The temperature attained by the grain was negatively correlated with grain quantity (ρ = -0.143; n...
1
DOW RES TRICTED - For interna The temperature attained by the grain was negatively correlated with grain quantity (ρ = -0.143; n = 71), but this correlation was not significant (P = 0.234). Grain temperature also was not correlated with exposure time (ρ = -0.143; n = 71; P = 0.547), but it was inversely correlated with distance from the heater (ρ = -0.907; n = 71; P <0.0001). Mortality of T. castaneum adults was inversely related to grain quantity (ρ = -0.396; n = 71; P = 0.0006), distance from the heater (ρ = -0.718; n = 72; P < 0.0001), but was not correlated with exposure time (ρ = 0.188; n = 72; P = 0.115). Mortality was positively correlated with grain temperature (ρ = 0.767; n = 71; P < 0.0001). All T. castaneum adults were killed when exposed for 45 or 60 sec in 113.5 g of grain at a distance of 12.7 cm from the heater. In all other treatments the mortality was less than 100%. The three parameter model (y = a+bx 2 +cx 4 ) adequately described the relationship between mean grain temperature and mean adult T. castaneum mortality. Probit analysis showed that the mean temperature (95% confidence limits) required to kill 50% and 99% of T. castaneum adults was 72.3 o C (67.4 – 78.8 o C) and 117.2 o C (100.1 – 164.2 o C), respectively. Factors Affecting Mortality of Red Flour Beetle Adults Exposed to Infrared Energy Infrared energy between 3 and 6 micrometers emitted by a flameless catalytic heater was evaluated for its ability to kill red flour beetle adults in whole wheat kernels. Hard red winter wheat of 12% moisture, infested with 25 adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was exposed to infrared energy to determine mortality. Influence of quantity of grain (113.5 – 454.0 g), distance from the heater (12.7 and 25.4 cm), and exposure time (30, 45, and 60 sec) on grain temperatures attained and adult mortality were determined. Grain temperature was inversely related to distance from the heater, but was not influenced by grain quantity. Adult mortality was inversely related to grain quantity and distance from the heater, but was not influenced by time of exposure. However, adult mortality and temperature were positive correlated. All T. castaneum adults were killed only in 45- and 60-sec exposures in 113.5 g of grain, and grain temperature in these treatments was near 80 o C. Introduction Results Abstract Conclusions and Future Work Shalini Palla a , Bhadriraju Subramanyam b , and Rizana Mahroof a a Department of Entomology, and b Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 ([email protected]) y = 10.1-0.009 x 2 + 0.000003 x 4 n = 22;Adj r 2 = 0.66 M ean tem perature ( o C) 40 50 60 70 80 90 M ean m ortality (% ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 60 Seconds G rain quantity (g) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 113.5 227.0 340.5 454.0 45 Seconds M ortality,% (M ean + SE) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 Seconds 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 12.7 cm distance 25.4 cm distance 60 Seconds G rain quantity (g) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 113.5 227.0 340.5 454.0 45 Seconds Tem perature, o C (M ean + SE) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 Seconds 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 12.7 cm distance 25.4 cm distance Materials and Methods Infrared energy was tested against stored-grain insects more than 30 years ago (Tilton and Schroeder 1963, Kirkpatrick and Tilton 1972). The old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas combusted over ceramic panels and were of high intensity with temperatures close to 926 o C. They produced infrared in the 2.5 micrometer range. At least a grain temperature of 66 o C and a 20-40- second exposure was necessary to kill 99.6% of adults of 11 stored-grain insects (Kirkpatrick and Tilton 1972). The new flameless infrared heater used in our study uses natural gas or propane heated over a platinum catalyst to produce temperatures below 500 o C. Disinfesting stored grain by heating it to kill both internal and external stored-grain insects is an appealing non-chemical alternative to grain protectants and fumigants. A benchtop model of the flameless catalytic heater (Fig. 1A; Catalytic Industrial Group, Independence, KS), with a circular heating surface of 613.4 cm 2 (diam, 27.94 cm), produced infrared energy in the 3-6 micrometer range using propane gas. Temperature across the heater surface, measured at 13 points using an infrared thermometer (Raytek® Ranger® MX4TM, Santa Cruz, CA), ranged from 356.3-474 o C. The gas pressure was 27.94 cm of water column (0.4 psi), and the total heat energy output of the unit was 1.47 kw/h (5,000 BTUs/h). Hard red winter wheat of 12% moisture was infested with 25 unsexed, 2-wk-old adults of T. castaneum taken from laboratory cultures reared at 28 o C and 65% RH. The three factors examined were: quanity of grain (113.5, 227.0, 340.5, and 454.0 g), distance from the heater (12.7 and 25.4 cm), and exposure time (30, 45, and 60 sec). Each quantity of grain, distance from the heater, and exposure time combination was replicated three times. Grain temperature during exposure was measured continuously using the infrared thermometer connected to a lap top computer via a RS232 cable (Fig. 1B). The thermometer works in the 8-14 micrometer range and has a response time of 250 msec with an accuracy of + 1 o C. An emissivity of 0.95, typical for organic materials, was used. Temperatures were averaged every second over the exposure period to obtain a single value for each replicate. Grain was exposed in a 27.94 cm diam stainless steel pan in a single layer. After exposure to infrared energy the grain sample with insects was placed in 0.94-liter glass jar with mesh lid. After 24 h, the grain was sieved to count number of live and dead insects. Percentage mortality was calculated from the number of dead insects out of the total exposed. The relationship between the factors studied and grain temperature and adult mortality was examined using the CORR procedure (SAS Institute 1988). The relationship between mean temperature attained by the grain across all treatments and mean adult mortality of T. castaneum was described by a three-parameter nonlinear regression and Objectives To determine the temperature attained by grain and subsequent mortality of red flour beetle adults in hard red winter wheat exposed to infrared energy from a flameless catalytic heater. We were interested in examining how grain quantity, distance from heater, and exposure time influence both grain temperature and mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), adults. Because insects have a higher percentage of water (>60%) compared to grain (12%), it is likely that the water would readily absorb infrared energy than the grain and heat up faster. Fig. 1. Bench top flameless catalytic infrared heater connected to a propane bottle (A). Infrared thermometer, mounted on a tripod, used for continuous measurement of temperature during grain treatment (B). A B Fig. 2. Temperature attained by grain and mortality of adult T. castaneum exposed to infrared energy for 30, 45, or 60 sec in 113.5-454.0 g of grain at a distance of 12.7 and 25.4 cm from the heater surface. Fig. 3. Nonlinear relationship between mean temperature attained by grain and mean mortality of adult T. castaneum. A temperature of 80 o C was required to kill all T. castaneum adults. Kirkpatrick and Tilton (1972) observed 99.6% mortality of T. castaneum adults when soft red winter wheat was exposed for 20-40 sec resulting in a grain temperature of 65.5 o C. The output of the heater they used was 48,000 BTUs/h as opposed to 5,000 BTUs/h in our study. Although grain quantity had little affect on grain temperatures attained it influenced mortality of T. castaneum adults, because in small grain samples the insects perhaps were heated to a higher temperature than the grain. One method to achieve quick kill of insects without adversely affecting quality of grain would be to decrease the distance between the grain and the heater. Distances less than 12.7 cm should be examined in future studies. Variation in grain temperatures attained and mortality of T. castaneum as influenced by grain moisture, wheat class, and insect life stage are currently being investigated. The adverse effect of heating wheat on rheological properties of flour and quality of end-use products is also being investigated. References Kirkpatrick, R. L., and E. W. Tilton. 1972. Infrared radiation to control adult stored-product Coleoptera. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 7: 73-75. Tilton, E. W., and H. W. Schroeder. 1963. Some effects of infrared irradiation on the mortality of immature insects in kernels of rough rice. J. Econ. Entomol. 56: 727-730. SAS Institute. 1988. SAS/STAT user’s guide, release 6.03. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Acknowledgments The benchtop model of the infrared heater was donated by Catalytic Industrial Group, Inc., Independence, KS. The research reported here was supported by funds from USDA/CSREES (RAMP) under Agreement No. 00-51101-9674.
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Transcript of The temperature attained by the grain was negatively correlated with grain quantity (ρ = -0.143; n...
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The temperature attained by the grain was negatively correlated with grain quantity (ρ = -0.143; n = 71), but this correlation was not significant (P = 0.234). Grain temperature also was not correlated with exposure time (ρ = -0.143; n = 71; P = 0.547), but it was inversely correlated with distance from the heater (ρ = -0.907; n = 71; P <0.0001).
Mortality of T. castaneum adults was inversely related to grain quantity (ρ = -0.396; n = 71; P = 0.0006), distance from the heater (ρ = -0.718; n = 72; P < 0.0001), but was not correlated with exposure time (ρ = 0.188; n = 72; P = 0.115). Mortality was positively correlated with grain temperature (ρ = 0.767; n = 71; P < 0.0001).
All T. castaneum adults were killed when exposed for 45 or 60 sec in 113.5 g of grain at a distance of 12.7 cm from the heater. In all other treatments the mortality was less than 100%.
The three parameter model (y = a+bx2+cx4) adequately described the relationship between mean grain temperature and mean adult T. castaneum mortality.
Probit analysis showed that the mean temperature (95% confidence limits) required to kill 50% and 99% of T. castaneum adults was 72.3oC (67.4 – 78.8oC) and 117.2oC (100.1 – 164.2oC), respectively.
Factors Affecting Mortality of Red Flour Beetle Adults Exposed to Infrared Energy
Infrared energy between 3 and 6 micrometers emitted by a flameless catalytic heater was evaluated for its ability to kill red flour beetle adults in whole wheat kernels. Hard red winter wheat of 12% moisture, infested with 25 adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was exposed to infrared energy to determine mortality. Influence of quantity of grain (113.5 – 454.0 g), distance from the heater (12.7 and 25.4 cm), and exposure time (30, 45, and 60 sec) on grain temperatures attained and adult mortality were determined. Grain temperature was inversely related to distance from the heater, but was not influenced by grain quantity. Adult mortality was inversely related to grain quantity and distance from the heater, but was not influenced by time of exposure. However, adult mortality and temperature were positive correlated. All T. castaneum adults were killed only in 45- and 60-sec exposures in 113.5 g of grain, and grain temperature in these treatments was near 80oC.
Introduction
Results Abstract
Conclusions and Future Work
Shalini Pallaa, Bhadriraju Subramanyamb, and Rizana Mahroofa
aDepartment of Entomology, and bDepartment of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 ([email protected])
y = 10.1- 0.009x2 + 0.000003x4 n = 22; Adj r2 = 0.66
Mean temperature (oC)40 50 60 70 80 90
Mea
n m
ort
alit
y (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
60 Seconds
Grain quantity (g)
0102030405060708090
100
113.5 227.0 340.5 454.0
45 Seconds
Mo
rtal
ity,
% (
Mea
n +
SE
)
0102030405060708090
100
30 Seconds
0102030405060708090
100 12.7 cm distance25.4 cm distance
60 Seconds
Grain quantity (g)
0102030405060708090
113.5 227.0 340.5 454.0
45 Seconds
Tem
per
atu
re, o C
(M
ean
+ S
E)
0102030405060708090
30 Seconds
0102030405060708090
12.7 cm distance25.4 cm distance
Materials and Methods
Infrared energy was tested against stored-grain insects more than 30 years ago (Tilton and Schroeder 1963, Kirkpatrick and Tilton 1972). The old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas combusted over ceramic panels and were of high intensity with temperatures close to 926oC. They produced infrared in the 2.5 micrometer range. At least a grain temperature of 66oC and a 20-40-second exposure was necessary to kill 99.6% of adults of 11 stored-grain insects (Kirkpatrick and Tilton 1972). The new flameless infrared heater used in our study uses natural gas or propane heated over a platinum catalyst to produce temperatures below 500oC. Disinfesting stored grain by heating it to kill both internal and external stored-grain insects is an appealing non-chemical alternative to grain protectants and fumigants.
A benchtop model of the flameless catalytic heater (Fig. 1A; Catalytic Industrial Group, Independence, KS), with a circular heating surface of 613.4 cm2 (diam, 27.94 cm), produced infrared energy in the 3-6 micrometer range using propane gas. Temperature across the heater surface, measured at 13 points using an infrared thermometer (Raytek® Ranger® MX4TM, Santa Cruz, CA), ranged from 356.3-474oC. The gas pressure was 27.94 cm of water column (0.4 psi), and the total heat energy output of the unit was 1.47 kw/h (5,000 BTUs/h).
Hard red winter wheat of 12% moisture was infested with 25 unsexed, 2-wk-old adults of T. castaneum taken from laboratory cultures reared at 28oC and 65% RH. The three factors examined were: quanity of grain (113.5, 227.0, 340.5, and 454.0 g), distance from the heater (12.7 and 25.4 cm), and exposure time (30, 45, and 60 sec). Each quantity of grain, distance from the heater, and exposure time combination was replicated three times. Grain temperature during exposure was measured continuously using the infrared thermometer connected to a lap top computer via a RS232 cable (Fig. 1B). The thermometer works in the 8-14 micrometer range and has a response time of 250 msec with an accuracy of +1oC. An emissivity of 0.95, typical for organic materials, was used. Temperatures were averaged every second over the exposure period to obtain a single value for each replicate. Grain was exposed in a 27.94 cm diam stainless steel pan in a single layer. After exposure to infrared energy the grain sample with insects was placed in 0.94-liter glass jar with mesh lid. After 24 h, the grain was sieved to count number of live and dead insects. Percentage mortality was calculated from the number of dead insects out of the total exposed.
The relationship between the factors studied and grain temperature and adult mortality was examined using the CORR procedure (SAS Institute 1988). The relationship between mean temperature attained by the grain across all treatments and mean adult mortality of T. castaneum was described by a three-parameter nonlinear regression and by probit analysis to estimate the temperature required to kill 50 and 99% of the adults (SAS Institute 1988).
In grain not exposed to infrared energy, mortality of adults during the test period was 0%, and therefore, adult mortality in infrared treatments was not corrected for natural mortality.
Objectives To determine the temperature attained by grain and subsequent mortality of red flour beetle adults in hard red winter wheat exposed to infrared energy from a flameless catalytic heater. We were interested in examining how grain quantity, distance from heater, and exposure time influence both grain temperature and mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), adults. Because insects have a higher percentage of water (>60%) compared to grain (12%), it is likely that the water would readily absorb infrared energy than the grain and heat up faster.
Fig. 1. Bench top flameless catalytic infrared heater connected to a propane bottle (A). Infrared thermometer, mounted on a tripod, used for continuous measurement of temperature during grain treatment (B).
A B
Fig. 2. Temperature attained by grain and mortality of adult T. castaneum exposed to infrared energy for 30, 45, or 60 sec in 113.5-454.0 g of grain at a distance of 12.7 and 25.4 cm from the heater surface.
Fig. 3. Nonlinear relationship between mean temperature attained by grain and mean mortality of adult T. castaneum.
A temperature of 80oC was required to kill all T. castaneum adults. Kirkpatrick and Tilton (1972) observed 99.6% mortality of T. castaneum adults when soft red winter wheat was exposed for 20-40 sec resulting in a grain temperature of 65.5oC. The output of the heater they used was 48,000 BTUs/h as opposed to 5,000 BTUs/h in our study.
Although grain quantity had little affect on grain temperatures attained it influenced mortality of T. castaneum adults, because in small grain samples the insects perhaps were heated to a higher temperature than the grain.
One method to achieve quick kill of insects without adversely affecting quality of grain would be to decrease the distance between the grain and the heater. Distances less than 12.7 cm should be examined in future studies.
Variation in grain temperatures attained and mortality of T. castaneum as influenced by grain moisture, wheat class, and insect life stage are currently being investigated.
The adverse effect of heating wheat on rheological properties of flour and quality of end-use products is also being investigated.
ReferencesKirkpatrick, R. L., and E. W. Tilton. 1972. Infrared radiation to control adult stored-product Coleoptera. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 7: 73-75.Tilton, E. W., and H. W. Schroeder. 1963. Some effects of infrared irradiation on the mortality of immature insects in kernels of rough rice. J. Econ. Entomol. 56: 727-730.SAS Institute. 1988. SAS/STAT user’s guide, release 6.03. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
AcknowledgmentsThe benchtop model of the infrared heater was donated by Catalytic Industrial Group, Inc., Independence, KS. The research reported here was supported by funds from USDA/CSREES (RAMP) under Agreement No. 00-51101-9674.
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