Those we control (become easier to reach the benefits with time) Hypnosis Biofeedback Meditation ...
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Those we control (become easier to reach the benefits with time) Hypnosis Biofeedback Meditation
Those we do not (need to be increased in order to reach the same ‘high’) Psychoactive drugs
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention, accompanied by a heightened suggestibility producing responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior
You are NOT asleep! You are highly focused on internal and external
stimuli, and can focus attention on one thing in particular, ignoring all others.
Role Theory- subjects act in accordance with the hypnotized role
State Theory- hypnotized people experience an altered state of consciousness. (insensitive to pain)
Disassociation Theory- combines the two theories. Voluntary actions become involuntary and vice versa. You share control of your body with the hypnotist. You do play a role, but you there is a significant change in mental processes.
The degree to which people respond to hypnotic suggestions. Approximately 10% of adults are incapable of being hypnotized. The better your imagination, the more likely you are to be a good candidate for hypnosis.
Age Regression- recalling childhood events
Posthypnotic Suggestion- to create effects that last for hours or days after the hypnosis session is over. (quit smoking, decrease pain, enhance memory)
Posthypnotic amnesia- inability to recall what happened while the person was hypnotized.
A person cannot be made to do anything while they are hypnotized, that they wouldn’t have done while completely conscious.
A process by which a person can learn to control his internal physiological processes with the help of feedback – light turns on when heart rate goes too high
Headaches, pain control
Focusing ones attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation
The goal of meditation is to bring serenity, clarity, and bliss. Our "normal" state of mind is actually quite abnormal. We receive sensory stimuli and react in a completely uncontrolled way (although we tell ourselves we have great control).
Normal Mind
Concentrating Mind
Meditating Mind
Contemplating Mind
Meditation is focused on relaxation and clearing the mind while in hypnosis your senses are heightened so you may focus more intently on them
Cause psychological change by altering functions of the brain.
Drugs get into the brain through the blood supply when they pass through the blood brain barrier.
Feature of blood vessels in the brain that prevent some substances from entering the brain tissue.
The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose.
Psychological v. Physical dependence
Agonists- mimic the effect of the neurotransmitters
Antagonists- inhibit neurotransmitter activity by binding with receptors.
Drugs get into the blood stream and travel to the capillaries. They then act as neurotransmitters,
changing how the neurons fire.
Substance abuse- self administering of drugs in deviation from the social or medical norms.
Psychological Dependence- use of a drug to provide a sense of well being even if the drug produces adverse consequences.
Physical Dependence- altered physiological state in which the continued use of a drug is required to prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms.
Tolerance- may develop with prolonged use of a drug
Psychoactive DrugsChemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness
Drug Category Example Effects on behavior
Depressants Alcohol Relaxant; relieve inhibitions; impair memory and judgement
Tranquilizers Barbiturates,benzoidiazepines
(Valium, Xanax)
Relieve anxiety; relax muscles; induce sleep
Opiates Morphine, heroin
Decrease pain; decrease attention to real world; unpleasant withdrawal effects as drug wears off
Stimulants Caffeine,amphetamines,
cocaine
Increase energy, alertness
MixedStimulantDepressant
Nicotine Stimulate brain activity, but most smokers say drugs relax them
DistortionExperience
Marijuana (THC)
Intensifies sensory experiences; distorts perception of time; can relieve glaucoma, nausea; sometimes impairs learning, memory
Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline Cause hallucinations, sensory distortions, and occasionally panic
All of these drugs cause psychological change by altering the function of the brain.
Reduce central nervous system activity Alcohol Barbiturates (sleeping pills) Tranquilizers Side effects- panic attacks, memory loss,
confusion, anger, death
Barbiturates Tranquilizers Taken to sleep
(but reduce REM sleep).
Taken with other drugs- you can get a synergistic effect.
Increase behavior and mental activity, raises heart rate and blood pressure.
Amphetamines (speed) Cocaine Caffeine- highly addictive- causes
headaches and shaking Nicotine MDMA (Ecstacy)- Side Effects- anxiety, insomnia, heart
problems, paranoia, hallucinations, and sexual dysfunction
Amphetamines (Speed)
Cocaine Crack “the crash”
Induce sleep and relieve pain Opium Morphine Heroin Act as exaggerated painkillers, increase
endorphins Side Effects- Death, Addiction, AIDS
Opiates Heroin and
morphine Addiction
comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad
LSD Marijuana Cause loss of contact with reality. Changes in emotions, perception, and
ability to think. Side Effects- disruption of memory,
muscle coordination, and a lowered IQ
LSD (Acid) Can cause
PTSD and schizophrenia.
Geometric patterns