to be a human beingb. the fundamental nature of God and realityc. the sources and limits of knowledged. what is good and right in our lives and in our societiese. All of the above

____ 6. Plato's Myth of the Cave illustrates how ________.a. philosophy is difficultb. philosophy is an activityc. philosophy deals with basic issues of human existenced. the aim of philosophy is freedome. All of the above

____ 7. For the prisoners in Plato's Myth of the Cave, reality would consist of nothing but ________.a. mathematical propositionsb. theatrical performancesc. shadowsd. religious beliefse. clear and distinct ideas

____ 8. Plato's Myth of the Cave is part of ________.a. The Republicb. Euthyphro

c. The Apologyd. Critoe. Man's Search for Meaning

____ 9. Groupthink is the tendency of cohesive groups to ________.a. gradually lose touch with realityb. split over divisive issuesc. become increasingly extreme in their doctrinesd. fixate on one or two hot-button topicse. follow a strong, charismatic leader

____ 10. According to the Greek philosopher Perictione, while other subjects study a particular aspect of the world, philosophy is different because it ________.a. serves no practical purposeb. is vague and abstractc. is concerned with the universe as a wholed. studies "extra-worldly" thingse. All of the above

____ 11. Western culture is the cultural tradition that began in ________.a. North and South Americab. ancient Greece and Romec. Western Europe and Northern Africad. Medieval Englande. the Middle East

____ 12. The three traditional fields of philosophy are ________.a. metaphysics, epistemology, and logicb. religion, ethics, and logicc. metaphysics, logic, and ethicsd. epistemology, metaphysics, and ethicse. ethics, metaphysics, and religion

____ 13. Epistemology is the study of ________.a. the origins of languageb. knowledge and related conceptsc. the nature and structure of realityd. the foundations of human behaviore. All of the above

____ 14. Epistemology is concerned with ________.a. the structure, reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledgeb. the meaning of truthc. logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concernsd. the possibility and foundations of all knowledgee. All of the above

____ 15. According to the feminist philosopher Gail Stenstad, male thinking assumes that there is only one true view of reality and that any contrary views must be rejected as ________.a. falseb. patriarchalc. heresyd. feministe. None of the above

____ 16. Metaphysics is the study of ________.a. the origins of languageb. the meaning of truthc. the nature and structure of realityd. knowledge and related concepts

e. logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns____ 17. Metaphysics is concerned with ________.

a. the place of humans within the universeb. the nature of mind, self, and consciousnessc. the purpose and nature of realityd. the existence of Gode. All of the above

____ 18. The deterministic thesis is defended by ________.a. Viktor Franklb. Baron d'Holbachc. Mahatma Gandhid. Harry Brownee. James Rachels

____ 19. Hindu philosophers such as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan appeal to the idea of karma in order to ________.a. show that human beings are completely determinedb. show that human beings are completely freec. show that all suffering is deservedd. combine both determinism and freedome. None of the above

____ 20. Viktor Frankl believes in human freedom because of his experiences ________.a. in prison campsb. conducting medical researchc. working with drug addictsd. working with violent criminalse. gained from studying animals in the wild

____ 21. Ethics is the study of ________.a. knowledge and related conceptsb. the origins of languagec. values and moral principlesd. the nature and structure of realitye. All of the above

____ 22. Ethics is concerned with ________.a. the purpose and nature of realityb. the destiny of the universec. the immortality of the sould. the nature of moral obligatione. logic and a variety of strictly linguistic concerns

____ 23. ________ held that we should love and serve our enemies.a. Harry Browneb. Mahatma Gandhic. James Rachelsd. Gail Stenstade. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

____ 24. The position that morality is a sham because ultimately humans are selfish is known as ________.a. ethicsb. egoismc. metaphysicsd. logice. altruism

____ 25. Egoism is presented and defended in a selection by ________.a. Viktor Frankl

b. Baron d'Holbachc. Mahatma Gandhid. Harry Brownee. James Rachels

____ 26. A selection by ________ argues against egoism, claiming that "if we speak slowly, and pay attention to what we are saying, it sounds plain silly."a. Viktor Franklb. Baron d'Holbachc. Mahatma Gandhid. Harry Brownee. James Rachels

____ 27. The pre-Socratic philosophers questioned ________.a. conventional moralityb. existing political structuresc. the value of human wisdomd. religious authoritye. All of the above

____ 28. ________ shows Socrates questioning traditional religious beliefs and the nature of religious duty.a. The Republicb. Euthyphroc. Critod. The Apologye. Theaetetus

____ 29. ________ is a dialogue written by Plato.a. The Republicb. Euthyphroc. Critod. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 30. ________ is a dialogue written by Socrates.a. The Republicb. Euthyphroc. Critod. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 31. ________ shows Socrates at his trial, defending his life-long commitment to philosophy and interpreting the Delphic oracle regarding the nature of wisdom.a. The Republicb. Euthyphroc. Critod. The Apologye. Theaetetus

____ 32. ________ shows Socrates awaiting execution, refusing escape, and arguing that people are obliged to obey the laws of the society in which they live.a. The Republicb. Euthyphroc. Critod. The Apologye. Theaetetus

____ 33. Socrates asks Euthyphro to ________.a. provide examples of holinessb. identify the characteristic that makes all holy things holy

c. drop the charges against his fatherd. provide refuge for Socrates against his own accuserse. testify at his trial

____ 34. In the dialogue of the same name, Euthyphro defines holiness as ________.a. prosecuting anyone who is guilty of murder, sacrilege, or similar crimeb. doing what is loved by the godsc. that part of justice that involves service to the godsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 35. In the dialogue of the same name, Euthyphro is represented as charging his father with ________.a. impietyb. corrupting the youthc. drunkennessd. murdere. sexual misconduct

____ 36. In The Apology, Socrates argues that ________.a. the unexamined life is not worth livingb. wealth does not make you good within, but from inner goodness comes wealthc. a good man should not calculate his chances of living or dying, but should ask only

whether he is doing right or wrongd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 37. In Crito, Socrates argues that we should obey the laws of society because ________.a. laws are established by God and it would therefore be unholy to disobey themb. we have no other choicec. we entered into a contract to obey the laws simply by living in the societyd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 38. ________ was Socrates' disciple.a. Platob. Aristotlec. Parmenidesd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 39. Civil disobedience consists of ________.a. peaceful protest against national policyb. theft or vandalism for political reasonsc. breaking the law for reasons of conscienced. the promotion of anarchy by nonviolent meanse. mass protests against racial injustice

____ 40. According to Buddhism, philosophical wisdom will free us from ________.a. mundane tasks and activitiesb. the time and effort of studyc. the cycle of birth, suffering, death and rebirthd. deciding for ourselves what to believee. All of the above

____ 41. Maintenance needs are needs associated with ________.a. securing one's position in societyb. achieving one's full potentialc. developing one's mind and emotionsd. living as a human beinge. having a life that is comfortable

____ 42. A self-actualized or fully functioning person is characterized by ________.a. profound self-awarenessb. flexibilityc. creativityd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 43. The term actualizing needs is associated with the psychologist ________.a. Albert Ellisb. Viktor Franklc. C. G. Jungd. Carl Rogerse. Abraham Maslow

____ 44. Philosophy can help satisfy actualizing needs by ________.a. promoting autonomous beliefsb. equipping us to deal with uncertaintyc. eliciting creativityd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 45. Philosophy can ________.a. contribute to satisfaction of maintenance as well as actualizing needsb. make us less biased and provincialc. prepare us for life's uncertaintiesd. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 46. Actualizing needs include ________.a. self-fulfillmentb. self-expressionc. being all that one can bed. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 47. In Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, one learns to reject the irrational belief that ________.a. feelings are importantb. there is a God who loves usc. every person has valued. life must be fair, or else it's awfule. people are responsible for the bad things that happen to them

____ 48. According to feminist philosopher Janice Moulton, the "adversarial method" ________.a. is used by most philosophersb. uses counterexamplesc. is rooted in male aggressiond. is used to attack others' viewse. All of the above

____ 49. According to Genevieve Lloyd, philosophy has historically valued ________ over ________.a. cooperation, competitionb. seeking wisdom, finding answersc. emotion, reasond. playing games, serious pursuitse. aggression, nurturing

____ 50. Progress through philosophy ________.a. involves intellectual suffering for some peopleb. generally produces tangible, material benefitsc. makes people happier

d. benefits societies, not just individualse. a and d

____ 51. ________ is usually considered the first Western philosopher.a. Socratesb. Platoc. Thalesd. Heraclituse. Parmenides

____ 52. ________ believed everything is composed of water.a. Socratesb. Platoc. Thalesd. Heraclituse. Parmenides

____ 53. ________ is known for his argument that seeks to prove that "a runner cannot move from one point to another."a. Socratesb. Hesiodc. Zenod. Aristotlee. Heraclitus

____ 54. The thesis that all is water is significant because it ________.a. demonstrated the possibility of explaining a complex reality in terms of a few basic

elementsb. initiated a preference for natural versus supernatural explanationc. rejected the authority of the past, especially unprovable religious mythsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 55. ________ proposed that change is the fundamental reality.a. Socratesb. Hesiodc. Thalesd. Heraclituse. Parmenides

____ 56. ________ argued that change is but an illusion.a. Socratesb. Platoc. Thalesd. Heraclituse. Parmenides

____ 57. ________ is known for his argument that nothingness or "nonbeing" cannot be real.a. Socratesb. Platoc. Thalesd. Heraclituse. Parmenides

____ 58. The contributions of the pre-Socratics include ________.a. teaching us to rely on reasonb. teaching us to search for new ways of looking at realityc. introducing the problem of "the one and the many"d. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 59. ________ was the great idea contained in the Vedas.a. All reality is changingb. Change cannot existc. Reality must be explained in terms of natured. All reality is made of watere. There is a fundamental reality underlying everything in the universe

____ 60. Brahman is ________.a. a poetical hymnb. ultimate realityc. one's past actionsd. one's deepest selfe. None of the above

____ 61. Indian philosophers held that ultimate reality can only be understood if one understands ________.a. natureb. Godc. the ultimate constituent(s) of the universed. one's deepest selfe. All of the above

____ 62. The foundational idea of Indian philosophy is that ________ and ________ are actually the same.a. deepest self, Godb. God, ultimate realityc. deepest self, ultimate realityd. nature, Gode. nature, change

____ 63. In Voltaire's "Story of a Good Brahman", the Brahman is unhappy because ________.a. he is poorb. he is ignorantc. he lives aloned. no one listens to hime. None of the above

____ 64. In "Story of a Good Brahman", the narrator concludes that we would rather be ________ than happy.a. miserableb. wisec. richd. virtuouse. free

____ 65. Jiddu Krishnamurti thinks that the function of education is to ________.a. to give each person a clearer vision of his or her personal goalsb. to bring the realization that life is ultimately meaninglessc. to improve one's career possibilitiesd. to help people be truer to their faith communitiese. to help each person to live freely and without fear

____ 66. According to Jiddu Krishnamurti, the only way to discover the truth is to ________.a. conform to traditionb. be in constant revoltc. study great thinkersd. not believe anythinge. a and c

____ 67. Groupthink tends to be caused by ________.a. a desire to preserve friendly intra-group relationsb. an "us-versus-them" mentalityc. an illusion of the group's invulnerability

d. self-censorshipe. Gail Stenstad

____ 68. Socrates was brought to trial on charges made by ________.a. Platob. Euthyphroc. Chaerephond. Meletuse. Crito

____ 69. ________ was told by the Delphic oracle that no one was wiser than Socrates.a. Platob. Euthyphroc. Chaerephond. Meletuse. Crito

____ 70. Euthyphro takes place at ________.a. a synagogueb. the court of the kingc. the marketplaced. a religious sacrificee. the trial of Socrates

____ 71. The term fully functioning person is associated with ________.a. Abraham Maslowb. Carl Rogersc. Bertrand Russelld. Viktor Frankle. Mahatma Gandhi

____ 72. Twentieth-century process philosophers hold views similar to those of ________.a. Parmenidesb. Zenoc. Heraclitusd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 73. ________ is the proud young man in the parable from the Upanishads.a. Sarvepallib. Mahatmac. Chandogyad. Svetaketue. Brahman

Chapter 2

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Our views about human nature affect ________.a. our relationship to other peopleb. our relationship to the universec. what we do with our livesd. All of the abovee. a and c only

____ 2. Thomas Hobbes believed ________.a. humans are basically selfishb. humans desire power over othersc. humans are basically machinesd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 3. Psychological egoism is the belief that ________.a. beings act only from self-interestb. it is psychologically beneficial to act only from self-interestc. it is psychologically harmful to act only from self-interestd. psychology cannot be taken seriously because psychologists cannot separate their selves

from their studiese. ultimately there is only one ego

____ 4. Desmond Morris suggests that apparently unselfish behavior is actually a kind of selfish activity, aimed at ________.a. satisfying a desire to feel virtuousb. building a reputation for kindnessc. intimidating othersd. preserving one's genese. All of the above

____ 5. Plato believed the self consisted of ________.a. reason, appetite, and desireb. reason, spirit, and appetitec. mind, body, and sould. reason, spirit, and soule. id, ego, and psyche

____ 6. According to a rationalist view like Plato's, the ________ part of a human being should rule over the ________.a. material, immaterial aspectsb. emotional, aggressive impulsesc. physical, emotionsd. reasoning, appetitese. All of the above

____ 7. One possible danger of a rationalist view of human nature is that ________.a. human beings who are less than fully rational may be considered subhumanb. it may mislead people into thinking they can control their aggressionsc. some people may stop believing in immaterial soulsd. it encourages people to deny the existence of free wille. None of the above

____ 8. According to Max Baezerman, people regularly overestimate the risk of dying from something like ________.a. an auto accidentb. smokingc. eating fatty foodsd. being attacked by a beare. All of the above

____ 9. In the Judeo-Christian view, ________.a. humans have both intellect and willb. the level of intelligence is unimportantc. life's ultimate purpose is love and service to Godd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 10. According to Aquinas, the ultimate purpose of human beings is ________.a. to overcome desire through reasonb. to obtain pleasurec. to know Godd. to know good and evile. none of the above

____ 11. According to Darwin, ________.a. man is just a higher animalb. evolution produces purposeful behaviorc. God does not existd. a giraffe with a longer neck is likely to have more offspringe. a and d only

____ 12. The starting point of existentialism, for Sartre is the idea that ________.a. we spend most of our lives trying to escape anguishb. the ultimate meaning of the universe is beyond our understandingc. human beings are "condemned to be free"d. a human being is defined by rationalitye. humanism is better than religion

____ 13. The ________ view holds that the human self creates its own nature.a. Easternb. existentialc. essentialistd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 14. Sartre believed ________.a. there is no Godb. there can be no external justification for our valuesc. we are responsible for all our behavior, except that which results from unconscious mental

statesd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 15. According to Sartre, because there is no God, ________.a. traditional religions are dangerousb. we are each responsible for creating our own nature and purposec. we cannot know where we came fromd. all human beings are one family, not separated by religione. All of the above

____ 16. ________ wrote: "Existence precedes essence."a. Aquinasb. Jean-Paul Sartre

c. Albert Einsteind. Aristotlee. Plato

____ 17. The concept of "bad faith" is associated with ________.a. Aquinasb. Jean-Paul Sartrec. Aristotled. St. Augustinee. Konrad Lorenz

____ 18. Existentialism deals with concepts such as ________.a. freedomb. responsibilityc. anguishd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 19. Plato and Sartre disagreed as regards ________.a. human natureb. reasonc. moralityd. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 20. Existentialism views freedom as ________.a. a socially conferred conditionb. a divinely conferred conditionc. a state of beingd. an illusione. a prescientific concept

____ 21. Feminists object that the rationalist view of human nature ________.a. is biased against womenb. values reason above emotionc. associates women with emotiond. associates men with reasone. all of the above

____ 22. Genevieve Lloyd argues that the rationalist view of human nature can only be changed if we acknowledge that ________.a. women are just as rational as menb. emotion is just as valuable as reasonc. the concepts of "emotion" and "reason" are biasedd. the emotions should rule over reasone. All of the above

____ 23. Aristotle believes that men should rule over women because ________.a. women are physically weaker than menb. women are less intelligent than menc. women bear childrend. women are less rational than mene. All of the above

____ 24. According to René Descartes, ________.a. all human selves are essentially the sameb. the essence of a human self is consciousc. the essence of a human self is immateriald. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 25. The defining characteristic that makes something what it is is its ________.a. essenceb. definitionc. existenced. freedome. determining factor

____ 26. Thomas Hobbes denied the existence of an immaterial mind partly because ________.a. he did not want to be forced to use strictly quantitative methods to describe the mindb. he disagreed with Copernicus, Galileo, and Keplerc. he did not see how an immaterial mind could affect a material bodyd. the mind is not the same thing as the soule. the immaterial mind was a religious concept, and he considered all religion to be false

____ 27. The idea that one kind of reality can be completely understood in terms of another kind is called ________.a. scientificb. reductionismc. realismd. explanationisme. physicalism

____ 28. According to J. J. C. Smart, ________.a. "brain state" is part of the meaning of the term "sensation"b. there is a contingent identity between sensations and brain statesc. there is an analytic connection between "brain state" and "sensation"d. a and b onlye. None of the above

____ 29. The difference between behaviorism and functionalism lies in the different things they say about ________.a. what behavior an intelligent organism is capable ofb. the relation between mind and matterc. private mental statesd. the relation between thought and emotione. a and b only

____ 30. Eliminative materialism says that in an adequate theory of human nature, all reference to ________ will have to be given up.a. feelingsb. beliefsc. desiresd. consciousnesse. All of the above

____ 31. The ________ view denies the reality of the self.a. Easternb. traditionalc. rationald. All of the abovee. a and c only

____ 32. ________ teaches that the self is an illusion.a. Judaismb. Christianityc. Buddhismd. All of the abovee. None of the above

____ 33. Buddhism is characterized by ________.a. extreme asceticismb. the view that humans have no self

c. the view that all reality is in a constant state of fluxd. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 34. ________ was a Western philosopher whose commitments to empiricism led him to conclude the self was but a fiction.a. René Descartesb. Thomas Hobbesc. David Humed. Immanuel Kante. C. J. Ducasse

____ 35. Nirvana means ________.a. eternal lifeb. no selfc. all is sufferingd. blowing oute. sleep

____ 36. Descartes and Kant both see the self as ________.a. illusoryb. socially definedc. independent and self-sufficientd. infinitee. none of the above

____ 37. According to Hegel, each person depends on other people to provide ________.a. spiritual communityb. information about the worldc. emotional supportd. recognition as a free beinge. None of the above

____ 38. Plato believed his forms ________.a. must be realb. must exist outside the mindc. must exist in a transcendent realmd. are inaccessible to human sensese. All of the above

____ 39. For Plato, all true knowledge ________.a. depends on the sensesb. is a recollection from a prior existencec. is knowledge of geometryd. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 40. Plato believed the forms ________.a. are more real than their replicasb. are abstractions of the human mind that exist only in the mindc. are abstractions of the human mind that exist in spatio-temporal objectsd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 41. Plato's forms ________.a. are unchangingb. depend for their existence on physical objectsc. include truth, justice, and horsed. a and b onlye. a and c only

____ 42. Plato's story about Leontis is used to demonstrate that ________.a. reason is separate from appetiteb. reason is separate from spiritc. spirit is separate from appetited. reason is superior to spirite. spirit is superior to appetite

____ 43. Plato held that personal happiness and virtue ________.a. depend on properly subordinating the parts of the soul so that the whole is harmoniousb. are possible only in an afterlifec. require great wealthd. a and b onlye. a and c only

____ 44. Plato held that the best political ruler would be a ________.a. Greekb. philosopherc. lawyerd. mane. god

____ 45. In the chariot analogy in Plato's Phaedrus, the horses represent ________.a. the two ruling classes in the ideal stateb. the two parts of the soul that obey reasonc. the male and female elements in the human spiritd. virtue and vicee. None of the above

____ 46. Plato argues that a man is just when ________.a. each part within him does what is proper for it to dob. he does not take unfair advantage of anyone elsec. he obeys the laws of the societyd. he does not criticize otherse. None of the above

____ 47. Aristotle founded a school called ________.a. the Academyb. the Lyceumc. Plato's Heavend. the Peripatetice. the University

____ 48. Aristotle's students included ________.a. Socratesb. Platoc. Alexander the Greatd. a and b onlye. b and c only

____ 49. Aristotle believed that Plato's forms ________.a. do not existb. exist in a transcendent realmc. exist in physical objectsd. b and c onlye. None of the above

____ 50. Aristotle believed there were ________ different kinds of causes.a. twob. threec. four

d. fivee. six

____ 51. The substance of which something is composed is called its ________.a. substantial causeb. formal causec. efficient caused. material causee. esse

____ 52. The reason or purpose of something is called its ________.a. first causeb. final causec. rational caused. real causee. formal cause

____ 53. For Aristotle, to say that something has a soul is to say that ________.a. it is humanb. it is alivec. it is immortald. it is rationale. it is conscious

____ 54. For Aristotle, knowledge of forms depends on ________.a. knowledge of mathematicsb. experiences in a prior lifec. experiences in this lifed. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 55. For Aristotle, happiness is ________.a. to be found in this worldb. an end that is never a means to anything elsec. best achieved by regulating one's life according to the dictates of reasond. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 56. For Aristotle, the natural function of a human being is the exercise of ________.a. spiritb. appetitec. reasond. dominion over naturee. artistic talent

____ 57. For Aristotle, aiming at the mean ________.a. means avoiding both excess and deficiencyb. will promote happinessc. will promote moral virtued. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 58. The cornerstone of Confucius's philosophy is jen, a word which means ________.a. virtueb. disciplinec. reasond. prudencee. courage

____ 59. According to Confucius, virtue ________.

a. is the foundation of a well-ordered societyb. is love for all humanityc. is the basis of all moralityd. requires self-controle. All of the above

____ 60. For Confucius, the heart of virtue is ________.a. honestyb. reciprocityc. braveryd. obediencee. intelligence

____ 61. According to Confucius, in order to ensure social harmony it is of particular importance that ________ practice virtue.a. womenb. rulersc. subjectsd. childrene. teachers

____ 62. Confucius held that the best way for a ruler to instill virtue in his subjects is to ________.a. have severe penalties for wrongdoingb. establish a democracyc. practice virtued. educate theme. All of the above

____ 63. According to Confucius, ________ is the ultimate value.a. knowledgeb. virtuec. reasond. powere. beauty

____ 64. The ethics of Confucius is based on ________.a. reasonb. equalityc. self-sacrificed. individualisme. human nature

____ 65. In "Warm," the protagonist discovers that ________.a. he has no voiceb. he likes being in lovec. other people do not really existd. he really existse. None of the above

____ 66. C. E. M. Joad argues that mind is distinct from brain because ________.a. the spirit survives after deathb. the mind is a computer programc. brains cannot pass the Turing Testd. minds understand nonmaterial meaningse. All of the above

____ 67. E. V. Spelman argues that ________.a. the mind is distinct from the bodyb. mind simply is the brainc. the mind/body distinction must be rethought

d. women need to develop their minds moree. mind is like a computer program

____ 68. William James decided to believe in free will, ________.a. because he rejected determinismb. in order to be able to look at life more realisticallyc. after he had abandoned his studies in engineeringd. after he had been through a period of emotional strugglee. because this fit with his socialist political views

____ 69. ________ once wrote: "Reason and routine kept people in a straitjacket which made their living flesh rot beneath it."a. Arthur Koestlerb. Georg Hegelc. Jean-Paul Sartred. William Jamese. St. Augustine

____ 70. In the Christian tradition, ________ was influenced by ________.a. Plato, Plotinusb. Aristotle, Plotinusc. Augustine, Platod. Zeno, Plotinuse. Plotinus, Augustine

____ 71. René Descartes argued that body and soul must be separate because ________.a. if they were the same we could not survive the death of the bodyb. we are created in the image of Godc. we can conceive of one without the otherd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 72. The Buddha's followers ________.a. were wealthy businessmenb. were asceticsc. practiced a middle way between asceticism and worldly indulgenced. did as they pleased since the Buddha refused to recognize their existencee. None of the above

____ 73. ________ believed that all reality is in a constant state of flux.a. Heraclitusb. The Buddhac. Twentieth-century process philosophersd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 74. Following the Buddha's death, the core doctrines of Buddhism were passed down through the generations by the ________ school of Buddhism.a. Theravadab. Mahayanac. Mahasanghikad. Vajrayanae. Soka-Gakkai

____ 75. ________ wrote: "Even if there were a perfect Good that existed apart from the many things in our world which are good, . . . this good would not be anything that we humans can realize or attain."a. Platob. Aristotlec. Jean-Paul Sartred. Aquinas

e. Jesus of Nazareth____ 76. ________ asked: "While you do not know about life, how can you know about death?"

a. Confuciusb. Aristotlec. Platod. The Buddhae. Arthur Koestler

____ 77. According to David Chalmers, mind-body dualism is true in the sense that ________.a. either a mind or a body can pass the Turing Testb. mind is a different substance from matterc. mental properties are not physical propertiesd. one can conceptualize the world as either entirely mental or entirely physicale. None of the above

chapter3

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Metaphysics is ________.a. the study of the nature of ultimate valuesb. the critical study of the nature of realityc. the scientific study of traditional beliefsd. the study of subjects that are not related to the physical sciencese. the analytical study of human consciousness

____ 2. Saint Augustine ________.a. was an idealistb. was a materialistc. was a pragmatistd. thought of reality as an illusione. thought of reality as a continuum with humans somewhere in the middle

____ 3. ________ is the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality.a. Idealismb. Materialismc. Pragmatismd. Existentialisme. Phenomenology

____ 4. ________ and ________ were materialists.a. Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Laplaceb. George Berkeley, Isaac Newtonc. Jean-Paul Sartre, Thomas Hobbesd. Pierre Laplace, Norman Malcolme. Goethe, Pythagoras

____ 5. Materialists ________.a. embrace the scientific methodb. embrace determinismc. are reductionisticd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 6. ________ is a term used to express the fact that the objects of consciousness need not exist.a. Idealismb. Awarenessc. Intensionalityd. Phenomenologye. Reductionism

____ 7. According to Werner Heisenberg, modern physics seems to show that ________.a. idealism is falseb. materialism is truec. reality is ultimately unknowabled. reality depends on the minde. None of the above

____ 8. ________ and ________ were idealists.a. Arthur Eddington, Platob. Pythagoras, Pierre Laplacec. Thomas Hobbes, Plato

d. Augustine, George Berkeleye. Jean-Paul Sartre, Søren Kierkegaard

____ 9. ________ is the belief that reality is essentially idea, thought, or mind.a. Idealismb. Materialismc. Pragmatismd. Essentialisme. Existentialism

____ 10. ________ is the position that the world consists of my own mind and things that are dependent on it.a. Subjective idealismb. Objective idealismc. Pragmatic idealismd. Phenomenologye. Egoism

____ 11. According to Vasubandhu, the way to realize that the external world is only a dream is ________.a. to study and to have faithb. to shut out all sense experiencec. to realize that our dreams seem real when we are having themd. to practice meditation and to live ethicallye. None of the above

____ 12. Voltaire's Candide ________.a. argues in favor of materialismb. argues in favor of idealismc. argues in favor of existentialismd. rejects the choice between materialism and idealism as a false dichotomye. None of the above

____ 13. Pragmatism is ________.a. not concerned with traditional philosophical problemsb. defined by the range of topics it handles, not by its methodc. rationalistic and pessimisticd. humanistic and scientifice. None of the above

____ 14. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for understanding the function of ideas in fostering reasoned consensus.a. C. S. Peirceb. John Deweyc. William Jamesd. Herbert Spencere. Edmund Husserl

____ 15. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for social criticism and reassessment of the functions of education, the arts, etc.a. C. S. Peirceb. John Deweyc. William Jamesd. Herbert Spencere. Edmund Husserl

____ 16. For ________ pragmatism was a tool for understanding the function of ideas in personal experience as instruments of will and desire.a. C. S. Peirceb. John Deweyc. William Jamesd. Herbert Spencere. Edmund Husserl

____ 17. According to John Dewey, philosophy arises from ________.a. wonderb. boredomc. struggle with social or moral problemsd. confusione. None of the above

____ 18. Logical Positivists ________.a. try to understand the world by understanding languageb. object that neither idealism nor materialism has paid sufficient attention to their use of

languagec. invented the process of bracketing to set aside language that fails to satisfy the criterion of

verifiabilityd. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 19. According to A. J. Ayer, metaphysical claims are ________.a. relations of ideasb. matters of factc. tautologiesd. empirical claimse. None of the above

____ 20. According to A. J. Ayer, ________.a. propositions are never significantb. there is one type of significant propositionc. there are two types of significant propositiond. there are three types of significant propositione. there is an indefinite number of types of significant proposition

____ 21. Critics object that ________ have tried to define away the genuine problems underlying metaphysical speculation.a. idealistsb. pragmatistsc. phenomenologistsd. existentialistse. logical positivists

____ 22. Critics charge that if we apply the criterion of verifiability to itself it turns out to be ________.a. circularb. a tautologyc. falsed. true, but trivially soe. meaningless

____ 23. According to Rudolf Carnap, metaphysical claims ________.a. have an expressive function onlyb. have a representative function onlyc. have both representative and expressive functionsd. have neither representative nor expressive functionse. may have either representative or expressive functions, but not both

____ 24. Realism is the view that there exists a real world with features that are independent of ________.a. our languageb. our perceptionsc. our beliefsd. our thoughtse. All of the above

____ 25. The new idealists think that reality is dependent on ________.

a. our ideasb. our languagec. our perceptionsd. our system of conceptse. b and d

____ 26. According to ______, the number of objects in the world depends on the counting system we use.a. Jean Grimshawb. Dale Spenderc. John Searled. John Gribbine. Hilary Putnam

____ 27. According to _______, we make realities by drawing boundaries around things with language.a. John Searleb. Nelson Goodmanc. A. A. Luced. Jean Grimshawe. V. S. Pritchett

____ 28. Max Tegmark argues that other parts of the universe must be just like the part we see, because the visible universe is ________ and the overall universe is ________.a. composed of matter, composed of energyb. orderly, chaoticc. non-self-sustaining, self-sustainingd. finite, infinitee. None of the above

____ 29. According to Dale Spender, a "multidimensional framework" would ________.a. give the one true picture of realityb. do away with all limiting classification systemsc. not privilege some experiences over othersd. not give an adequate account of oppressione. a and b

____ 30. Jean Grimshaw objects to the new idealism on the grounds that ________.a. many different languages describe the same realityb. the world consists of objects, not ideasc. its truth depends on what classification system you used. it does not give an adequate account of oppressione. All of the above

____ 31. According to John Searle, our linguistic practices presuppose ________.a. a classification systemb. metaphysical realismc. idealismd. a languagee. a multidimensional framework

____ 32. John Searle objects to antirealism on the grounds that it ________.a. confuses language-dependent descriptions with language-independent realityb. confuses classifications systems with languagec. claims that description depends on languaged. is language dependente. privileges one language system over others

____ 33. ________ is the study of what appears to consciousness.a. Idealismb. Existentialismc. Pragmatism

d. Phenomenologye. Solipsism

____ 34. According to what Edmund Husserl calls the natural standpoint, the fact-world ________.a. exists outside timeb. does not include the perceiving selfc. is the same as the phenomenal worldd. is an illusione. is "out there"

____ 35. Phenomenology and existentialism both ________.a. are unsympathetic to science as a cognitive enterpriseb. stress contemplation of truthc. are critical of abstractionsd. All of the abovee. a and c only

____ 36. One important theme in the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard is ________.a. the victory of reason over passionb. overcoming the sense of a need for Godc. objectivity in the sense of getting outside the subjective selfd. an understanding of the self as a thinking beinge. clarity about what a person is to do

____ 37. ________ and ________ were existentialists.a. Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camusb. Martin Heidegger, Paul Tillichc. Martin Heidegger, Martin Buberd. Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Pontye. George Berkeley, Edmund Husserl

____ 38. ________ divides reality into being-for-itself and being-in-itself.a. Edmund Husserlb. Martin Heideggerc. Martin Buberd. Friedrich Nietzschee. Jean-Paul Sartre

____ 39. Critics of ________ have objected that what appears as self-given may be relative to the bracketing process.a. Edmund Husserlb. Martin Heideggerc. Martin Buberd. Friedrich Nietzschee. Jean-Paul Sartre

____ 40. The determinist view of reality holds that ________.a. causal determinism does not rule out human freedom and personal responsibilityb. humans are not free nor are they personally responsible for what they doc. some events are not causally determined by previous events and the laws of natured. only the determined person can succeed in lifee. None of the above

____ 41. The libertarian view of reality holds that ________.a. humans are not personally responsible for what they dob. human freedom and causal determinism are both truec. political liberty is the key to prosperityd. human actions are not causally determined by previous events and the laws of naturee. None of the above

____ 42. The compatibilist holds that ________.

a. Freedom is compatible with indeterminism (or randomness)b. Freedom is compatible with obedience to dutyc. Freedom simply means an absence of prior causes for one's actionsd. Freedom simply means an absence of external restraints or confinementse. None of the above

____ 43. According to Immanuel Kant, determinism and libertarianism ________.a. are both falseb. do not really conflictc. can be reconciled by a compatibilist approachd. are each correct, depending on one's point of viewe. None of the above

____ 44. ________ said "If no one asks me, I know what time is; if someone asks and I want to explain it, I do not know."a. J. M. E. McTaggartb. J. J. C. Smartc. Saint Augustined. Immanuel Kante. Henri Bergson

____ 45. The subjective view of time as we experience it, is a view ________.a. that all philosophers reject as an illusionb. that sees time as flowing from future, through present, and into the pastc. that McTaggart says makes sense and is not contradictoryd. that J. J. C. argues is not an illusione. that Henri Bergson argues is an illusion

____ 46. ________ construes the self as part of the matter that composes the universe, subject to deterministic laws.a. Pragmatismb. Idealismc. Phenomenologyd. Existentialisme. Materialism

____ 47. ________ rejects absolutes, thus creating a picture of the self as a multidimensional entity that both influences and is influenced by its environment.a. Pragmatismb. Idealismc. Phenomenologyd. Existentialisme. Materialism

____ 48. ________ construes the self as an entity whose perceptions are the basis for the reality of physical objects.a. Pragmatismb. Idealismc. Phenomenologyd. Existentialisme. Materialism

____ 49. For the ________, the self is whatever we choose to make it.a. pragmatistb. idealistc. phenomenologistd. existentialiste. materialist

____ 50. For the ________, the self is pure being.a. pragmatistb. idealist

c. phenomenologistd. existentialiste. materialist

____ 51. According to Thomas Hobbes, ________ is the origin of all thought.a. reasonb. sensationc. anamnesisd. imaginatione. instinct

____ 52. For Hobbes, decaying sense can be either ________ or ________.a. imagination, reasonb. imagination, memoryc. unguided, regulatedd. random, guidede. reason, memory

____ 53. For Hobbes, mental discourse can be either ________ or ________.a. imagination, reasonb. imagination, memoryc. unguided, regulatedd. random, guidede. reason, memory

____ 54. According to Hobbes, a desire is ________.a. different from an appetiteb. the result of deliberationc. not important to how one actsd. an impulse to move toward somethinge. None of the above

____ 55. As Hobbes uses the term, a Leviathan is ________.a. a sea monsterb. a governmentc. an irrational desired. a political despote. a religious myth

____ 56. The phrase esse est percipi means ________.a. I think therefore I amb. the unexamined life is not worth livingc. know thyselfd. to exist is to be perceivede. existence precedes essence

____ 57. The phrase esse est percipi is associated with ________.a. David Humeb. René Descartesc. Thomas Hobbesd. George Berkeleye. Thomas Aquinas

____ 58. According to George Berkeley, experience reveals ________.a. only one sort of existentb. two sorts of existentsc. three sorts of existentsd. a rich diversity of many different types of existentse. no existents of any type

____ 59. According to George Berkeley, when a tree is not being perceived by any human being or animal, ________.a. the tree does not existb. God still perceives the treec. the tree still exists as a material objectd. the tree still exists as a collection of unperceived sensationse. None of the above

____ 60. In V. S. Pritchett's short story "The Saint," the narrator ________.a. meets a religious leaderb. has religious doubtsc. at first believes that disease is only in the mindd. loses his religious faithe. All of the above

____ 61. According to A. A. Luce, the basic constituent of reality is ________.a. languageb. ideasc. sense datad. mattere. All of the above

____ 62. A. A. Luce claims that we only directly experience ________.a. sense datab. matterc. ideasd. conceptse. c and d

____ 63. In the "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment, the cat ends up being ________.a. deadb. alivec. neither dead nor alived. nearly dead but not quitee. None of the above

____ 64. According to John Gribbin, quantum mechanics shows that ________.a. there is an underlying reality to the worldb. there are infinitesimally small particlesc. Schrödinger's cat is deadd. we can predict the behavior of all particles with exactitudee. there may be no underlying reality to the world

____ 65. ________ believed that this is the best of all possible worlds.a. Voltaireb. Candidec. Leibnizd. Sartree. Camus

____ 66. Anthropomorphism is the fallacy of ________.a. ascribing human characteristics to something nonhumanb. ascribing nonhuman characteristics to human beingsc. making human opinion the measure of all thingsd. giving a false account of the human forme. trying to change human beings into something else

____ 67. ________ and ________ were logical positivists.a. G. E. Moore, A. J. Ayerb. Edmund Husserl, Rudolf Carnapc. Rudolf Carnap, A. J. Ayer

d. Gilbert Ryle, G. E. Mooree. Rudolf Carnap, Gilbert Ryle

____ 68. According to Thomas Hobbes, memory is like ________.a. a sculpture being eroded by windb. heat given off by a firec. water being frozen into iced. water moving after the wind stopse. ice being melted by a fire

____ 69. George Berkeley wrote ________.a. Leviathanb. A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledgec. Candided. Critique of Pure Reasone. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

____ 70. ________ wrote that "the meaningfulness of our public utterances already presupposes an independently existing reality to that expressions in those utterances can refer."a. George Berkeleyb. Thomas Hobbesc. William Jamesd. John Searlee. Edmund Husserl

chapter 4

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. ________ is the rational study of religious beliefs by scholars committed to those beliefs.a. Philosophyb. Theologyc. Religiond. Theisme. Dogma

____ 2. Religion ________.a. stresses personal commitmentb. is generally founded on beliefc. frequently finds expression through institutionalized rituald. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 3. ________ is belief in a personal God who is creator of the world and with whom we may come into intimate contact.a. Monotheismb. Theismc. Pantheismd. Panentheisme. Animism

____ 4. ________ was the first to present the ontological argument in a formal, self-conscious manner.a. Saint Augustineb. Saint Aquinasc. Saint Anselmd. Saint Francise. René Descartes

____ 5. ________ is belief that there is only one God.a. Monotheismb. Theismc. Pantheismd. Panentheisme. Polytheism

____ 6. The ________ argues for the existence of God from the nature of God's being.a. ontological argumentb. cosmological argumentc. design argumentd. existential argumente. natural argument

____ 7. The ________ argues that since an infinite causal chain is impossible, God must be an uncaused cause.a. ontological argumentb. cosmological argumentc. design argumentd. atheiste. pantheist

____ 8. In Wilbur Daniel Steele's "The Man Who Saw Through Heaven," Herbert Diana responds to the discoveries of science by ________.a. giving up his religious belief

b. rejecting the teachings of sciencec. realizing how religion and science can work togetherd. sinking into despaire. None of the above

____ 9. By "God," Anselm meant ________.a. natureb. the greatest being imaginablec. an uncaused caused. an unmoved movere. nothing: he left the term undefined.

____ 10. Against the ontological argument, ________ reasoned that existence is not a property but a relationship between the thing conceived and the world.a. Saint Anselmb. Thomas Aquinasc. René Descartesd. Immanuel Kante. Baruch Spinoza

____ 11. Some critics of the cosmological argument say that it contradicts itself, because ________.a. the idea of an omnipotent being is not self-consistentb. the idea of an uncaused cause is not self-consistentc. there may in fact be an infinite regress of causal sequencesd. if everything must have a cause, God must have a causee. None of the above

____ 12. The ________ argues that the order and purpose manifest in the working of things demand a God.a. ontological argumentb. cosmological argumentc. design argumentd. pantheiste. panentheist

____ 13. William Paley's example of finding a watch in the heath is used to illustrate ________.a. the ontological argumentb. the cosmological argumentc. the design argumentd. atheisme. pantheism

____ 14. Pantheism is the belief that ________.a. God is limitedb. God and the universe are identicalc. God is transcendent, beyond experienced. everything is in Gode. everything that happens is necessary

____ 15. Panentheism tries to merge ________.a. theism and atheismb. theism and pantheismc. pantheism and atheismd. pantheism and monotheisme. atheism and agnosticism

____ 16. According to Étienne Gilson, the most basic questions asked by modern science are ________.a. unanswerableb. answered by traditional religionc. fundamentally different from religious questionsd. fundamentally nonscientific

e. None of the above____ 17. The problem of ________ is the problem of reconciling the apparent existence of evil with the presumed

existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful, all-good God.a. evilb. theismc. Godd. omnisciencee. numinous experience

____ 18. Arguments against the problem of evil include: ________.a. evil is only the absence of goodb. evil is caused by humansc. a world without evil would be ill-suited to the purpose of moral and spiritual developmentd. evil is necessary for goode. All of the above

____ 19. ________ claim that the existence of God can neither be proved nor disproved, and thus that we should neither accept nor reject the proposition.a. Atheistsb. Agnosticsc. Pantheistsd. Panentheistse. Animists

____ 20. Sigmund Freud's proposal that the image of God as Father is based a religious person's recollection of his or her human father ________.a. is part of Freud's theories about adolescenceb. is offered without much supportc. is today widely rejectedd. has been borne out by psychoanalytic researche. has been shown to be false

____ 21. As James uses the terms, a genuine option is not ________.a. livingb. momentousc. forcedd. avoidablee. both forced and living

____ 22. James's three pairs of hypothetical options are ________.a. living/dead, good/bad, momentous/trivialb. momentous/insignificant, living/dead, forced/genuinec. genuine/forced, living/dead, momentous/avoidabled. living/dead, forced/trivial, momentous/avoidablee. forced/avoidable, momentous/trivial, living/dead

____ 23. A numinous experience is often characterized by feelings of ________.a. terrorb. infinite dependencec. mysteryd. blisse. All of the above

____ 24. ________ is the experience of a reality we can truly know only when we surrender our individual selves and sense a union with the divine ground of all existence.a. Agnosticismb. Mysticismc. A momentous optiond. A living option

e. Animism____ 25. For most Americans, the proposal "Believe in the gods of the Vikings or those of the Greeks" would probably

be a ________ option.a. livingb. deadc. triviald. momentouse. forced

____ 26. According to physicist John Polkinghorne, the real point of the question "Can a scientist pray?" is whether ________.a. a sense of wonder is a kind of prayerb. we can ask God for somethingc. God cares what we thinkd. a scientist can believe in a Creatore. None of the above

____ 27. What Kierkegaard calls objective thinking is, in his view ________.a. the goal of philosophical speculationb. irrelevant to anything importantc. limited in what it can accomplishd. easy for the person who is determinede. impossible

____ 28. According to Kierkegaard, religious faith ________.a. involves subjective thinkingb. involves an encounter with the unknownc. defies objective analysisd. involves a leap of faithe. All of the above

____ 29. Kierkegaard believes that ________.a. faith can be based on direct observation of Godb. faith can be based on rational inferences from the nature of the worldc. we should not be dissuaded from believing in God by doubts arising at the level of

objective reasond. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 30. According to Paul Tillich, God is ________.a. the supreme beingb. being itselfc. not a being at alld. a and b onlye. b and c only

____ 31. According to Paul Tillich, only ________ can seriously say, "Life has no depth. Life is shallow. Being is surface only."a. mysticsb. animistsc. pantheistsd. agnosticse. atheists

____ 32. A tautology is ________.a. a blind leap of faithb. a mystical experiencec. a statement in which the predicate repeats the subjectd. a statement in which the predicate is undefined

e. a scientific law____ 33. According to Mary Daly, Christianity and Judaism present God as our "Father in heaven" in order to

________.a. justify the domination of men over womenb. reassure people that someone is watching over themc. justify the association of "up" with good things and "down" with bad things.d. explain the role of rain in the rhythms of naturee. None of the above

____ 34. Daly believes that traditional conceptions of God are oppressive to women and should be ________.a. revised, because God isn't really maleb. replaced by worship of "The Goddess"c. replaced by atheismd. abandoned, because "maleness" is essential to our conception of Gode. b and d

____ 35. Worship of "The Goddess" will differ from traditional Judeo-Christian worship because it will ________.a. be for women onlyb. be nonhierarchicalc. be matriarchald. not value mene. All of the above

____ 36. Pamela Dickey Young shares Daly's goal of moving away from a conception of God as male, but differs with Daly ________.a. over how crucial the issue of God's gender isb. over how widespread the image of God as male isc. in wanting to picture God as neither male nor femaled. in preferring a non-personal God to a personal onee. in believing that maleness is not essential to the Judeo-Christian God

____ 37. Hinduism is characterized by ________.a. belief in the fundamental oneness of realityb. a hierarchical, tiered system of valuesc. belief in the law of karmad. All of the abovee. a and c only

____ 38. The Four Noble Truths do not include ________.a. the existence of sufferingb. the cause of sufferingc. the Noble Eightfold Pathd. the possibility of release from sufferinge. the merging of the five streams

____ 39. In Buddhism, our ignorance and lack of awareness is ________.a. avidyab. samsarac. nirvanad. karmae. dharma

____ 40. In Buddhism, the reincarnative pattern of life-death-rebirth is ________.a. avidyab. samsarac. nirvanad. karmae. dharma

____ 41. Tillich's "existential despair" is similar to ________.a. the First Noble Truthb. the Second Noble Truthc. samsarad. nirvanae. karma

____ 42. The Bhagavad-Gita is a sacred scripture of ________.a. Hinduismb. Buddhismc. Taoismd. Christianitye. Islam

____ 43. The Hindu law of sowing and reaping is the law of ________.a. brahmanb. atmanc. karmad. nirvanae. avidya

____ 44. Tillich's "experiencing the depth" is similar to ________.a. the First Noble Truthb. the Second Noble Truthc. samsarad. nirvanae. karma

____ 45. In Buddhism, the teaching of the Buddha is ________.a. avidyab. samsarac. nirvanad. karmae. dharma

____ 46. Zen Buddhism emphasizes ________.a. the inadequacy of languageb. reliance on direct experiencec. the oneness of Mind and Natured. All of the abovee. a and b only

____ 47. Eastern religions are less concerned with ________ than Western religions are.a. religious ritualb. reliance on mystical experiencec. the question of God's existenced. one's relationship with the divinee. None of the above

____ 48. ________ is not an Eastern religious movement or practice that has found increasing appeal in the United States.a. Unitarianismb. Zenc. Yogad. transcendental mediatione. Krishna Consciousness

____ 49. ________ religions speak of personal commitment and experience and our need to find our place in the cosmos.a. All

b. A fewc. Western but not Easternd. Eastern but not Westerne. No

____ 50. ________ offered five ways of proving the existence of God.a. Saint Augustineb. Saint Anselmc. Saint Aquinasd. The Buddhae. Immanuel Kant

____ 51. Aquinas's proofs do not include an argument from ________.a. motionb. causalityc. conceivabilityd. imperfectione. order

____ 52. Aquinas's proofs do not ________.a. begin with experienceb. provide positive knowledge of Godc. argue that God's existence is required to account for some feature of the worldd. require the existence of something utterly different from the objects of our experiencee. b and d only

____ 53. Aquinas's via negativa is ________.a. a refutation of atheismb. his third wayc. a path that requires us to remove certain ideas from our concept of Godd. the cosmological argumente. the knowledge of God that results when we remove doubt

____ 54. When a word like "good" is applied both to human beings and to God, says Aquinas, the meanings involved are ________.a. univocalb. contradictoryc. analogicald. equivocale. identical

____ 55. By "natural law," Aquinas means ________.a. the laws of physicsb. the inclinations of our naturec. the law that the stronger rules the weakerd. the law that everything in nature is goode. None of the above

____ 56. Descartes's rules of method do not include: ________.a. doubt everything that is not clear and distinctb. analyze difficulties into as many parts as possiblec. proceed in an orderly fashion, from the simple to the complexd. review oftene. rely on God

____ 57. Descartes inferred his existence from ________.a. the goodness of Godb. his sense experiencec. his cognitive experienced. his parents' existence

e. b and c only____ 58. From the fact that he could conceive of the nonexistence of his body without thereby conceiving of the

nonexistence of his mind, Descartes concluded ________.a. God existsb. God is a deceiverc. the physical world is an illusiond. mind and body are distinct entitiese. our thoughts sometimes lead us astray

____ 59. Conway attempts to ________.a. prove the existence of Godb. argue that God is not malec. deduce the nature of the world from the nature of Godd. argue that God is not completely perfecte. All of the above

____ 60. According to Conway, since God is purely spiritual ________.a. he creates only purely spiritual beingsb. he is perfectc. all things created by God have spiritd. he cannot create anything materiale. he is infinitely good

____ 61. Conway holds that there are an infinite number of creatures because ________.a. all creatures reproduce themselvesb. creativity is an essential attribute of Godc. God is infinited. all creatures have a material componente. b and c

____ 62. The "eternity" in which God exists, according to Conway, is ________.a. the infinite futureb. the infinite span that includes the past, present, and futurec. a timeless stated. a changeless instant in the flow of earthly timee. All of the above

____ 63. Many of Conway's ideas were adopted by ________.a. Descartesb. Leibnitzc. Aristotled. Hobbese. Augustine

____ 64. Conway proposed that body and spirit are ________.a. two aspects of the same thingb. interdependentc. both illusionsd. both mortale. b and c

____ 65. The title character in "The Death of Ivan Ilyitch" is ________.a. suffering from an intestinal disorderb. suffering from failing kidneysc. religiousd. afraid to diee. All of the above

____ 66. In "The Death of Ivan Ilyitch," the title character ________.

a. moves from forgiveness to happinessb. moves from happiness to sadnessc. moves from bitterness to forgivenessd. moves from happiness to bitternesse. b and c

____ 67. Flew's parable of the jungle clearing (taken from John Wisdom) is meant to show that ________.a. God is at work even though He is invisibleb. an untestable claim is vacuousc. not all proof is empiricald. theists and atheists do not really disagreee. None of the above

____ 68. Mitchell claims that one ought to treat the proposition "God loves us" as ________.a. a provisional hypothesisb. a significant article of faithc. a vacuous formulad. falsee. intuitively obvious

____ 69. Panentheists include ________.a. G. T. Fechnerb. Friedrich von Schellingc. Charles Peirced. All of the abovee. b and c only

____ 70. Paul Tillich has been accused of ________.a. denying that God existsb. defining God into existencec. relying too heavily on modern scienced. failing to make room in his theory for religious experiencee. being too uncomfortable with mystery

____ 71. ________ wrote that "although God's re-presentation of Godself to Christians takes a male form, this can in no way be used to argue that God could never be represented in a female form."a. Pamela Dickey Youngb. Mary Dalyc. Thomas Aquinasd. Anne Conwaye. Carol P. Christ

____ 72. What Abraham Maslow calls "peak experiences" do not necessarily include a feeling of ________.a. everything falling into placeb. clarity of mental visionc. meaningfulness in one's lifed. certainty of one's place in the order of thingse. oneness with all humanity

____ 73. ________ wrote The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy.a. René Descartesb. Thomas Aquinasc. D. T. Suzukid. Saint Anselme. Anne Conway